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New international project targets corruption risks in carbon markets
Carbon markets are meant to help finance forest protection and climate action. Yet too often they are undermined by weak governance, corruption risks and a lack of transparency. Concerns over the credibility of some carbon credits erode trust in a system designed to channel climate finance and support forest-dependent communities. A new international project aims to address these challenges head-on by strengthening governance and anti-corruption safeguards across forest carbon markets. The Basel Institute on Governance is pleased to join this effort as a project partner, contributing its expertise through the Green Corruption programme. A collaborative effort for better carbon market governance The project, Towards Inclusive Governance for Forest Carbon Markets, is led by Transparency International and funded by the UK Government through the UK Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office FCDO Forest Governance, Markets and Climate programme. Running until March 2028, the initiative brings together a consortium including the Basel Institute on Governance, Resource Extraction Monitoring and local Transparency International chapters in focus countries. Together, the partners will work to reduce corruption risks in forest carbon markets and strengthen the integrity of carbon credit systems. The project will focus on three key countries – Indonesia, Ghana and Cameroon – supporting governments, civil society organisations, certifiers, private sector actors and forest-dependent communities to better identify and mitigate corruption risks linked to carbon credit projects. Carbon markets are inherently transnational: credits may be generated in one country, verified in another and purchased in a third. This complexity creates opportunities for corruption networks to exploit regulatory gaps, conflicts of interest and weak oversight mechanisms. The project aims to close those gaps by combining evidence generation, national advocacy and international engagement. Bringing anti-corruption expertise to forest carbon markets The Basel Institute will play a central role through our Green Corruption programme, which focuses on tackling corruption linked to environmental crimes and natural resource governance. Our team is leading the project’s first major output: consolidating available data, gathering evidence to identify typologies of corruption risks in forest carbon markets and developing global, gender-sensitive guidelines to help prevent them. Working closely with partners and national stakeholders, we are leading the organisation of corruption risk identification workshops in Indonesia and Ghana. These workshops will bring together key actors across the carbon market ecosystem to map corruption vulnerabilities in carbon markets systems and identify practical actions to mitigate these risks. The findings will feed into country-specific risk assessments. In parallel, our team is conducting an assessment of global carbon markets governance dynamics and vulnerabilities to corruption. Ultimately national and international assessments will inform the development of global guidelines, which will be designed to strengthen anti-corruption safeguards across carbon markets. These global guidelines will then support advocacy and reform efforts led by Transparency International and its national chapters. We will also contribute to global advocacy efforts by advising international certification bodies and other actors on improving safeguards and governance standards in carbon markets. Dr Amanda Cabrejo le Roux, Deputy Director of the Basel Institute’s Green Corruption programme, said: “Carbon markets hold real promise for forests, communities, and the climate — but promise alone isn't protection. Like any system that moves money at scale, they are vulnerable to those who would bend the rules for personal gain. The first step is a rigorous analysis of corruption risks: mapping scenarios and building clear typologies, through sector-wide workshops and consultations with all key stakeholders. From there, those same actors can work together to develop practical mitigation measures — building a system that is genuinely resilient. That is exactly what this project sets out to do." Part of a wider “green” governance agenda The project aligns with the Basel Institute’s Green Corruption strategy, which increasingly focuses on corruption and governance challenges linked to climate change and the global energy transition. Forest carbon markets involve complex financial flows, transnational actors and high-stakes environmental outcomes, making strong governance and anti-corruption safeguards essential. With years of experience analysing corruption risks in environmental and natural resource sectors and beyond, the Basel Institute is well placed to contribute to this work. By contributing our expertise to the project, we aim to help ensure that carbon markets deliver on their promise: protecting forests, supporting communities and advancing credible climate action. Learn more View the full project overview on the Transparency International website. Interested in corruption and governance in the environmental space? Join the Countering Environmental Corruption Practitioners Forum, a global community of practitioners jointly led by the Basel Institute on Governance, Transparency International, WWF and TRAFFIC.
