[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":607},["ShallowReactive",2],{"publication-working-paper-23-new-perspectives-e-government-and-prevention-corruption":3,"related-working-paper-23-new-perspectives-e-government-and-prevention-corruption":143},[4],{"id":5,"status":6,"sort":7,"date_created":8,"date_updated":9,"nid":10,"slug":11,"title":12,"body":13,"citation":14,"language":15,"year":16,"publisher":17,"date_published":18,"external":19,"topic":20,"link_internal":24,"link_external":28,"featured":19,"topics":29,"languages":32,"type":33,"area":7,"programme":7,"websites":7,"summary":7,"pdf_text":7,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"image":36,"countries":47,"tags":48,"pdf":103,"authors":125},1973,"published",null,"2022-04-27T11:55:37.000Z","2026-06-02T14:09:01.000Z",69,"working-paper-23-new-perspectives-e-government-and-prevention-corruption","Working Paper 23: New perspectives in e-government and the prevention of corruption","Does e-government have an impact in reducing corruption? Do e-government solutions sufficiently take private sector perspectives into account to maximise its potential for addressing corruption risks? \n\nThis paper addresses these and additional questions about the dynamic between governments and the private sector with respect to harnessing e-governance tools for corruption prevention. It is written primarily from a private sector perspective and for private sector actors who are interested in a more comprehensive understanding of the scope and examples of e-government solutions to improve their anti-corruption policies, but concludes with numerous recommendations for the private sector and governments alike.\n\n### About this Working Paper\n\nThis paper is part of the Basel Institute on Governance Working Paper Series, \u003Ca href=\"\u002Fpublications?type[]=255\">ISSN: 2624-9650\u003C\u002Fa>.\n\nThe Basel Institute on Government was granted funding by GlaxoSmithKline (GSK). The work was undertaken between September 2016 and May 2017.","Aiolfi, G. (2017). 'New perspectives in e-government and the prevention of corruption'. Working Paper 23, Basel Institute on Governance","English",2017,"Basel Institute on Governance","2017-07-01",false,[21,22,23],"Collective Action","Compliance","Public Governance",[25],{"url":26,"caption":27},"\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications?type=Working%20Paper"," View all Working Papers",[],[21,30,31],"Business Integrity Ethics and Compliance","Corruption Prevention and Public Governance",[15],[34,35],"Report","Working Paper",{"id":37,"storage":38,"filename_disk":39,"filename_download":40,"title":41,"type":42,"created_on":8,"modified_on":8,"charset":7,"filesize":43,"width":44,"height":45,"duration":7,"embed":7,"description":7,"location":7,"tags":7,"metadata":46,"focal_point_x":7,"focal_point_y":7,"tus_id":7,"tus_data":7,"uploaded_on":8},"60f7cdca-cb55-459c-b50d-4e04889648a8","local","60f7cdca-cb55-459c-b50d-4e04889648a8.jpg","Pages-from-biog-working-paper-23.jpg","Working Paper 23","image\u002Fjpeg",147845,1654,2339,{},[],[49,71,87],{"id":50,"publications_id":51,"tags_id":68},5043,{"id":5,"status":6,"sort":7,"user_created":52,"date_created":8,"user_updated":53,"date_updated":9,"nid":10,"slug":11,"image":37,"title":12,"body":13,"citation":14,"language":15,"year":16,"publisher":17,"date_published":18,"external":19,"topic":54,"link_internal":55,"link_external":57,"featured":19,"topics":58,"languages":59,"type":60,"area":7,"programme":7,"websites":7,"summary":7,"pdf_text":7,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"countries":61,"tags":62,"pdf":65,"authors":66},"03bebfd8-0b40-4a2a-820d-b9d9c13b9de6","3d9ff205-1640-4f34-b5b6-86977f51bbd6",[21,22,23],[56],{"url":26,"caption":27},[],[21,30,31],[15],[34,35],[],[50,63,64],5044,5045,[16],[67],2169,{"id":69,"name":70},1371,"Public