[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":1211},["ShallowReactive",2],{"tag-848":3,"tag-events-848-1":6,"tag-publications-848-1":9,"tag-news-848-1":661,"tag-stories-848-1":1072},{"id":4,"name":5},848,"Behavioural science",{"items":7,"total":8},[],0,{"items":10,"total":660},[11,144,236,394,508],{"id":12,"status":13,"sort":14,"date_created":15,"date_updated":16,"nid":17,"slug":18,"title":19,"body":20,"citation":21,"language":22,"year":23,"publisher":24,"date_published":25,"external":26,"topic":27,"link_internal":30,"link_external":40,"featured":41,"topics":42,"languages":44,"type":45,"area":14,"programme":14,"websites":14,"summary":14,"pdf_text":14,"main_points":14,"short_version":14,"subtitle":14,"image":47,"countries":58,"tags":59,"pdf":100,"authors":124},2387,"published",null,"2025-01-27T11:05:26.000Z","2026-06-02T14:08:50.000Z",2745,"qg35","Quick Guide 35: Sexual corruption","Sexual corruption is a serious and under-recognised form of both corruption and sexual abuse. A particularly harmful form of corruption, it is difficult to measure and prosecute, and can have devastating physical and psychological impacts on survivors\u002Fvictims.\n\nAs it disproportionately affects women and marginalised groups, sexual corruption has an important impact on the advancement of gender equality and minority rights.\n\nThis Quick Guide explains the basics of sexual corruption: what it is, its prevalence and why it persists. It takes a brief look at strategies to combat sexual corruption, with a focus on challenging the underlying social norms that help to sustain it.\n\n### About this Quick Guide\n\nYou are free to share and republish this work under a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-nc-nd\u002F4.0\u002F\">Creative Commons BY-NC-ND 4.0 Licence\u003C\u002Fa>. It is part of the Basel Institute on Governance Quick Guide series, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.baselgovernance.org\u002Fpublications?type=2428\">ISSN 2673-5229\u003C\u002Fa>.","","English",2025,"Basel Institute on Governance","2025-01-27",false,[28,29],"Prevention","Research and Innovation",[31,34,37],{"url":32,"caption":33},"\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications?type=Quick%20Guide"," View all Quick Guides",{"url":35,"caption":36},"\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fquick-guide-10-social-norms-and-corruption","For more on social norms, see our Quick Guide 10: Social norms and corruption",{"url":38,"caption":39},"\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fresearch-case-6","For more on the prevalence of sexual corruption, see Research Case Study 6: Sextortion – an unaddressed form of corruption and sexual abuse",[],true,[43],"Prevention Research and Innovation",[22],[46],"Quick 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This is critical to understand due to the detrimental impact of corrupt practices on equality, human rights, peace, and the rule of law. A significant body of research has shown that many anticorruption initiatives do not produce the expected effect, or they achieve results that fade after the intervention ceases. Seeking to understand how to improve anticorruption outcomes, scholars have turned to causal explanations of the persistence of corruption ranging from institutional settings and individual motives to informal practices and social norms.\n\nThis article explores the intersection of social norms and corruption as a contribution to improving anticorruption programming. It explains how norms impact our conceptual understanding of corruption and the vicious cycle that exists between corrupt practices and norms. Grounded in the belief that programming and social norm diagnosis need to be contextually driven, we lay out the nascent research on changing social norms that drive corruption and the consequences of ignoring them.",2024,"Annual Review of Political Science","2024-04-19",[28,29],[],[158],{"url":159,"caption":160},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.annualreviews.org\u002Fcontent\u002Fjournals\u002F10.1146\u002Fannurev-polisci-051120-095535#","View article at Annual Reviews",[43],[22],[164],"Article",[],[167],{"id":168,"publications_id":169,"tags_id":184},4758,{"id":145,"status":13,"sort":14,"user_created":63,"date_created":146,"user_updated":64,"date_updated":147,"nid":148,"slug":149,"image":14,"title":150,"body":151,"citation":21,"language":22,"year":152,"publisher":153,"date_published":154,"external":26,"topic":170,"link_internal":171,"link_external":172,"featured":26,"topics":174,"languages":175,"type":176,"area":14,"programme":14,"websites":14,"summary":14,"pdf_text":14,"main_points":14,"short_version":14,"subtitle":14,"countries":177,"tags":178,"pdf":179,"authors":180},[28,29],[],[173],{"url":159,"caption":160},[43],[22],[164],[],[168],[],[181,182,183],2551,2552,2553,{"id":4,"name":5},[],[187,203,220],{"id":181,"publications_id":188,"authors_id":200},{"id":145,"status":13,"sort":14,"user_created":63,"date_created":146,"user_updated":64,"date_updated":147,"nid":148,"slug":149,"image":14,"title":150,"body":151,"citation":21,"language":22,"year":152,"publisher":153,"date_published":154,"external":26,"topic":189,"link_internal":190,"link_external":191,"featured":26,"topics":193,"languages":194,"type":195,"area":14,"programme":14,"websites":14,"summary":14,"pdf_text":14,"main_points":14,"short_version":14,"subtitle":14,"countries":196,"tags":197,"pdf":198,"authors":199},[28,29],[],[192],{"url":159,"caption":160},[43],[22],[164],[],[168],[],[181,182,183],{"id":201,"name":202,"position":14,"image":14},537,"Ina Kubbe",{"id":182,"publications_id":204,"authors_id":216},{"id":145,"status":13,"sort":14,"user_created":63,"date_created":146,"user_updated":64,"date_updated":147,"nid":148,"slug":149,"image":14,"title":150,"body":151,"citation":21,"language":22,"year":152,"publisher":153,"date_published":154,"external":26,"topic":205,"link_internal":206,"link_external":207,"featured":26,"topics":209,"languages":210,"type":211,"area":14,"programme":14,"websites":14,"summary":14,"pdf_text":14,"main_points":14,"short_version":14,"subtitle":14,"countries":212,"tags":213,"pdf":214,"authors":215},[28,29],[],[208],{"url":159,"caption":160},[43],[22],[164],[],[168],[],[181,182,183],{"id":217,"name":218,"position":14,"image":219},295,"Claudia Baez Camargo","efaca248-6b57-4e2e-af40-614056eb022c",{"id":183,"publications_id":221,"authors_id":233},{"id":145,"status":13,"sort":14,"user_created":63,"date_created":146,"user_updated":64,"date_updated":147,"nid":148,"slug":149,"image":14,"title":150,"body":151,"citation":21,"language":22,"year":152,"publisher":153,"date_published":154,"external":26,"topic":222,"link_internal":223,"link_external":224,"featured":26,"topics":226,"languages":227,"type":228,"area":14,"programme":14,"websites":14,"summary":14,"pdf_text":14,"main_points":14,"short_version":14,"subtitle":14,"countries":229,"tags":230,"pdf":231,"authors":232},[28,29],[],[225],{"url":159,"caption":160},[43],[22],[164],[],[168],[],[181,182,183],{"id":234,"name":235,"position":14,"image":14},412,"Cheyanne Scharbatke-Church",{"id":237,"status":13,"sort":14,"date_created":238,"date_updated":239,"nid":240,"slug":241,"title":242,"body":243,"citation":244,"language":22,"year":245,"publisher":24,"date_published":246,"external":26,"topic":247,"link_internal":249,"link_external":253,"featured":26,"topics":254,"languages":256,"type":257,"area":14,"programme":14,"websites":14,"summary":14,"pdf_text":14,"main_points":14,"short_version":14,"subtitle":14,"image":259,"countries":267,"tags":294,"pdf":341,"authors":362},2324,"2023-12-06T11:04:47.000Z","2026-06-02T14:08:43.000Z",2550,"research-case-5","Research Case Study 5: Harnessing behavioural approaches against corruption","Social norms and behaviour change (SNBC) approaches are a promising complement to conventional anti-corruption strategies. Adopting a context-sensitive and nuanced approach is an essential ingredient for success.\n\nWe wanted to understand if and how behavioural approaches can promote anti-corruption outcomes, as well as conditions for success.\n\nTo do this we reviewed research from 2016–2022 on the use of behavioural approaches in anti-corruption practice. We also analysed our practical experience designing and piloting an intervention to tackle social norms of reciprocity which fuel bribery in health facilities in Tanzania.","Baez Camargo, Claudia, and Saba Kassa. 2023. ‘Harnessing behavioural approaches against corruption.’ Research Case Study 5, Basel Institute on Governance. Available at: baselgov- ernance.org\u002Fpublications\u002Fresearch-case-5.",2023,"2023-12-05",[248],"Public Governance",[250],{"url":251,"caption":252},"\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications?type=Research%20Case%20Study"," View all research case studies",[],[255],"Corruption Prevention and Public Governance",[22],[258],"Research Case Study",{"id":260,"storage":49,"filename_disk":261,"filename_download":262,"title":263,"type":53,"created_on":238,"modified_on":238,"charset":14,"filesize":264,"width":55,"height":265,"duration":14,"embed":14,"description":14,"location":14,"tags":14,"metadata":266,"focal_point_x":14,"focal_point_y":14,"tus_id":14,"tus_data":14,"uploaded_on":238},"a4b5e14a-9841-4feb-8411-335c9f972aba","a4b5e14a-9841-4feb-8411-335c9f972aba.jpg?itok=4sZgO-XF","research-case-study-5-cover-copy.jpg?itok=4sZgO-XF","research case study 5 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PDF",[363,377],{"id":286,"publications_id":364,"authors_id":376},{"id":237,"status":13,"sort":14,"user_created":63,"date_created":238,"user_updated":64,"date_updated":239,"nid":240,"slug":241,"image":260,"title":242,"body":243,"citation":244,"language":22,"year":245,"publisher":24,"date_published":246,"external":26,"topic":365,"link_internal":366,"link_external":368,"featured":26,"topics":369,"languages":370,"type":371,"area":14,"programme":14,"websites":14,"summary":14,"pdf_text":14,"main_points":14,"short_version":14,"subtitle":14,"countries":372,"tags":373,"pdf":374,"authors":375},[248],[367],{"url":251,"caption":252},[],[255],[22],[258],[269],[280,281,282],[284],[286,287],{"id":217,"name":218,"position":14,"image":219},{"id":287,"publications_id":378,"authors_id":390},{"id":237,"status":13,"sort":14,"user_created":63,"date_created":238,"user_updated":64,"date_updated":239,"nid":240,"slug":241,"image":260,"title":242,"body":243,"citation":244,"language":22,"year":245,"publisher":24,"date_published":246,"external":26,"topic":379,"link_internal":380,"link_external":382,"featured":26,"topics":383,"languages":384,"type":385,"area":14,"programme":14,"websites":14,"summary":14,"pdf_text":14,"main_points":14,"short_version":14,"subtitle":14,"countries":386,"tags":387,"pdf":388,"authors":389},[248],[381],{"url":251,"caption":252},[],[255],[22],[258],[269],[280,281,282],[284],[286,287],{"id":391,"name":392,"position":14,"image":393},303,"Saba Kassa","a34de431-6c31-4ddd-8727-12c10dfed9ad",{"id":395,"status":13,"sort":14,"date_created":396,"date_updated":397,"nid":398,"slug":399,"title":400,"body":401,"citation":21,"language":22,"year":245,"publisher":24,"date_published":402,"external":26,"topic":403,"link_internal":404,"link_external":408,"featured":26,"topics":409,"languages":410,"type":411,"area":14,"programme":14,"websites":14,"summary":14,"pdf_text":14,"main_points":14,"short_version":14,"subtitle":14,"image":413,"countries":421,"tags":422,"pdf":456,"authors":477},2291,"2023-06-19T09:56:33.000Z","2026-06-02T14:09:07.000Z",2462,"wp-45","Working Paper 45: Strategic anti-corruption communications – Guidance for behaviour change interventions","This Working Paper is intended to guide practitioners who are seeking to complement conventional anti-corruption measures by adopting a behavioural communications approach.\n\nIt aims to connect a typology of anti-corruption messages with behavioural change theories, and discuss their impact.\n\nSubsequently, it suggests practical implications for designing anti-corruption communication as part of behaviour change interventions. This includes outlining how to develop a robust Theory of Change as a means to enhance the success of such efforts.  \n\nThe guidance is based on a review of seven key topically pertinent studies that have been recently published. \n\n### About this paper\n\nThis publication is prepared as guidance for the USAID Indonesia Integrity Initiative (USAID INTEGRITAS).\n\nThis study is made possible by the support of the American people through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The contents are the sole responsibility of the Basel Institute on Governance and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States Government.\n\n### Open-access licence and citation\n\nThe publication is part of the Basel Institute on Governance Working Paper Series, ISSN: 2624-9650. You may share or republish the Working Paper under a Creative Commons \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-nc-nd\u002F4.0\u002F\">CC BY-NC-ND 4.0\u003C\u002Fa> licence.\n\nSuggested citation: Baez-Camargo, Claudia, and Johanna Schönberg. 2023. ‘Strategic anti-corruption communications: a resource for practitioners.’ Working Paper 45, Basel Institute on Governance. Available at: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fpublications\u002Fwp-45\">https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fpublications\u002Fwp-45\u003C\u002Fa>","2023-06-13",[248],[405],{"url":406,"caption":407},"\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications?type=Working%20Paper"," View all Working Papers",[],[255],[22],[412],"Working Paper",{"id":414,"storage":49,"filename_disk":415,"filename_download":416,"title":417,"type":53,"created_on":396,"modified_on":396,"charset":14,"filesize":418,"width":55,"height":419,"duration":14,"embed":14,"description":14,"location":14,"tags":14,"metadata":420,"focal_point_x":14,"focal_point_y":14,"tus_id":14,"tus_data":14,"uploaded_on":396},"9472f8db-b06d-4af5-94ef-68380ff513f7","9472f8db-b06d-4af5-94ef-68380ff513f7.jpg?itok=EFd5-Za3","Cover-page-updated.jpg?itok=EFd5-Za3","Cover page of Working Paper 45",41129,704,{},[],[423,442],{"id":424,"publications_id":425,"tags_id":441},4777,{"id":395,"status":13,"sort":14,"user_created":63,"date_created":396,"user_updated":64,"date_updated":397,"nid":398,"slug":399,"image":414,"title":400,"body":401,"citation":21,"language":22,"year":245,"publisher":24,"date_published":402,"external":26,"topic":426,"link_internal":427,"link_external":429,"featured":26,"topics":430,"languages":431,"type":432,"area":14,"programme":14,"websites":14,"summary":14,"pdf_text":14,"main_points":14,"short_version":14,"subtitle":14,"countries":433,"tags":434,"pdf":436,"authors":438},[248],[428],{"url":406,"caption":407},[],[255],[22],[412],[],[424,435],4778,[437],2328,[439,440],2501,2502,{"id":4,"name":5},{"id":435,"publications_id":443,"tags_id":455},{"id":395,"status":13,"sort":14,"user_created":63,"date_created":396,"user_updated":64,"date_updated":397,"nid":398,"slug":399,"image":414,"title":400,"body":401,"citation":21,"language":22,"year":245,"publisher":24,"date_published":402,"external":26,"topic":444,"link_internal":445,"link_external":447,"featured":26,"topics":448,"languages":449,"type":450,"area":14,"programme":14,"websites":14,"summary":14,"pdf_text":14,"main_points":14,"short_version":14,"subtitle":14,"countries":451,"tags":452,"pdf":453,"authors":454},[248],[446],{"url":406,"caption":407},[],[255],[22],[412],[],[424,435],[437],[439,440],{"id":339,"name":340},[457],{"id":437,"publications_id":458,"directus_files_id":470},{"id":395,"status":13,"sort":14,"user_created":63,"date_created":396,"user_updated":64,"date_updated":397,"nid":398,"slug":399,"image":414,"title":400,"body":401,"citation":21,"language":22,"year":245,"publisher":24,"date_published":402,"external":26,"topic":459,"link_internal":460,"link_external":462,"featured":26,"topics":463,"languages":464,"type":465,"area":14,"programme":14,"websites":14,"summary":14,"pdf_text":14,"main_points":14,"short_version":14,"subtitle":14,"countries":466,"tags":467,"pdf":468,"authors":469},[248],[461],{"url":406,"caption":407},[],[255],[22],[412],[],[424,435],[437],[439,440],{"id":471,"storage":49,"filename_disk":472,"filename_download":473,"title":473,"type":120,"folder":121,"uploaded_by":63,"created_on":474,"modified_by":14,"modified_on":474,"charset":14,"filesize":475,"width":14,"height":14,"duration":14,"embed":14,"description":476,"location":14,"tags":14,"metadata":14,"focal_point_x":14,"focal_point_y":14,"tus_id":14,"tus_data":14,"uploaded_on":474},"f291d12b-0bc6-4a21-b609-50cb823cca02","f291d12b-0bc6-4a21-b609-50cb823cca02.pdf","220615-WP-45.pdf","2023-06-19T09:56:34.000Z",8479483,"Download Working Paper 45",[478,492],{"id":439,"publications_id":479,"authors_id":491},{"id":395,"status":13,"sort":14,"user_created":63,"date_created":396,"user_updated":64,"date_updated":397,"nid":398,"slug":399,"image":414,"title":400,"body":401,"citation":21,"language":22,"year":245,"publisher":24,"date_published":402,"external":26,"topic":480,"link_internal":481,"link_external":483,"featured":26,"topics":484,"languages":485,"type":486,"area":14,"programme":14,"websites":14,"summary":14,"pdf_text":14,"main_points":14,"short_version":14,"subtitle":14,"countries":487,"tags":488,"pdf":489,"authors":490},[248],[482],{"url":406,"caption":407},[],[255],[22],[412],[],[424,435],[437],[439,440],{"id":217,"name":218,"position":14,"image":219},{"id":440,"publications_id":493,"authors_id":505},{"id":395,"status":13,"sort":14,"user_created":63,"date_created":396,"user_updated":64,"date_updated":397,"nid":398,"slug":399,"image":414,"title":400,"body":401,"citation":21,"language":22,"year":245,"publisher":24,"date_published":402,"external":26,"topic":494,"link_internal":495,"link_external":497,"featured":26,"topics":498,"languages":499,"type":500,"area":14,"programme":14,"websites":14,"summary":14,"pdf_text":14,"main_points":14,"short_version":14,"subtitle":14,"countries":501,"tags":502,"pdf":503,"authors":504},[248],[496],{"url":406,"caption":407},[],[255],[22],[412],[],[424,435],[437],[439,440],{"id":506,"name":507,"position":14,"image":14},524,"Johanna Schönberg",{"id":509,"status":13,"sort":14,"date_created":510,"date_updated":511,"nid":512,"slug":513,"title":514,"body":515,"citation":21,"language":22,"year":245,"publisher":24,"date_published":516,"external":26,"topic":517,"link_internal":518,"link_external":519,"featured":26,"topics":520,"languages":521,"type":522,"area":14,"programme":14,"websites":14,"summary":14,"pdf_text":14,"main_points":14,"short_version":14,"subtitle":14,"image":523,"countries":531,"tags":571,"pdf":598,"authors":617},2278,"2023-05-17T10:04:49.000Z","2026-05-31T22:52:11.000Z",2432,"research-case-2","Research case study 2: Leveraging informal networks for anti-corruption in East Africa","Citizens and business people may invest significant time and money in building informal networks with public officials to overcome public service delivery shortcomings and access business opportunities. Understanding these networks better can strengthen anti-corruption efforts.\n\nThis research case study gives a brief overview of our Public Governance team's research in Uganda and Tanzania. Through interviews, the team explored when, how and why informal networks are built and used to access public services or business opportunities corruptly.