This paper argues that for Collective Action to be effective, it requires a multi-stakeholder strategy that includes key international actors; enforcement agencies, policy makers, civil society, the development community and international business. It uses the maritime industry as a case study, explaining the challenges that can arise in an industry-led Collective Action and how a multi-stakeholder strategy can support such initiatives.

The paper was submitted as part of a competitive call for papers on integrity, anti-corruption and trade in the context of the 2016 OECD Integrity Forum.