governance",{"id":63,"publications_id":72,"tags_id":84},{"id":5,"status":6,"sort":7,"user_created":52,"date_created":8,"user_updated":53,"date_updated":9,"nid":10,"slug":11,"image":37,"title":12,"body":13,"citation":14,"language":15,"year":16,"publisher":17,"date_published":18,"external":19,"topic":73,"link_internal":74,"link_external":76,"featured":19,"topics":77,"languages":78,"type":79,"area":7,"programme":7,"websites":7,"summary":7,"pdf_text":7,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"countries":80,"tags":81,"pdf":82,"authors":83},[21,22,23],[75],{"url":26,"caption":27},[],[21,30,31],[15],[34,35],[],[50,63,64],[16],[67],{"id":85,"name":86},1377,"Technology",{"id":64,"publications_id":88,"tags_id":100},{"id":5,"status":6,"sort":7,"user_created":52,"date_created":8,"user_updated":53,"date_updated":9,"nid":10,"slug":11,"image":37,"title":12,"body":13,"citation":14,"language":15,"year":16,"publisher":17,"date_published":18,"external":19,"topic":89,"link_internal":90,"link_external":92,"featured":19,"topics":93,"languages":94,"type":95,"area":7,"programme":7,"websites":7,"summary":7,"pdf_text":7,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"countries":96,"tags":97,"pdf":98,"authors":99},[21,22,23],[91],{"url":26,"caption":27},[],[21,30,31],[15],[34,35],[],[50,63,64],[16],[67],{"id":101,"name":102},982,"Anti-corruption",[104],{"id":16,"publications_id":105,"directus_files_id":117},{"id":5,"status":6,"sort":7,"user_created":52,"date_created":8,"user_updated":53,"date_updated":9,"nid":10,"slug":11,"image":37,"title":12,"body":13,"citation":14,"language":15,"year":16,"publisher":17,"date_published":18,"external":19,"topic":106,"link_internal":107,"link_external":109,"featured":19,"topics":110,"languages":111,"type":112,"area":7,"programme":7,"websites":7,"summary":7,"pdf_text":7,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"countries":113,"tags":114,"pdf":115,"authors":116},[21,22,23],[108],{"url":26,"caption":27},[],[21,30,31],[15],[34,35],[],[50,63,64],[16],[67],{"id":118,"storage":38,"filename_disk":119,"filename_download":120,"title":120,"type":121,"folder":122,"uploaded_by":52,"created_on":8,"modified_by":7,"modified_on":8,"charset":7,"filesize":123,"width":7,"height":7,"duration":7,"embed":7,"description":124,"location":7,"tags":7,"metadata":7,"focal_point_x":7,"focal_point_y":7,"tus_id":7,"tus_data":7,"uploaded_on":8},"2e8b761b-8880-4912-b0bf-b3f852e23d72","2e8b761b-8880-4912-b0bf-b3f852e23d72.pdf","WP-23-web.pdf","application\u002Fpdf","67f22e04-d26f-4baa-b91f-acc5f89d87f5",751948,"View PDF",[126],{"id":67,"publications_id":127,"authors_id":139},{"id":5,"status":6,"sort":7,"user_created":52,"date_created":8,"user_updated":53,"date_updated":9,"nid":10,"slug":11,"image":37,"title":12,"body":13,"citation":14,"language":15,"year":16,"publisher":17,"date_published":18,"external":19,"topic":128,"link_internal":129,"link_external":131,"featured":19,"topics":132,"languages":133,"type":134,"area":7,"programme":7,"websites":7,"summary":7,"pdf_text":7,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"countries":135,"tags":136,"pdf":137,"authors":138},[21,22,23],[130],{"url":26,"caption":27},[],[21,30,31],[15],[34,35],[],[50,63,64],[16],[67],{"id":140,"name":141,"position":7,"image":142},289,"Gemma Aiolfi","4845fe89-9b82-4bd6-8249-94cda837f72b",[144,215,251,300,332,360,398,485,528,554],{"id":145,"slug":146,"title":147,"status":6,"nid":148,"year":149,"body":150,"external":19,"topic":151,"language":15,"type":153,"date_published":154,"image":155,"citation":156,"publisher":157,"link_internal":158,"link_external":159,"authors":166,"countries":183,"tags":188,"pdf":208,"topics":210,"featured":19,"languages":7,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":52,"date_created":211,"user_updated":53,"date_updated":212,"main_points":213,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":214},2433,"addressing-conflicts-interest-and-corruption-indonesias-energy-transition","Addressing conflicts of interest and corruption in Indonesia’s energy transition",2936,2026,"This U4 Issue analyses Indonesia's ambitious energy transition and highlights how political finance, weak regulations and a \"revolving door\" of personnel between public office and the private sector create vulnerabilities. The publication was produced by U4 and the Basel Institute on Governance through its Green Corruption programme.\n\n\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fsites\u002Fdefault\u002Ffiles\u002F2026-02\u002FAddressing-conflicts-of-interest-and-corruption-in-indonesia-s-energy-transition_U4-Issue.pdf\">Download publication here\u003C\u002Fa>.\n\n### About the paper\n\nConflicts of interest and corruption in Indonesia's political economy pose significant risks to its energy transition, including the Just Energy Transition Partnership. Existing legal and institutional frameworks are fragmented, inconsistently applied, and often fail to address the risk of state capture by powerful political and economic actors, especially in the extractive and energy sectors.