\n\nThe research project described was carried out under the Global Integrity Anti-Corruption Evidence Programme (GI-ACE), funded with UK aid from the UK government. All results are freely shareable under a Creative Commons licence.","2023-05-17",[248],[],[],[255],[22],[258],{"id":524,"storage":49,"filename_disk":525,"filename_download":526,"title":527,"type":53,"created_on":528,"modified_on":510,"charset":14,"filesize":529,"width":55,"height":265,"duration":14,"embed":14,"description":14,"location":14,"tags":14,"metadata":530,"focal_point_x":14,"focal_point_y":14,"tus_id":14,"tus_data":14,"uploaded_on":528},"7d1b37bc-c9a9-458b-9b5c-5e140061e6dd","7d1b37bc-c9a9-458b-9b5c-5e140061e6dd.jpg?itok=Iz9qP71r","rsearch-case-study-2-cover-.jpg?itok=Iz9qP71r","Research case study 2 cover 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research case study",[618,631,644],{"id":549,"publications_id":619,"authors_id":630},{"id":509,"status":13,"sort":14,"user_created":63,"date_created":510,"user_updated":64,"date_updated":511,"nid":512,"slug":513,"image":524,"title":514,"body":515,"citation":21,"language":22,"year":245,"publisher":24,"date_published":516,"external":26,"topic":620,"link_internal":621,"link_external":622,"featured":26,"topics":623,"languages":624,"type":625,"area":14,"programme":14,"websites":14,"summary":14,"pdf_text":14,"main_points":14,"short_version":14,"subtitle":14,"countries":626,"tags":627,"pdf":628,"authors":629},[248],[],[],[255],[22],[258],[533,542],[544,545],[547],[549,550,551],{"id":217,"name":218,"position":14,"image":219},{"id":550,"publications_id":632,"authors_id":643},{"id":509,"status":13,"sort":14,"user_created":63,"date_created":510,"user_updated":64,"date_updated":511,"nid":512,"slug":513,"image":524,"title":514,"body":515,"citation":21,"language":22,"year":245,"publisher":24,"date_published":516,"external":26,"topic":633,"link_internal":634,"link_external":635,"featured":26,"topics":636,"languages":637,"type":638,"area":14,"programme":14,"websites":14,"summary":14,"pdf_text":14,"main_points":14,"short_version":14,"subtitle":14,"countries":639,"tags":640,"pdf":641,"authors":642},[248],[],[],[255],[22],[258],[533,542],[544,545],[547],[549,550,551],{"id":391,"name":392,"position":14,"image":393},{"id":551,"publications_id":645,"authors_id":656},{"id":509,"status":13,"sort":14,"user_created":63,"date_created":510,"user_updated":64,"date_updated":511,"nid":512,"slug":513,"image":524,"title":514,"body":515,"citation":21,"language":22,"year":245,"publisher":24,"date_published":516,"external":26,"topic":646,"link_internal":647,"link_external":648,"featured":26,"topics":649,"languages":650,"type":651,"area":14,"programme":14,"websites":14,"summary":14,"pdf_text":14,"main_points":14,"short_version":14,"subtitle":14,"countries":652,"tags":653,"pdf":654,"authors":655},[248],[],[],[255],[22],[258],[533,542],[544,545],[547],[549,550,551],{"id":657,"name":658,"position":14,"image":659},304,"Jacopo Costa","90469998-3598-471d-9499-48b19f557c7d",48,{"items":662,"total":1071},[663,745,804,877,954],{"id":664,"status":13,"date_created":665,"date_updated":666,"title":667,"type":668,"body":669,"date":670,"topic":671,"slug":673,"activity":674,"nid":677,"topics":678,"activities":679,"programme":14,"area":14,"websites":680,"language":22,"image":682,"translation_of":14,"countries":691,"tags":692,"authors":724,"images":742,"translations":743,"content":744},10551,"2025-05-15T10:01:34.000Z","2026-05-07T21:29:57.000Z","Bridging the gap: How behavioural science can strengthen anti-corruption and crime prevention","Blog","_This article by Claudia Baez Camargo offers valuable insights into how behavioural science can inform more effective anti-corruption strategies and crime prevention efforts. By shedding light on key behavioural drivers and practical approaches, the piece provides a strong foundation for those seeking to better understand how human behaviour can be positively influenced to promote integrity and reduce crime._\n\n_It is republished with permission from the [7th Newsletter](https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fsites\u002Fdefault\u002Ffiles\u002F2025-05\u002FPNI%20Newsletter%207th%20edition.pdf) of the United Nations Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Programme Network of Institutes ([PNI](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.unodc.org\u002Funodc\u002Fen\u002Fcommissions\u002FCCPCJ\u002FPNI\u002Finstitutes.html))._\n\nAt the end of the day, it’s not formal policies and regulations that prevent crime or make criminal justice systems work better – it’s people. And people’s behaviour is shaped not just by formal rules but by informal practices and deeply embedded social norms.\n\nThat’s why understanding what drives behaviour, and how we can shift it, is essential for achieving the goals of crime prevention and criminal justice. Behavioural science offers valuable insights here. It helps us identify practical, people-centred ways to encourage integrity, accountability and participation – both individually and collectively.\n\nThis article explores how behavioural science-based approaches can contribute to preventing crime and corruption. It reviews relevant international texts and shares early findings from the Basel Institute’s promising work in Tanzania and in relation to environmental crime. While our primary focus at the Basel Institute is on anti-corruption, the insights are relevant across the broader field of crime prevention and criminal justice.\n\n### Policies often miss the human dimension\n\nToo often, policies aimed at preventing corruption and crime look good on paper. They follow international best practices, tick all the boxes and appear technically sound. But in practice, they often fall short of delivering the desired results. This pattern is familiar across all the regions in which we work.\n\nOne reason is that many such efforts overlook the _people_ expected to put the policies into action. Specifically, not enough attention is paid to the incentives and contextual factors that shape their behaviour. Strong formal anti-corruption or crime prevention systems matter, but they aren’t sufficient on their own. Progress depends on how individuals within these systems behave – whether or not they choose to collaborate, share information report misconduct. And that cooperation is often blocked by low levels of trust or limited experience with collaboration.\n\nAnother issue is the widespread reliance on awareness-raising campaigns. While well-intentioned, these often assume that more knowledge will lead to better choices. Yet we know from behavioural research and experience that this doesn’t hold up, particularly when it comes to corruption. People usually understand that corruption is wrong. But they may still choose not to report or resist it due to a range of behavioural and social factors: the belief that “everyone does it,” fear of retaliation, risk aversion or personal biases.\n\nAdd to that bureaucratic \"sludge\" – unnecessary paperwork and other frictions that make doing the right thing harder – and even the best-designed policies can lose their bite.\n\nThe upshot? If we want crime prevention and justice reforms to work in the real world, we need to go beyond rules and awareness. We need to understand the behavioural drivers behind corruption and crime. And we need to use that understanding to design smarter, more human-centred interventions that nudge people toward integrity and collaboration.\n\n### International guidance on behavioural approaches\n\nInternational treaties and standards in areas like anti-corruption, crime prevention and broader development often focus on formal structures and high-level frameworks. That’s understandable: the realm of human behaviour is complex, unpredictable and deeply influenced by varying political, cultural and geographic contexts. As a result, behavioural dimensions are rarely given the attention they deserve.\n\nSome guidance documents, however, do take a behavioural lens – though this remains the exception rather than the rule. Notably, the World Bank’s 2015 [World Development Report: Mind, Society, and Behavior](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.worldbank.org\u002Fen\u002Fpublication\u002Fwdr2015) made a strong case for integrating behavioural insights into development work. While it didn’t focus specifically on crime or corruption, it offered valuable, practical advice on designing interventions that reflect how people actually think and behave, rather than how we assume they should.\n\nSince then, behavioural science has gained traction in public policy. Many governments have established specialised teams to apply behavioural insights to policy challenges – from tax compliance to public health. Recognising this shift, the OECD released its [Good Practice Principles for Ethical Behavioural Science in Public Policy](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.oecd.org\u002Fen\u002Fpublications\u002Fgood-practice-principles-for-ethical-behavioural-science-in-public-policy_e19a9be9-en.html) in 2022, offering guidance on using behavioural tools in an ethical and effective manner.\n\nYet despite these promising developments, behavioural approaches remain underused in anti-corruption and crime prevention efforts. This is a missed opportunity, since behavioural science offers a powerful lens for understanding and addressing the real-world challenges that undermine formal systems and laws.\n\n### Promising research\n\nTwo areas in particular – healthcare and environmental protection – illustrate how tailored interventions grounded in behavioural insights can help achieve corruption or crime prevention goals. Both arise from research led by the Basel Institute.