The power of women as agents of anti-corruption: Q&A with SPAK Indonesia
Women can play a crucial role in the fight against corruption. This is the conviction that underpins the work of SPAK Indonesia, the organisation awarded Outstanding Achievement in Collective Action at the International Collective Action Awards 2025. But why women, specifically? Because of their central role in transmitting moral and ethical values within their families and communities, shaping society from the inside. Originated from the SPAK movement "I am a Woman Against Corruption" , SPAK Indonesia has, for over a decade, systematised and built anti-corruption ecosystems through a network of “agents”: women from diverse backgrounds who promote integrity values across different private and public contexts. The Outstanding Achievement in Collective Action award they received is a well-deserved recognition of their leadership, impact and innovation in corruption. In this interview, Maria Kresentia, Director of SPAK Indonesia, reflects on how the organisation operates, the challenges it has encountered and the strategies that have enabled it to sustain this work. SPAK is known for empowering women and communities to fight corruption through education and everyday actions. Can you briefly explain how your approach works in practice and what makes it effective? Corruption is often viewed as something distant from oneself, as many people still believe that corruption is committed only by government officials. Addressing corruption is also often considered solely the responsibility of law enforcement authorities. SPAK takes a different approach by demonstrating that violations of moral and ethical values that become habitual are the starting point of larger corrupt practices. Therefore, corruption becomes everyone’s concern, and its prevention can begin with each individual through the implementation of anti-corruption values in everyday life. Women play a strategic role in promoting integrity and ethical behaviour. As primary caregivers, they are often the first to introduce moral and ethical values to the next generation. In the Indonesian context, women also benefit from strong social participation and community access. These factors enable women to serve as effective agents in disseminating anti-corruption values at both household and community levels. To facilitate this role, SPAK has developed anti-corruption learning tools in the form of board games designed for different age groups. This approach has proven effective in fostering behavioural change through women-led corruption prevention initiatives. Your work relies strongly on collaboration between citizens, schools, civil society and public institutions. Why is Collective Action so important for fighting corruption in Indonesia? All Indonesian citizens have a responsibility to combat corruption. Under the SPAK approach, awareness of moral and ethical values as the foundation of anti-corruption principles must be instilled in everyone, regardless of rank or authority. While law enforcement remains important, building a society that is committed to anti-corruption values is equally critical to prevention efforts. This can only be achieved through coordinated actions among institutions and communities. Looking back over the past years, what has been one of the biggest challenges SPAK has faced in building and maintaining this movement, and how did you overcome it? One of the challenges is that prevention-oriented anti-corruption initiatives that centre on moral and ethical values are often underestimated and considered insufficiently newsworthy, causing stories of positive behavioural change to be overlooked by the media. On the other hand, coverage of corrupt officials being arrested is generally viewed as more compelling than stories of teachers in remote elementary schools who refuse gifts from students in order to uphold the principle of fairness. To address this challenge, SPAK consistently involves the media in its programmes, encouraging coverage that highlights how the application of anti-corruption values leads to meaningful change. Securing funding support also remains challenging, as many institutions seek quick and measurable results. In response, SPAK proactively fosters collaboration with ministries, government bodies, local governments, the private sector and educational institutions to advance integrity-building efforts that are vital to strengthening Indonesia’s human capital. Finally, mobilising young people to take part in corruption prevention efforts, starting with the cultivation of anti-corruption values, is challenging, as youth are often more interested in dramatic and confrontational actions such as demonstrations that may lead to violence. To channel this energy constructively, SPAK facilitates online, inter-campus discussions on up-to-date issues, inviting respected and influential speakers. By embedding anti-corruption values within these discussions, SPAK successfully engages students in meaningful dialogue while strengthening their understanding of integrity as a key solution to corruption. What does winning the Outstanding Achievement in Collective Action Award mean for SPAK Indonesia and the women in your network who have been working on anti-corruption for over a decade? Receiving this award is evidence that Indonesian women – regardless of their educational background or profession – are capable of building networks to drive change in the context of combating corruption. After receiving this international recognition, what are SPAK’s main priorities for the next phase of your work, and how do you hope the award will support your future plans? SPAK will remain committed to promoting anti-corruption values, which we consider essential in the fight against corruption in Indonesia. We seek to inspire more role models across government, private and educational institutions who are willing to lead change. The awards we have received have strengthened our confidence that collaboration is the best way to build and expand an anti-corruption movement in society. Thank you, Maria Kresentia for this enlightening conversation About the International Collective Action Awards The International Collective Action Awards are awarded every year and acknowledge initiatives that showcase outstanding results, emerging best practices and innovation in the field of Collective Action to tackle corruption and raise standards of business integrity. The Basel Institute on Governance, supported by an international jury of experts and a public vote, will present two Collective Action Awards at 6th International Collective Action Conference 2026. Outstanding Achievement in Collective Action: This award recognises organisations or initiatives that have made a significant contribution to fairer market conditions and the prevention of corruption through sustained and effective engagement in Collective Action. Collective Action Inspirational Newcomer: This award recognises organisations or initiatives that have been active in the field of Collective Action for less than two years and have shown strong potential to inspire others through their approach and early impact. Nominations for the 2026 Awards are opened. For more information on the eligibility criteria, the selection process and the public vote, read the award methodology or visit the Collective Action website. The awards are presented with the support of the Siemens Integrity Initiative.
