This manual on Improving Transparency, Integrity, and Accountability in Water Supply and Sanitation is the result of a partnership between the World Bank Institute (WBI) and Transparency International (TI). It was developed under the Open and Participatory Government Program at the Municipal Level (known by its Spanish
acronym as the GAP Municipal Program).

This Handbook for Curbing Corruption in Public Procurement is meant to be a basic introduction for all stakeholders to the challenge of overcoming corruption in the fi eld of public procurement. Our intention is to provide the readers with real world examples of successful actions that have been taken against corruption in a variety of Asian countries. The hope is that these experiences can be “translated” and “exported” to other situations and countries with similar success.

This Handbook for Curbing Corruption in Public Procurement is meant to be a basic introduction for all stakeholders to the challenge of overcoming corruption in the fi eld of public procurement. Our intention is to provide the readers with real world examples of successful actions that have been taken against corruption in a variety of Asian countries. The hope is that these experiences can be “translated” and “exported” to other situations and countries with similar success.

Russian small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) have repeatedly cited corruption as the main factor hindering their growth. In the 1990s and early 2000s, Russian entrepreneurs paid bribes for certain extralegal activities to secure an advantage over competitors, to induce bureaucrats to overlook infractions of the law, or to speed various regulatory or licensing processes. In the past several years, however, the dynamic has shifted radically, according to local experts who study the issue closely.

The Integrity Pact was first introduced in the 1990s and since then has been applied across the world. A revival in 2015, including the implementation of a pilot project across 11 countries in the European Union, enabled a further update of the approach and for further lessons to emerge. These lessons include a better understanding of where the Pact might be applied to best effect as well as lessons on the internal workings of the Integrity Pact. It was on this basis that this guide was developed.