\n\nPreventing corruption in healthcare\n\nOne of the few real-world behaviour change interventions in the anti-corruption space took place in a Tanzanian hospital. The aim of the [pilot project](https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fsites\u002Fdefault\u002Ffiles\u002F2023-03\u002F230306_Research-case-study-01b.pdf) was to curb bribery in the form of “gift giving” – i.e. small gifts to healthcare workers to generate a relationship of reciprocity and secure better or faster treatment. While framed as gestures of appreciation, such practices can create expectations and reinforce corrupt dynamics over time.\n\nThe intervention used a mix of behavioural tools: simple environmental cues like posters and desk signs reminded users of expectations around the giving of gifts, while respected staff members acted as “champions,” spreading the messages through their peer networks. In just eight weeks, the pilot recorded a 14–44 percent decrease in patients’ intentions to offer gifts, as well as more negative attitudes toward the practice and reduced beliefs in its acceptability.\n\nThe accompanying working paper, [Developing Anti-corruption Interventions Addressing Social Norms](https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fpublications\u002Fwp-40), offers practical guidance for practitioners. It outlines how to identify when a behaviour change approach is appropriate, develop a theory of change and design interventions that are context-sensitive and measurable.\n\nThis pilot adds to the growing evidence on why some behavioural approaches can be effective in preventing corruption while others fall short ([see more](https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fpublications\u002Fresearch-case-5)). To give a taster, some of the strategies include:\n\n*   Using environmental cues tailored to the setting.\n*   Providing timely resources that support integrity under pressure.\n*   Building trust among stakeholders to foster cooperative social norms.\n*   Elevating role models and champions of integrity.\n\nTackling environmental corruption and crime\n\nThe adaptability of behavioural science also makes it a strong tool in the fight against _environmental_ corruption and crime. These offences often flourish in settings where red tape, weak enforcement and collusive practices are the norm. Behavioural interventions can be tailored to disrupt these patterns.\n\nUnder the Targeting Natural Resource Corruption (TNRC) project, led by WWF, we produced a series of [practical guides](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.worldwildlife.org\u002Fpages\u002Ftnrc-guides-designing-social-norms-and-behavior-change-interventions-guidance-resources-for-conservation-practitioners) that translate behavioural insights into conservation and anti-corruption strategies. Topics include how to reduce corruption driven by excessive bureaucracy or “sludge”, how to reduce risks of collusion in community-managed forests and how to design interventions that resonate with frontline wildlife defenders such as rangers.\n\n### Other resources and activities\n\nAt the Basel Institute, we are deeply committed to advancing the use of behavioural science in anti-corruption and broader crime prevention efforts. Our aim is not just to test promising ideas, but to rigorously examine what works, what doesn’t and – crucially – why. By sharing these insights, we hope to support practitioners around the world in adapting evidence-based behaviour change approaches to their own contexts.\n\nIn this regard, an additional valuable contribution to the field is our [research report](https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fpublications\u002Fbehavioural-insights-and-anti-corruption) synthesising lessons from a range of anti-corruption behaviour change interventions. It explores the reasons behind both successes and failures and extracts practical recommendations.\n\nIn a nutshell, we believe that effective anti-corruption and crime prevention systems must be rooted not only in solid laws and institutions, but also in the behavioural realities of those expected to implement them. Bridging the gap between formal policy and real-world practice requires a systematic focus on social norms, decision-making dynamics and local incentives.\n\nOur Prevention, Research and Innovation team leads this work. We support anti-corruption practitioners, development agencies and other donors across three main areas:\n\n*   Research: Conducting academically grounded studies to understand the behavioural drivers of corruption and identify promising points for interventions.\n*   Advisory support: Helping donors and international partners integrate behavioural insights into their anti-corruption and development programming.\n*   Practical guidance and mentoring: Working directly with implementers to design, test and refine behaviourally informed strategies that are tailored, measurable and feasible in the context.\n\nBy embedding behavioural science into anti-corruption and wider crime prevention efforts, we can help ensure that policies are not just well designed on paper, but embraced and enacted in practice – closing the gap between intention and impact.\n\n\\*\\*\\*\n\n_One of the key mandates of the PNI is to disseminate and enhance knowledge on crime prevention and criminal justice. This mission is carried out actively around the world by individual PNIs through various channels, including research, publications, and capacity-building activities. A notable example of such efforts was the creation of the Justice Knowledge Centre by Gary Hill_ –_one of the first web-based platforms dedicated to sharing information and resources on crime prevention and criminal justice._\n\n_Inspired by the spirit of such legacies and by the continuing efforts of PNIs around the world, the PNI Newsletter carries forward this knowledge-sharing mission by dedicating a section in each issue to a specific topic of relevance. Claudia's contribution is the first in this new series._","2025-05-15",[28,672]," Research and Innovation","bridging-the-gap-how-behavioural-science-can-strengthen-anti-corruption-and-crime-prevention-2809",[675,676],"Research","Insights",2809,[43],[675,676],[681],"Main page",{"id":683,"storage":49,"filename_disk":684,"filename_download":685,"title":667,"type":686,"created_on":665,"modified_on":665,"charset":14,"filesize":687,"width":688,"height":689,"duration":14,"embed":14,"description":14,"location":14,"tags":14,"metadata":690,"focal_point_x":14,"focal_point_y":14,"tus_id":14,"tus_data":14,"uploaded_on":665},"a05b5d5d-c1b9-487e-970a-b0c611df17cc","a05b5d5d-c1b9-487e-970a-b0c611df17cc.webp","tmp.webp","image\u002Fwebp",17474,800,533,{},[],[693,710],{"id":694,"news_id":695,"tags_id":709},5544,{"id":664,"status":13,"user_created":63,"date_created":665,"user_updated":64,"date_updated":666,"title":667,"type":668,"body":669,"image":683,"date":670,"topic":696,"slug":673,"activity":697,"nid":677,"topics":698,"activities":699,"programme":14,"area":14,"websites":700,"translation_of":14,"language":22,"countries":701,"tags":702,"authors":704,"images":706,"translations":707,"content":708},[28,672],[675,676],[43],[675,676],[681],[],[694,703],5650,[705],1340,[],[],[],{"id":339,"name":340},{"id":703,"news_id":711,"tags_id":723},{"id":664,"status":13,"user_created":63,"date_created":665,"user_updated":64,"date_updated":666,"title":667,"type":668,"body":669,"image":683,"date":670,"topic":712,"slug":673,"activity":713,"nid":677,"topics":714,"activities":715,"programme":14,"area":14,"websites":716,"translation_of":14,"language":22,"countries":717,"tags":718,"authors":719,"images":720,"translations":721,"content":722},[28,672],[675,676],[43],[675,676],[681],[],[694,703],[705],[],[],[],{"id":4,"name":5},[725],{"id":705,"news_id":726,"authors_id":738},{"id":664,"status":13,"user_created":63,"date_created":665,"user_updated":64,"date_updated":666,"title":667,"type":668,"body":669,"image":683,"date":670,"topic":727,"slug":673,"activity":728,"nid":677,"topics":729,"activities":730,"programme":14,"area":14,"websites":731,"translation_of":14,"language":22,"countries":732,"tags":733,"authors":734,"images":735,"translations":736,"content":737},[28,672],[675,676],[43],[675,676],[681],[],[694,703],[705],[],[],[],{"id":739,"name":740,"position":14,"image":741},554,"Dr Claudia Baez Camargo","708c19be-70e9-46d4-b42d-fe7bbc667225",[],[],[],{"id":746,"status":13,"date_created":747,"date_updated":748,"title":749,"type":668,"body":750,"date":751,"topic":752,"slug":753,"activity":754,"nid":756,"topics":757,"activities":758,"programme":14,"area":14,"websites":759,"language":14,"image":760,"translation_of":14,"countries":768,"tags":769,"authors":786,"images":801,"translations":802,"content":803},10458,"2024-07-16T16:01:39.000Z","2026-05-07T21:29:55.000Z","A new arrow in the quiver: making anti-corruption reform more effective and sustainable","_A [new paper](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.annualreviews.org\u002Fcontent\u002Fjournals\u002F10.1146\u002Fannurev-polisci-051120-095535) published in the Annual Review of Political Science explores how we can improve anti-corruption efforts using a “new arrow in the quiver”: the social norms approach. Claudia Baez Camargo, Head of Prevention, Research and Innovation and a co-author of the paper, explains why the social norms approach is crucial for anti-corruption efforts, and shares some of the paper’s main messages for practitioners and researchers. The full paper, “Corruption and social norms: a new arrow in the quiver” is available at [Annual Reviews](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.annualreviews.org\u002Fcontent\u002Fjournals\u002F10.1146\u002Fannurev-polisci-051120-095535)._\n\nWe have, by now, understood that it is impossible to legislate corruption away. Most countries in the world have adequate legal and institutional frameworks in place to counter corruption. They have also adopted measures such as tougher penalties for corruption offences and stronger administrative controls, and created dedicated anti-corruption agencies. And yet, corruption persists.