Announcing the winners of the 2025 Anti-Corruption Collective Action Awards
Congratulations to the winners of the 2025 Anti-Corruption Collective Action Awards, presented by the Basel Institute on Governance with the support of the Siemens Integrity Initiative. The awards were announced on 4 June 2025 in a video on social media from Elizabeth Andersen, the Basel Institute’s Executive Director. Gretta Fenner Outstanding Achievement in Collective Action Award In the category of Outstanding Achievement in Collective Action 2025, the award goes to Saya Perempuan Antikorupsi – SPAK Indonesia I am a woman against corruption . Organisations and initiatives awarded in this category have made significant contributions towards fairer market conditions and the prevention of corruption through their engagement in Collective Action. SPAK Indonesia, launched in 2014, empowers women across Indonesia to become agents of change against corruption. Through engaging educational tools and community involvement, SPAK promotes anti-corruption values in various settings, including schools and public institutions. They help build anti-corruption ecosystems and advocate against corruption as a root cause of violence against women. Collective Action Inspirational Newcomer Award In the category of Inspirational Newcomer, the award goes to the Code of Ethics for Businesses in Kenya, developed by UN Global Compact Network Kenya in collaboration with the Kenya Association of Manufacturers and the Kenya Private Sector Alliance. Organisations and initiatives awarded in this category have been active in the field of Collective Action for less than two years. Launched recently, the Code of Ethics for Businesses in Kenya is a private-sector-led initiative rooted in the UN Global Compact’s Ten Principles. It unites over 800 companies in a collective stand against corruption, guiding responsible business conduct across all stakeholder groups. With digital tools like a transparency microsite enabling open reporting and compliance, the Code is transforming corporate culture across Kenya. Finalists from around the world We extend our heartfelt congratulations to the winners and all our shortlisted initiatives, who continue to be shining examples of Collective Action in the anti-corruption field. In the category of Outstanding Achievement, the finalists were: Indonesia Collective Action Coalition Against Corruption KAKI Virtuous Alliances in Argentina’s Energy Sector In the category of Inspirational Newcomer, the finalists were: Anticorruption Business Club ABC from Madagascar Collective Action Initiative on Integrity and Anti-Corruption in the Private Sector in Mexico Jury selection and public vote An expert jury reviewed all nominated initiatives and shortlisted the finalists before opening up to a public vote. The jury consisted of leading figures in the anti-corruption Collective Action community, including: Chantal Castro, Anticorruption Manager, UN Global Compact Brazil Network Lisa Miller, Integrity Compliance Officer, World Bank Group Pusetso Morapedi, Africa Coordinator, Integrity Initiatives International François Valérian, Chair, Transparency International The final decision reflected a combination of jury scores and the public vote, ensuring that the selected initiatives demonstrated both expert merit and community resonance. Learn more and see previous awards For those interested in the selection process, the public vote, and the general awards methodology, as well as previous award winners, please find our awards methodology here: award methodology. We look forward to continuing to showcase and support outstanding efforts in Collective Action against corruption.