\n\nScholars have identified this as an “implementation gap”, highlighting the difficulties in enforcing existing laws and policies to counter corruption. Even targeted anti-corruption interventions are often not effective enough – a significant body of research has shown that many fail to have the expected effect, or produce results that fade soon after the intervention ends. \n\nWhy does this gap exist, and how can we do better? There are several important considerations:\n\n### Don’t blame the bad apple\n\nCorruption is very rarely the result of individual “bad apples” abusing power. Rather, [evidence](https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fpublications\u002Finformal-networks-investment-qualitative-analysis-uganda-and-tanzania) suggests that corruption is a highly networked phenomenon involving groups whose collective actions enable the emergence of or entrench a corrupt system. \n\nResearch has shown that people behave differently when they are acting as part of a group than when they are acting individually. This can happen, for example, when peer pressure to conform to group behaviour undermines the effect of any legal provision prohibiting the behaviour in question.\n\nAnd yet, most conventional anti-corruption approaches target the behaviour and incentives of individuals.\n\n### The illusion of the Homus Economicus\n\nBehavioural science research has shown that we are not always the rational decision-makers whose behaviour underpins the assumptions of classical economic theory. Humans do not always (or even usually) follow a traditional cost-benefit analysis in their decision making. Instead, we often operate according to social norms, with collectively held beliefs and the desire for social belonging producing behaviour that defies rational thinking.\n\nThis behaviour may therefore contradict anti-corruption incentives or formal legal prescriptions, and can leave practitioners frustrated with lacklustre results.\n\n### Social-norms tinted glasses\n\nIn response to these considerations, scholars and practitioners are increasingly seeing the importance of analysing corruption in the social context in which it exists, identifying its drivers (the why) and enablers (the how), and the relationship between these factors.\n\nThis “social norms approach” can enhance our understanding of corruption and, therefore, the design of anti-corruption reforms by taking into account:\n\n*   the context-specific practices that affect corruption and anti-corruption outcomes in different regions and settings;\n*   the informal social networks that bind actors together:\n*   the self-reinforcing “glue” of common understandings, mutual expectations and accepted behaviours;\n*   the stubbornness of these social practices.\n\n### Ask better questions, get better answers \n\nBy asking the right questions, we can produce tangible results to make anti-corruption interventions more effective and sustainable.\n\nIn the paper we ask and answer the following questions:\n\n*   What are the complexities and gaps in the definition of corruption and the shortcomings of leading theories of corruption?\n*   How do social norms influence corrupt behaviour?\n*   How can social norms be factored into anti-corruption policy and programming?\n*   How can research be incorporated more efficiently and effectively on the ground?\n\nAny response to corruption has to reflect its multi-faceted and intrinsically human (i.e. messy) nature. Applying a social norms lens is not a one-size-fits-all approach, and corruption does not always fit into neat bureaucratic or legal categories. Citizens will often differ in their understanding of what constitutes corruption. An in-depth analysis of the specific social context in which the corruption takes place is always a necessary first step.\n\nWe should develop practical methodological approaches so that anti-corruption agencies can more easily identify specific social norms driving a corrupt practice. And we need more empirical investigation of the interaction between the various factors, including social norms, historical norms, the political system, the institutional system and individual factors such as gender, age, income and personality traits, that influence an individual’s choice to engage in a corrupt act.","2024-07-16",[28,672],"a-new-arrow-in-the-quiver-making-anti-corruption-reform-more-effective-and-sustainable-2655",[676,755],"Anti-corruption interventions",2655,[43],[676,755],[681],{"id":761,"storage":49,"filename_disk":762,"filename_download":685,"title":749,"type":686,"created_on":763,"modified_on":763,"charset":14,"filesize":764,"width":765,"height":766,"duration":14,"embed":14,"description":14,"location":14,"tags":14,"metadata":767,"focal_point_x":14,"focal_point_y":14,"tus_id":14,"tus_data":14,"uploaded_on":763},"aa99bafa-fc1c-43da-aef4-8b7fe6f2c319","aa99bafa-fc1c-43da-aef4-8b7fe6f2c319.webp","2025-05-12T21:10:39.000Z",13270,1400,878,{},[],[770],{"id":771,"news_id":772,"tags_id":785},4878,{"id":746,"status":13,"user_created":63,"date_created":747,"user_updated":64,"date_updated":748,"title":749,"type":668,"body":750,"image":761,"date":751,"topic":773,"slug":753,"activity":774,"nid":756,"topics":775,"activities":776,"programme":14,"area":14,"websites":777,"translation_of":14,"language":14,"countries":778,"tags":779,"authors":780,"images":782,"translations":783,"content":784},[28,672],[676,755],[43],[676,755],[681],[],[771],[781],1108,[],[],[],{"id":4,"name":5},[787],{"id":781,"news_id":788,"authors_id":800},{"id":746,"status":13,"user_created":63,"date_created":747,"user_updated":64,"date_updated":748,"title":749,"type":668,"body":750,"image":761,"date":751,"topic":789,"slug":753,"activity":790,"nid":756,"topics":791,"activities":792,"programme":14,"area":14,"websites":793,"translation_of":14,"language":14,"countries":794,"tags":795,"authors":796,"images":797,"translations":798,"content":799},[28,672],[676,755],[43],[676,755],[681],[],[771],[781],[],[],[],{"id":739,"name":740,"position":14,"image":741},[],[],[],{"id":805,"status":13,"date_created":806,"date_updated":807,"title":808,"type":809,"body":810,"date":811,"topic":812,"slug":813,"activity":814,"nid":815,"topics":816,"activities":817,"programme":14,"area":14,"websites":818,"language":14,"image":819,"translation_of":14,"countries":826,"tags":844,"authors":873,"images":874,"translations":875,"content":876},10310,"2022-10-25T16:01:25.000Z","2026-05-07T21:29:54.000Z","New Working Paper on developing anti-corruption interventions based on a behaviour change approach","News","The Basel Institute's Public Governance team has published a new Working Paper that provides guidance on developing anti-corruption interventions based on a Social Norms and Behaviour Change (SNBC) approach.\n\nStill a relatively nascent field, SNBC interventions typically address social norms that make corruption acceptable or expected, and attempt to influence behaviours away from corrupt practices. \n\nThe guidance is based on lessons learned from a largely successful pilot project in Tanzania that targeted social norms fuelling bribery (\"gift giving\") in health facilities and attempted to change the behaviours of both health care providers and users away from exchanging gifts. Survey results showed a 14–44% decrease in gift-giving intentions, attitudes and positive beliefs among hospital users following the pilot intervention.\n\nThe guidance covers:\n\n*   How to identify when a SNBC approach is suitable\n*   Essential background research needed to design anti-corruption SNBC interventions\n*   Frameworks to formulate theories of change\n*   Specific elements to build into SNBC interventions\n*   What practitioners should expect when embarking on an SNBC intervention\n*   Ways they can help build evidence and understanding of SNBC approaches in the anti-corruption field.\n\nThe publication was supported by the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH on behalf of the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ). The pilot intervention that serves as the basis for most of the reflections included in this document was funded by the Global Integrity Anti-Corruption Evidence Programme (GI-ACE), funded with UK aid from the UK government.\n\nView and download [Working Paper 40: Developing anti-corruption interventions addressing social norms](https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fpublications\u002Fwp-40).","2022-07-27",[28,672],"new-working-paper-on-developing-anti-corruption-interventions-based-on-a-behaviour-change-approach-2296",[675],2296,[43],[675],[681],{"id":820,"storage":49,"filename_disk":821,"filename_download":685,"title":808,"type":686,"created_on":822,"modified_on":822,"charset":14,"filesize":823,"width":765,"height":824,"duration":14,"embed":14,"description":14,"location":14,"tags":14,"metadata":825,"focal_point_x":14,"focal_point_y":14,"tus_id":14,"tus_data":14,"uploaded_on":822},"96c2883a-bcec-42f2-b916-abc8d8451d02","96c2883a-bcec-42f2-b916-abc8d8451d02.webp","2025-05-12T21:16:23.000Z",31530,933,{},[827],{"id":828,"news_id":829,"countries_id":843},7226,{"id":805,"status":13,"user_created":63,"date_created":806,"user_updated":64,"date_updated":807,"title":808,"type":809,"body":810,"image":820,"date":811,"topic":830,"slug":813,"activity":831,"nid":815,"topics":832,"activities":833,"programme":14,"area":14,"websites":834,"translation_of":14,"language":14,"countries":835,"tags":836,"authors":839,"images":840,"translations":841,"content":842},[28,672],[675],[43],[675],[681],[828],[837,838],4959,5732,[],[],[],[],{"id":289,"name":290,"code":291,"latitude":292,"longitude":293},[845,859],{"id":837,"news_id":846,"tags_id":858},{"id":805,"status":13,"user_created":63,"date_created":806,"user_updated":64,"date_updated":807,"title":808,"type":809,"body":810,"image":820,"date":811,"topic":847,"slug":813,"activity":848,"nid":815,"topics":849,"activities":850,"programme":14,"area":14,"websites":851,"translation_of":14,"language":14,"countries":852,"tags":853,"authors":854,"images":855,"translations":856,"content":857},[28,672],[675],[43],[675],[681],[828],[837,838],[],[],[],[],{"id":4,"name":5},{"id":838,"news_id":860,"tags_id":872},{"id":805,"status":13,"user_created":63,"date_created":806,"user_updated":64,"date_updated":807,"title":808,"type":809,"body":810,"image":820,"date":811,"topic":861,"slug":813,"activity":862,"nid":815,"topics":863,"activities":864,"programme":14,"area":14,"websites":865,"translation_of":14,"language":14,"countries":866,"tags":867,"authors":868,"images":869,"translations":870,"content":871},[28,672],[675],[43],[675],[681],[828],[837,838],[],[],[],[],{"id":339,"name":340},[],[],[],[],{"id":878,"status":13,"date_created":879,"date_updated":880,"title":881,"type":809,"body":882,"date":883,"topic":884,"slug":886,"activity":887,"nid":890,"topics":891,"activities":892,"programme":14,"area":14,"websites":893,"language":14,"image":894,"translation_of":14,"countries":901,"tags":902,"authors":950,"images":951,"translations":952,"content":953},10287,"2022-07-07T16:24:51.000Z","2026-05-07T21:29:53.000Z","Applying behaviour change approaches to fight corruption and illegal wildlife trade","Can social norm and behaviour change approaches help to reduce corruption related to illegal wildlife trade (IWT)?\n\nVery possibly. SNBC initiatives have been shown to help combat diverse corruption problems, although for those related to IWT and other areas of conservation and natural resource management, the evidence for doing so is sparse.\n\nAt a practitioner-focused [webinar](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fwatch?v=rIndHtOLoco) on 27 June 2022, Claudia Baez Camargo, Head of Public Governance at the Basel Institute on Governance, and Gayle Burgess, Behaviour Change Programme Leader at TRAFFIC, presented the key findings of their recently published Working Paper on the topic, including:\n\n*   what social norm and behaviour change (SNBC) approaches are;\n*   their use in fighting corruption;\n*   the framework they jointly developed to assess entry points for behavioural interventions;\n*   how practitioners can apply these insights to effectively reduce corruption related to IWT.\n\nSabri Zain, Director of Policy at TRAFFIC, and Robert Lugolobi, Independent Consultant, Uganda, gave their insights into how SNBC approaches can be applied in real life in programmes targeting the corruption that facilitates IWT. Saba Kassa, Senior Public Governance Specialist at the Basel Institute on Governance, moderated the panel.\n\nThe Working Paper – \"[Behavioural drivers of corruption facilitating illegal wildlife trade – Problem analysis and state of the field review](https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fpublications\u002Fwp-39)\" – has been produced in association with the Targeting Natural Resource Corruption (TNRC) project. The TNRC project is working to improve biodiversity outcomes by helping practitioners to address the threats posed by corruption to wildlife, fisheries and forests. TNRC harnesses existing knowledge, generates new evidence, and supports innovative policy and practice for more effective anti-corruption programming. Learn more at [tnrcproject.org](https:\u002F\u002Ftnrcproject.org).\n\n### Learn more\n\n*   [Watch the webinar on YouTube](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fwatch?v=rIndHtOLoco)\n*   [Listen to the audio recording (mp3)](https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fsites\u002Fdefault\u002Ffiles\u002F2022-06\u002F220628%20SNBC%20webinar.mp3)\n*   [View and download the Working Paper](https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fsites\u002Fdefault\u002Ffiles\u002F2022-05\u002FWP39%20SNBC.pdf)\n*   Download the presentations by [Gayle Burgess](https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fsites\u002Fdefault\u002Ffiles\u002F2022-06\u002FSNBC%20for%20IWT_Gayle%20Burgess.pdf) and [Claudia Baez Camargo](https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fsites\u002Fdefault\u002Ffiles\u002F2022-06\u002FProblem%20analysis%20webinar%20slides%20FINAL.pdf)\n\n_The research and webinar were made possible by the generous support of the American people through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The contents are the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID, the United States Government, or individual TNRC consortium members._","2022-06-28",[885,28,672],"Green Corruption","applying-behaviour-change-approaches-to-fight-corruption-and-illegal-wildlife-trade-2240",[888,889],"Events","Presentations",2240,[885,43],[888,889],[681],{"id":895,"storage":49,"filename_disk":896,"filename_download":685,"title":881,"type":686,"created_on":897,"modified_on":897,"charset":14,"filesize":898,"width":765,"height":899,"duration":14,"embed":14,"description":14,"location":14,"tags":14,"metadata":900,"focal_point_x":14,"focal_point_y":14,"tus_id":14,"tus_data":14,"uploaded_on":897},"fd63d87a-0c60-40ea-88c7-d15ea3d5b6b3","fd63d87a-0c60-40ea-88c7-d15ea3d5b6b3.webp","2025-05-12T21:16:33.000Z",79020,731,{},[],[903,920,936],{"id":904,"news_id":905,"tags_id":919},4973,{"id":878,"status":13,"user_created":63,"date_created":879,"user_updated":64,"date_updated":880,"title":881,"type":809,"body":882,"image":895,"date":883,"topic":906,"slug":886,"activity":907,"nid":890,"topics":908,"activities":909,"programme":14,"area":14,"websites":910,"translation_of":14,"language":14,"countries":911,"tags":912,"authors":915,"images":916,"translations":917,"content":918},[885,28,672],[888,889],[885,43],[888,889],[681],[],[904,913,914],5738,5739,[],[],[],[],{"id":339,"name":340},{"id":913,"news_id":921,"tags_id":933},{"id":878,"status":13,"user_created":63,"date_created":879,"user_updated":64,"date_updated":880,"title":881,"type":809,"body":882,"image":895,"date":883,"topic":922,"slug":886,"activity":923,"nid":890,"topics":924,"activities":925,"programme":14,"area":14,"websites":926,"translation_of":14,"language":14,"countries":927,"tags":928,"authors":929,"images":930,"translations":931,"content":932},[885,28,672],[888,889],[885,43],[888,889],[681],[],[904,913,914],[],[],[],[],{"id":934,"name":935},1303,"Environment",{"id":914,"news_id":937,"tags_id":949},{"id":878,"status":13,"user_created":63,"date_created":879,"user_updated":64,"date_updated":880,"title":881,"type":809,"body":882,"image":895,"date":883,"topic":938,"slug":886,"activity":939,"nid":890,"topics":940,"activities":941,"programme":14,"area":14,"websites":942,"translation_of":14,"language":14,"countries":943,"tags":944,"authors":945,"images":946,"translations":947,"content":948},[885,28,672],[888,889],[885,43],[888,889],[681],[],[904,913,914],[],[],[],[],{"id":4,"name":5},[],[],[],[],{"id":955,"status":13,"date_created":956,"date_updated":957,"title":958,"type":668,"body":959,"date":960,"topic":961,"slug":962,"activity":963,"nid":965,"topics":966,"activities":967,"programme":14,"area":14,"websites":968,"language":14,"image":969,"translation_of":14,"countries":975,"tags":1010,"authors":1053,"images":1068,"translations":1069,"content":1070},9548,"2022-05-26T22:52:19.000Z","2026-05-07T21:29:41.000Z","Bribery isn’t only an exchange of money: what new research tells us about how informal networks enable corruption and vice versa","_Bila watu hufiki popote._ “Without people or connections you won’t reach anywhere,” said a Tanzanian businessman participating in our recently completed research project on informal networks and corruption.\n\nHis words encapsulate something we see time and again in our research on corruption: that bribery is far more than just a brute monetary transaction.\n\nOften more important, and far less studied, are the informal social networks that connect private individuals and public officials.\n\n### Exploring informal networks and corruption\n\nOur two-year research project, part of the UK Aid-funded [Global Integrity Anti-Corruption Evidence Programme](https:\u002F\u002Face.globalintegrity.org\u002F) (GI-ACE), builds on our previous extensive research project on [informal governance](https:\u002F\u002Finformalgovernance.baselgovernance.org\u002F) across seven countries.\n\nThe evidence from this project highlighted that corruption is usually not the result of individual “rotten apples” acting in isolation to abuse their entrusted power for private gain. Rather, corrupt behaviour takes place according to unwritten rules and through informal social networks that connect the public and private sectors.  \n\nIt is becoming increasingly clear that anti-corruption practitioners need to pay more attention to networks, not only individuals.\n\nBut a lot of questions still remained to be answered.\n\n*   Are distinct types of informal networks associated with particular types of corruption?\n*   How, why and by whom are these networks built?\n*   What roles and functions do different individuals have within the networks?\n*   What unwritten expectations, understandings and norms govern such networks?