How integrity risk assessments can support Indonesian SOEs in reaching their goals
Integrity risk assessments help shine a light on a significant category of threats to the operations or reputation of a private company or state-owned enterprise SOE . They enable these risks to be prioritised and mitigated in a controlled and strategic way. With this in mind, and with the support of USAID INTEGRITAS, we recently conducted a two-day training on integrity risk assessments for Indonesia's state-owned enterprises. A separate three-day training was designed specifically for Perhutani, an SOE that manages forest resources on Java and Madura islands and that is our main SOE partner in Indonesia. An innovative risk assessment methodology Our integrity risk assessment methodology was designed in-house based on our experience in different fields, such as corruption prevention, law enforcement and prosecution. In brief the methodology focuses on: mapping processes inside an organisation; analysing the degree to which they are subject to integrity risks; assessing the severity and impact of the risks by quantifying them; prioritising these risks; and developing mitigation measures to address them. Indonesia’s strategic sectors represented A total of 62 participants from 15 SOEs participated in the two parallel trainings. The SOEs in attendance represent a diverse range of Indonesia’s strategic sectors, including finance Danareksa, Indonesia Financial Group – IFG, Bank Rakyat Indonesia – BRI , energy and infrastructure Perusahaan Listrik Negara – PLN, PT Sarana Multi Infrastruktur – SMI , and forestry and plantations PT Perkebunan Nusantara III – PTPN, Pupuk Indonesia, Perhutani . Two SOEs owned by provincial/city governments PT MRT Jakarta and Perumda Air Minum Kota Kupang also joined the event. The training served as an introduction to our integrity risk assessment methodology, highlighting its potential to be used across Indonesia. Feedback highlighed practical value The training received positive feedback: participants found it both engaging and informative, as well as useful for their day-to-day compliance work. It provided valuable insights into assessing and mitigating risks, ultimately contributing to corruption prevention efforts. One participant from an energy-related SOE said: The training is very useful in increasing knowledge of compliance management and also a solid platform for sharing experiences between SOEs in managing and mitigating risks. A participant from a banking SOE also praised the training, stating that it was highly beneficial for enhancing compliance and risk mitigation within her company. They also expressed interest in participating in future sessions and said they hoped to delegate more staff to attend upcoming trainings. The two trainings were made possible through the support of USAID INTEGRITAS. In his opening remarks, INTEGRITAS Agreement Officer’s Representative Ahmad Qisa'i emphasised the consortium's commitment to supporting SOEs in their efforts to prevent corruption in Indonesia. He highlighted that the integrity risk assessment methodology can help SOEs effectively identify and mitigate corruption risks that arise in vulnerable business processes. Qisa'i also reiterated USAID INTEGRITAS' openness to collaborating with a broader range of SOEs to enhance integrity measures, particularly by addressing conflict of interest issues in the hopes of achieving a corruption-free Indonesia.
B20 Indonesia Summit: Recover together, recover stronger, and address corruption through Collective Action
At the 2022 B20 Summit in Bali, Indonesia, political and business leaders repeatedly emphasised the imperative for all sectors of society to work together to address problems that affect us all. Chief among those problems are corruption and unfair business practices, which stand in the way of achieving a strong pandemic recovery and each and every of the Sustainable Development Goals SDG . Our call for B20 companies and G20 governments to foster, facilitate and engage in anti-corruption Collective Action was therefore well received among the 3,000 or so delegates and 100 speakers. Collective Action offers a practical avenue for the public and private sectors and civil society to work together to address common integrity issues holding back business. The Basel Institute was honoured to support the B20 process once again this year as Co-Chair and Network Partner of the Integrity and Compliance Task Force, alongside a fantastic team of Co-Chairs and with the support of the Siemens Integrity Initiative. Policy priorities on anti-corruption Collective Action Collective Action to alleviate integrity risks is the second of four recommendations in the important Policy Paper of the B20 Indonesia Integrity and Compliance Task Force. It recommends using Collective Action tools and approaches to “ o ptimize fundamental safeguards of integrity and transparency when interacting with business networks and government parties ”. In practice, this translates into three key policy actions: Cultivate and strengthen integrity through Business-to-Business B2B collaboration –since supporting integrity-based relationships will help mitigate third-party risks and ensure resilient value chain and supply chain networks. Facilitate integrity in Business-to-Government B2G interactions, even even during crises when regulatory protocols are relaxed or when providing economic stimulus