\n*   What are the implications for anti-corruption practice?\n\n### Case studies: snapshots of corruption from a network lens\n\nWith my colleague at the Basel Institute, Senior Research Fellow Jacopo Costa, and Lucy Koechlin, Senior Lecturer at the University of Basel, we set about answering these questions with the help our local researchers Danstan Mukono and Robert Lugolobi in Tanzania and Uganda.\n\nWhat emerged were 10 short case studies (six from [Tanzania](https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fpublications\u002Fcase-studies-tanzania-gi-ace-research-informal-networks-and-corruption) and four from [Uganda](https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fpublications\u002Fcase-studies-uganda-gi-ace-research-informal-networks-and-corruption)) that illustrate ways in which citizens and business people invest significant efforts in building informal social networks to overcome shortcomings in public service delivery and to access business opportunities.\n\nThe case studies give life to the [research report](https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fpublications\u002Finformal-networks-investment-east-africa), which show how monetary bribes and associated benefits are essential to developing informal networks, especially in societies with strong norms around reciprocity and gift-giving. In turn, these networks enable and perpetuate corruption in public service delivery.\n\nImportantly, informal networks may go beyond simply friends and acquaintances. In many cases, citizens and business people must use “brokers” – individuals with existing strong connections with relevant public officials – to act as door-openers.\n\n### How do informal networks help to “get things done”?\n\nThe stories we heard illustrate how informal networks help citizens and business people to gain benefits in three main areas:\n\n#### 1 - Ease access to public services\n\nAt a basic level, this can mean someone using personal connections to skip red tape or speed up a service to which they are officially entitled but may otherwise be delayed. As one research participant said, for example: _“For those who don’t have ‘jamaa’ (a social connection) and sometimes ability to provide money, it takes time to get a business license.”_\n\nHighly bureaucratic procedures such as land transactions are especially vulnerable to this type of behaviour.\n\nAt a more pernicious level, social networks can help users to obtain services they are not entitled to, or manipulate processes to their advantage. Examples include obtaining a driver’s licence despite not having the right documents, and influencing land valuations to minimise tax.\n\n#### 2 - Secure business opportunities with government\n\nThe case studies illustrate that informal networks play a vital role in facilitating fraud and corruption in public procurement.\n\nBusiness people with the right connections need only pay the requested “fee” to be awarded a public tender, said one participant, referring to a bribe or kickback. Informal networks can also facilitate privileged access to information about tenders.\n\nTo build those connections, said participants in both countries, business people may secretly collect information on public officials’ tastes and habits, or develop sophisticated strategies to cultivate links with them.\n\n#### 3 – Help businesses run smoothly\n\nInformal networks help entrepreneurs to leapfrog the many bureaucratic hurdles they face when establishing and running businesses.\n\nAs one of the Tanzanian case studies shows, numerous informal connections have to be established with various public agencies (and the officials that work there) to get the business off the ground. These connections then form the basis for a network that will allow the business to run smoothly going forward.\n\nComplex networks can be built to solve seemingly simple problems. Another Tanzanian case study illustrates how a transport company owner built a “bribery network” involving drivers, conductors, traffic police, bus agents and the transportation regulatory authority. The network ensures that the company’s vehicles can provide a faster and more reliable service compared to competitors by avoiding roadblocks and speeding fines.\n\n### What else does the research show?\n\nThe research report also details, using examples from the case studies:\n\n*   The six functional roles that different individuals play in informal networks – from the “seekers” (citizens seeking connections to public officials) to the “doers” – those who have the ability to “make things happen”.\n*   How entry to these informal networks is controlled to make them exclusive for insiders.\n*   Social dimensions, including how people invest time and effort in developing their networks and cultivating trust.\n\nThe case studies offer a wealth of qualitative information and evidence on informal networks, corruption and the links between them.\n\n### So, what does this mean?\n\nIn our analysis, we emphasise that anti-corruption practitioners should consider how to save the positive aspects of these informal networks (which, in effect, act as efficient mutual support mechanisms in challenging contexts) while eliminating their negative effects.\n\nUnderstanding how these informal networks work can help to understand, and target, the motivations of those who engage in bribery and other illicit practices.\n\nAddressing the hurdles that individuals experience while accessing public services and competing in public tenders should be a central element of an informed anti-corruption approach. Otherwise, the case studies show how adding formal control mechanisms to prevent corruption (for example in competitive public bidding processes) can actually generate more corruption than would have occurred otherwise – if only because of the fact that more people need to be bribed to obtain the desired result.\n\nThe evidence from this research can also point the way to alternative approaches to tackling corruption in such contexts. These include harnessing social [norms](https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fblog\u002Fclaudia-baez-camargos-quick-guide-social-norms-and-corruption) (the topic of our [second GI-ACE project](https:\u002F\u002Face.globalintegrity.org\u002Fprojects\u002Ftanzhealth\u002F)) and\u002For introducing efficient ways to resolve business-related disputes between the public and private sectors, such as [Ukraine’s Business Ombudsman Council](https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fb20-collective-action-hub\u002Fhrlm\u002Fhlrm-ukraine).","2021-11-02",[28,672],"bribery-isnt-only-an-exchange-of-money-what-new-research-tells-us-about-how-informal-networks-enable-corruption-and-vice-versa-2129",[675,964,676],"Reports",2129,[43],[675,964,676],[681],{"id":970,"storage":49,"filename_disk":971,"filename_download":685,"title":958,"type":686,"created_on":972,"modified_on":972,"charset":14,"filesize":973,"width":765,"height":824,"duration":14,"embed":14,"description":14,"location":14,"tags":14,"metadata":974,"focal_point_x":14,"focal_point_y":14,"tus_id":14,"tus_data":14,"uploaded_on":972},"3b826289-7a58-4033-91ff-5c4d54387cdc","3b826289-7a58-4033-91ff-5c4d54387cdc.webp","2025-05-12T21:17:24.000Z",47846,{},[976,996],{"id":977,"news_id":978,"countries_id":995},7283,{"id":955,"status":13,"user_created":63,"date_created":956,"user_updated":64,"date_updated":957,"title":958,"type":668,"body":959,"image":970,"date":960,"topic":979,"slug":962,"activity":980,"nid":965,"topics":981,"activities":982,"programme":14,"area":14,"websites":983,"translation_of":14,"language":14,"countries":984,"tags":986,"authors":990,"images":992,"translations":993,"content":994},[28,672],[675,964,676],[43],[675,964,676],[681],[977,985],7284,[987,988,989],5074,5779,5780,[991],1179,[],[],[],{"id":289,"name":290,"code":291,"latitude":292,"longitude":293},{"id":985,"news_id":997,"countries_id":1009},{"id":955,"status":13,"user_created":63,"date_created":956,"user_updated":64,"date_updated":957,"title":958,"type":668,"body":959,"image":970,"date":960,"topic":998,"slug":962,"activity":999,"nid":965,"topics":1000,"activities":1001,"programme":14,"area":14,"websites":1002,"translation_of":14,"language":14,"countries":1003,"tags":1004,"authors":1005,"images":1006,"translations":1007,"content":1008},[28,672],[675,964,676],[43],[675,964,676],[681],[977,985],[987,988,989],[991],[],[],[],{"id":553,"name":554,"code":555,"latitude":556,"longitude":557},[1011,1025,1039],{"id":987,"news_id":1012,"tags_id":1024},{"id":955,"status":13,"user_created":63,"date_created":956,"user_updated":64,"date_updated":957,"title":958,"type":668,"body":959,"image":970,"date":960,"topic":1013,"slug":962,"activity":1014,"nid":965,"topics":1015,"activities":1016,"programme":14,"area":14,"websites":1017,"translation_of":14,"language":14,"countries":1018,"tags":1019,"authors":1020,"images":1021,"translations":1022,"content":1023},[28,672],[675,964,676],[43],[675,964,676],[681],[977,985],[987,988,989],[991],[],[],[],{"id":4,"name":5},{"id":988,"news_id":1026,"tags_id":1038},{"id":955,"status":13,"user_created":63,"date_created":956,"user_updated":64,"date_updated":957,"title":958,"type":668,"body":959,"image":970,"date":960,"topic":1027,"slug":962,"activity":1028,"nid":965,"topics":1029,"activities":1030,"programme":14,"area":14,"websites":1031,"translation_of":14,"language":14,"countries":1032,"tags":1033,"authors":1034,"images":1035,"translations":1036,"content":1037},[28,672],[675,964,676],[43],[675,964,676],[681],[977,985],[987,988,989],[991],[],[],[],{"id":323,"name":324},{"id":989,"news_id":1040,"tags_id":1052},{"id":955,"status":13,"user_created":63,"date_created":956,"user_updated":64,"date_updated":957,"title":958,"type":668,"body":959,"image":970,"date":960,"topic":1041,"slug":962,"activity":1042,"nid":965,"topics":1043,"activities":1044,"programme":14,"area":14,"websites":1045,"translation_of":14,"language":14,"countries":1046,"tags":1047,"authors":1048,"images":1049,"translations":1050,"content":1051},[28,672],[675,964,676],[43],[675,964,676],[681],[977,985],[987,988,989],[991],[],[],[],{"id":339,"name":340},[1054],{"id":991,"news_id":1055,"authors_id":1067},{"id":955,"status":13,"user_created":63,"date_created":956,"user_updated":64,"date_updated":957,"title":958,"type":668,"body":959,"image":970,"date":960,"topic":1056,"slug":962,"activity":1057,"nid":965,"topics":1058,"activities":1059,"programme":14,"area":14,"websites":1060,"translation_of":14,"language":14,"countries":1061,"tags":1062,"authors":1063,"images":1064,"translations":1065,"content":1066},[28,672],[675,964,676],[43],[675,964,676],[681],[977,985],[987,988,989],[991],[],[],[],{"id":739,"name":740,"position":14,"image":741},[],[],[],18,{"items":1073,"total":1101},[1074],{"id":1075,"status":13,"sort":14,"title":1076,"description":1077,"slug":1078,"highlights":1079,"region":1080,"area":1082,"image":1084,"content":1097,"tags":1157,"countries":1202},9,"Applying