packages. Promote inclusiveness between public- and private-sector entities to ensure trust, transparency and high standards of integrity. This means involving actors from state-owned enterprises to micro, small and medium-sized enterprises in enforcing measures to mitigate integrity risks. The first recommendation highlighted the role of sustainable governance in fostering environmental, social and governance ESG initiatives. This is the first time the B20 Integrity and Compliance Task Force recommendations have specifically focused on ESG, reflecting its growing importance in the business community. The other two dealt with combating money laundering and terrorist financing 3 , and mitigating cybercrime risks 4 . Integrity in the digital economy Gemma Aiolfi represented the Basel Institute at the B20 Summit as Co-Chair of the Integrity and Compliance Task Force. She also spoke on a joint panel with the Digitalization Task Force on “Building the foundation for a sustainable and resilient digital economy”. The panel addressed the rapidly changing digital landscape and the skills gap, as well as the role of the private sector to help governments develop the digital economy. No country’s “digital economy” is the same, since much depends on the physical infrastructure available and on the types of digital applications that will usefully support policies to achieve the SDGs. But digital strategies need to be built around strong integrity and governance principles, and include policies to safeguard individual rights. What’s more, dual-purpose digital technologies like identification systems can make it easier to deliver public services to citizens while also reducing opportunities for public officials to solicit bribes. In concluding remarks, Gemma Aiolfi reminded Summit delegates that the Basel Institute established the B20 Collective Action Hub 10 years ago following a mandate from the 2013 B20 process. Since then, with the primary support of the Siemens Integrity Initiative, the Hub has evolved into a crucial source of guidance and examples of anti-corruption Collective Action. Government representatives and business leaders seeking to engage in collaborative efforts to tackle corruption can explore the B20 Collective Action Hub resources and database, and use the Helpdesk function for free advice on specific questions. The G20 Leaders’ Statement committed to fighting corruption in point 49, saying G20 governments will: further strengthen our engagement with and promote active participation by stakeholders such as academia, civil society, media and the private sector, including to advance a culture of integrity. Collective Action provides a practical way to do just that. At the Basel Institute, we look forward to continuing to support the B20 anti-corruption work and the translation of its recommendations into action. More Read the Policy Paper of the B20 Indonesia Integrity and Compliance Task Force. Learn more about the B20 Integrity and Compliance Task Force and its members this year: Chair Haryanto Budiman of PT Bank Central Asia, Deputy Chair Paolo Kartadjoemena of PT Bank Negara Indonesia, Policy Manager Amelia Susanto, and Co-Chairs Gemma Aiolfi, Ignacio Gabriel Stepancic, Reynaldo Goto, Daniel Malan, Klaus Moosmayer, Xu Niansha and Che Sidanius. Chandrajit Banerjee of the Confederation of Indian Industry moderated the panel on the digital economy, which featured entrepreneurial business leaders at the cutting edge of digital businesses: Andre Soelistyo of GoTo, GoTo Financial and Gojek, Sehat Sutardja of Marvell Technology Group, Michael Forman of Mastercard and Michael Punke of Amazon Web Services. A recording will be available shortly. Learn more about the B20 process on anti-corruption and integrity since 2010. Learn more about the Bali Summit.
Publications
Addressing conflicts of interest and corruption in Indonesia’s energy transition
This U4 Issue analyses Indonesia’s ambitious energy transition and highlights how political finance, weak regulations and a “revolving door” of personnel between public office and the private sector create vulnerabilities. The publication was produced by U4 and the Basel Institute on Governance through its Green Corruption programme.
About the paper
Conflicts of interest and corruption in Indonesia’s political economy pose significant risks to its energy transition, including the Just Energy Transition Partnership. Existing legal and institutional frameworks are fragmented, inconsistently applied, and often fail to address the risk of state capture by powerful political and economic actors, especially in the extractive and energy sectors.
The reliance on fossil fuel industries for political financing and the monopolistic nature of state-owned entities further complicate the shift to a low- or no-carbon system, despite the country’s ambitious renewable energy targets.
Potential pathways to greater anti-corruption resilience lie in improvements to beneficial ownership transparency and strengthening regulation, monitoring and sanctioning of conflict of interest violations.
Case Study 12: Indonesia: a landmark money laundering conviction in a forestry crime case
This Case Study highlights how investigators of Indonesia’s Ministry of Environment and Forestry achieved their first conviction for money laundering linked to forestry offences, leveraging institutional and legal changes in financial investigation procedures.