behavioural insights to reduce corruption in a Tanzanian hospital","How a behavioural anti-corruption pilot in a Dar es Salaam hospital reduced gift-giving and generated evidence on how social norms interventions can tackle corruption in public services.","tz-hospital","- **Direct impact:** Reduced gift-giving intentions, attitudes and positive beliefs among hospital users by 14–44 percent within eight weeks.\n- **Behaviour change mechanism:** Trained peer champions, visible leadership support and workplace messaging shifted social norms around gift acceptance among health workers.\n- **Systemic impact:** Generated practical evidence showing that social norms and behaviour change interventions can complement traditional anti-corruption controls in frontline public services.",[1081],"Africa",[1083],"Anti-corruption and prevention",{"id":1085,"storage":49,"filename_disk":1086,"filename_download":1087,"title":1088,"type":686,"created_on":1089,"modified_on":1090,"charset":14,"filesize":1091,"width":1092,"height":1093,"duration":14,"embed":14,"description":1094,"location":14,"tags":14,"metadata":1095,"focal_point_x":14,"focal_point_y":14,"tus_id":14,"tus_data":14,"uploaded_on":1096},"3db2e132-5c95-4e29-87ef-141047e12dc0","3db2e132-5c95-4e29-87ef-141047e12dc0.webp","Gemini_Generated_Image_prumrlprumrlprum.webp","Gemini Generated Image Prumrlprumrlprum","2026-05-22T13:46:54.000Z","2026-05-29T21:37:53.000Z",114158,2752,1536,"Anti-gift giving poster as part of a pilot anti-corruption intervention in a public hospital in Tanzania.",{},"2026-05-22T13:46:55.000Z",[1098,1121,1133,1145],{"id":1099,"collection":1100,"sort":1101,"stories_id":1102,"item":1117},35,"text",1,{"id":1075,"status":13,"sort":14,"title":1076,"image":1085,"description":1077,"slug":1078,"highlights":1079,"region":1103,"area":1104,"content":1105,"tags":1109,"countries":1115},[1081],[1083],[1099,1106,1107,1108],36,37,38,[1110,1111,1112,1113,1114],12,13,14,15,16,[1116],8,{"id":1118,"text":1119,"class":14,"title":1120,"anchor":14},73,"In many public service settings, including health facilities, users offer unofficial “gifts” to frontline staff to build social relationships and secure better treatment. Rooted in social norms of reciprocity, this practice can fuel petty corruption, entrench inequality and distort access to essential services like healthcare. Traditional anti-corruption measures like training or controls are often insufficient in such contexts, but approaches that target social norms and behaviour change show promise.","The situation",{"id":1106,"collection":1100,"sort":1122,"stories_id":1123,"item":1129},2,{"id":1075,"status":13,"sort":14,"title":1076,"image":1085,"description":1077,"slug":1078,"highlights":1079,"region":1124,"area":1125,"content":1126,"tags":1127,"countries":1128},[1081],[1083],[1099,1106,1107,1108],[1110,1111,1112,1113,1114],[1116],{"id":1130,"text":1131,"class":14,"title":1132,"anchor":14},74,"We piloted a behavioural anti-corruption intervention in a public hospital in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, in collaboration with the UK Behavioural Insights Team, the University of Dar es Salaam and the University of Utrecht. The intervention targeted social norms underpinning gift-giving and leveraged the social networks of health workers.\n\nUsing a peer-driven model, we recruited and trained anti-corruption champions from multiple professional groups. These champions shared messages discouraging gift acceptance in staff meetings and personal conversations. \n\nPosters and desk signs reinforced the messages, stating that staff do not accept bribes. Desk signs also provided guidance on tactfully refusing gifts and appealed to professional ethics, with endorsement from hospital management and the national medical association.","What we did",{"id":1107,"collection":1100,"sort":1134,"stories_id":1135,"item":1141},3,{"id":1075,"status":13,"sort":14,"title":1076,"image":1085,"description":1077,"slug":1078,"highlights":1079,"region":1136,"area":1137,"content":1138,"tags":1139,"countries":1140},[1081],[1083],[1099,1106,1107,1108],[1110,1111,1112,1113,1114],[1116],{"id":1142,"text":1143,"class":14,"title":1144,"anchor":14},75,"**Direct impact: measurable behaviour change**\nWithin eight weeks, the pilot recorded a 14–44 percent reduction in gift-giving intentions, attitudes and positive beliefs among hospital users. Posters and peer messaging proved more effective than written guidance on how to refuse gifts. Some beliefs – particularly around gifts given as “gratitude” after services – were more resistant to change.\n\n**Indirect impact: evidence and models for wider reform**\nBeyond the measurable results, the pilot generated practical insights for tackling corruption rooted in social norms. It demonstrated the importance of clearly communicating that all forms of gift-giving constitute corruption, highlighting the negative consequences and using trusted peer networks and visible leadership support to reinforce behaviour change.\n\nThe intervention also showed the value of locally adapted, participatory approaches that complement traditional compliance measures. These lessons provide a foundation for applying similar social norms interventions in other hospitals and adapting the approach to address corruption risks in other public service sectors.","The impact",{"id":1108,"collection":1100,"sort":1146,"stories_id":1147,"item":1153},4,{"id":1075,"status":13,"sort":14,"title":1076,"image":1085,"description":1077,"slug":1078,"highlights":1079,"region":1148,"area":1149,"content":1150,"tags":1151,"countries":1152},[1081],[1083],[1099,1106,1107,1108],[1110,1111,1112,1113,1114],[1116],{"id":1154,"text":1155,"class":14,"title":1156,"anchor":14},76,"The Tanzania hospital pilot reflects the Basel Institute’s broader approach of linking research with practical anti-corruption action. Our Prevention, Research and Innovation team examines how corruption is shaped by social norms, informal practices and political realities, recognising that behaviour change is central to sustainable reform.\n\nBy piloting innovative interventions in real-world settings, we generate evidence on what works in practice. These insights inform anti-corruption strategies used by governments, development partners and civil society organisations, and support the design of behaviour-focused interventions alongside traditional compliance and enforcement measures.","Wider context",[1158,1166,1176,1184,1192],{"id":1110,"stories_id":1159,"tags_id":1165},{"id":1075,"status":13,"sort":14,"title":1076,"image":1085,"description":1077,"slug":1078,"highlights":1079,"region":1160,"area":1161,"content":1162,"tags":1163,"countries":1164},[1081],[1083],[1099,1106,1107,1108],[1110,1111,1112,1113,1114],[1116],{"id":4,"name":5},{"id":1111,"stories_id":1167,"tags_id":1173},{"id":1075,"status":13,"sort":14,"title":1076,"image":1085,"description":1077,"slug":1078,"highlights":1079,"region":1168,"area":1169,"content":1170,"tags":1171,"countries":1172},[1081],[1083],[1099,1106,1107,1108],[1110,1111,1112,1113,1114],[1116],{"id":1174,"name":1175},859,"Corruption risks",{"id":1112,"stories_id":1177,"tags_id":1183},{"id":1075,"status":13,"sort":14,"title":1076,"image":1085,"description":1077,"slug":1078,"highlights":1079,"region":1178,"area":1179,"content":1180,"tags":1181,"countries":1182},[1081],[1083],[1099,1106,1107,1108],[1110,1111,1112,1113,1114],[1116],{"id":339,"name":340},{"id":1113,"stories_id":1185,"tags_id":1191},{"id":1075,"status":13,"sort":14,"title":1076,"image":1085,"description":1077,"slug":1078,"highlights":1079,"region":1186,"area":1187,"content":1188,"tags":1189,"countries":1190},[1081],[1083],[1099,1106,1107,1108],[1110,1111,1112,1113,1114],[1116],{"id":323,"name":324},{"id":1114,"stories_id":1193,"tags_id":1199},{"id":1075,"status":13,"sort":14,"title":1076,"image":1085,"description":1077,"slug":1078,"highlights":1079,"region":1194,"area":1195,"content":1196,"tags":1197,"countries":1198},[1081],[1083],[1099,1106,1107,1108],[1110,1111,1112,1113,1114],[1116],{"id":1200,"name":1201},1381,"Health",[1203],{"id":1116,"stories_id":1204,"countries_id":1210},{"id":1075,"status":13,"sort":14,"title":1076,"image":1085,"description":1077,"slug":1078,"highlights":1079,"region":1205,"area":1206,"content":1207,"tags":1208,"countries":1209},[1081],[1083],[1099,1106,1107,1108],[1110,1111,1112,1113,1114],[1116],{"id":289,"name":290,"code":291,"latitude":292,"longitude":293},1780676633784]