About this Case Study
This publication is part of the Basel Institute on Governance Case Study series, ISSN 2813-3900. It is licensed for sharing under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0).
The development of this publication was funded through the Illegal Wildlife Trade (IWT) Challenge Fund.
The contents are the sole responsibility of the author and do not necessarily reflect the official position of the Basel Institute on Governance, its donors and partners, or the University of Basel.
Working Paper 48: A collaborative approach to improve business integrity in ASEAN: Case studies of anticorruption Collective Action in the region
This working paper provides an overview and analysis of anti-corruption Collective Action case studies in the ASEAN region. It builds on the 2014 paper: Collective Action against Corruption: Business and Anti-Corruption Initiatives in ASEAN, which was published by the ASEAN CSR Network and the Asian Institute of Management.
This 2023 paper reviews the initiatives featured in the 2014 paper and highlights new initiatives that have emerged in the region since then. It covers:
- Indonesia: Indonesia Business Links
- Malaysia: Corporate Integrity System Malaysia
- Philippines: Integrity Initiative and project SHINE
- Thailand: Collective Action Against Corruption
- Thailand: Anti-Corruption Organization of Thailand
- Vietnam: Vietnam Chamber of Commerce & Industry and its Office for Business
The analysis identifies several success factors, while noting that Collective Action is a flexible approach that can and must be tailored to different contexts.
About this Working Paper
The authors would like to thank the Asian Institute of Management and the representatives of the initiatives featured in this paper for their time and contributions.
This paper is made possible through the support of the Siemens Integrity Initiative.
The publication is part of the Basel Institute on Governance Working Paper Series, ISSN: 2624-9650. You may share or republish the Working Paper under a Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0).
Suggested citation: Binder, Lucie, Vanessa Hans, and Anna Stransky. 2023. ‘A collaborative approach to improve business integrity in ASEAN: Case studies of anti-corruption Collective Action in the region.’ Working Paper 48, Basel Institute on Governance. Available at: https://baselgovernance.org/publications/wp48.
Conflict of interest guidelines for Indonesian public institutions (Pedoman tentang Konflik Kepentingan)
Through the USAID INTEGRITAS programme, KEMITRAAN and its consortium partners – Indonesia Corruption Watch, Transparency International – Indonesia and the Basel Institute on Governance – are working to enhance conflict of interest policy in Indonesia and its implementation.
This guidance has been developed in this context, in order to assist Indonesian government institutions in strengthening controls against conflicts of interest.
It aims to help these institutions to close gaps between existing conflict of interest regulations in Indonesia and international good practices in areas such as regulations, codes of conduct and sanctions.
The document combines sample text with targeted guidance on identifying, avoiding, disclosing, mitigating and sanctioning different forms of conflict of interest. These include external engagements, “revolving doors”, insider trading, family/personal relationships and gifts/entertainment.
By using this guidance to improve their systems and processes for managing conflicts of interest, Indonesian institutions can better prevent corrupt practices such as collusion and nepotism from undermining their operations and integrity.
The guidance is tailored to Indonesia’s specific legal framework, institutional context and historical efforts to prevent and combat corruption.
Acknowledgements and disclaimer
The development of these guidelines was led by the Basel Institute on Governance, in cooperation with KEMITRAAN, Indonesia Corruption Watch and Transparency International Indonesia. The original version was produced in English by the Basel Institute, and was subsequently translated into Bahasa Indonesia by KEMITRAAN.
These guidelines were made possible by the support of the American people through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The contents are the sole responsibility of the Basel Institute on Governance and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States Government.
We would like to give credit to Pauline Arifin and Khaerudin for their contributions to the initial development of these guidelines.
Corruption and Infrastructure: Preliminary Study on Corruption Risks in Infrastructure Sector
This preliminary study on corruption risks in infrastructure sector provides an overview of the current legal framework and corruption risks in the infrastructure sector in Indonesia, and offers recommendations for addressing these risks, with a focus on Collective Action as a potential solution.
Indeed, in Indonesia, where infrastructure development has been prioritised, there is a pressing need to address corruption risks to ensure that infrastructure projects contribute to the country’s sustainable economic and social development. The Alliance for Integrity recognises the critical importance of tackling corruption in this sector and works to promote Collective Action approaches that bring together stakeholders to combat corruption.