\n\nThe reliance on fossil fuel industries for political financing and the monopolistic nature of state-owned entities further complicate the shift to a low- or no-carbon system, despite the country's ambitious renewable energy targets.\n\nPotential pathways to greater anti-corruption resilience lie in improvements to beneficial ownership transparency and strengthening regulation, monitoring and sanctioning of conflict of interest violations.\n",[152],"Green Corruption",[34],"2026-02-24","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002Fd97f2ca5-300d-45c9-9de9-33152b72f96c?width=600&height=840","","U4 Anti-Corruption Resource Centre",[],[160,163],{"url":161,"caption":162},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.u4.no\u002Fpublications\u002Faddressing-conflicts-of-interest-and-corruption-in-indonesia-s-energy-transition"," View on U4 website",{"url":164,"caption":165},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.u4.no\u002Fblog\u002Fimproving-anti-corruption-resilience-in-indonesia-s-energy-transition"," Read related U4 blog",[167,171,175,179],{"authors_id":168},{"id":169,"name":170},581,"Robert Forster",{"authors_id":172},{"id":173,"name":174},582,"Aled Williams",{"authors_id":176},{"id":177,"name":178},523,"Lakso Anindito",{"authors_id":180},{"id":181,"name":182},579,"Dr Amanda Cabrejo le Roux",[184],{"countries_id":185},{"id":186,"name":187},99,"Indonesia",[189,191,195,199,201,204],{"tags_id":190},{"id":101,"name":102},{"tags_id":192},{"id":193,"name":194},818,"Anti-money laundering",{"tags_id":196},{"id":197,"name":198},804,"Natural resources",{"tags_id":200},{"id":69,"name":70},{"tags_id":202},{"id":203,"name":22},1236,{"tags_id":205},{"id":206,"name":207},973,"Corruption",[209],2489,[152],"2026-02-27T15:11:31.000Z","2026-05-23T20:08:18.000Z","- Corruption and conflicts of interest are embedded in the energy transition process due to the strong links between political power, private wealth (especially from extractive industries) and public office holders.\n- Existing anti-corruption regulations are often vague, fragmented across different legal instruments, and suffer from inconsistent enforcement, which creates loopholes susceptible to manipulation.\n- Progress in renewable energy uptake is slowed by the enduring influence and interests of fossil fuel incumbents who benefit from subsidies that keep coal an artificially cheap and viable energy source.\n- The Just Energy Transition Partnership is vulnerable to misallocations due to concentrated decision-making power, limited transparency in project selection and insufficient involvement of national anti-corruption bodies and civil society in its planning.\n- Improving transparency of beneficial ownership and strengthening the monitoring and sanctioning of conflict of interest violations are possible pathways to build greater anti-corruption resilience, though these institutional efforts alone are insufficient to fully address state capture dynamics.","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Faddressing-conflicts-interest-and-corruption-indonesias-energy-transition",{"id":216,"slug":217,"title":218,"status":6,"nid":219,"year":220,"body":221,"external":19,"topic":222,"language":15,"type":224,"date_published":225,"image":226,"citation":156,"publisher":17,"link_internal":227,"link_external":228,"authors":232,"countries":233,"tags":234,"pdf":244,"topics":246,"featured":19,"languages":247,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":52,"date_created":248,"user_updated":53,"date_updated":249,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":250},2377,"putting-business-integrity-global-agenda-report-5th-international-collective-action","Putting business integrity on the global agenda: Report from the 5th International Collective Action Conference",2725,2024,"The 5th International Collective Action Conference represented another significant milestone in the development of responsible and ethical business practices through anti-corruption Collective Action. \n\nThe conference, hosted by the Basel Institute with the support of the Siemens Integrity Initiative, took place on 24 and 25 June 2024 in Basel, Switzerland. This short conference report presents main insights, quotes as well as infographics and graphic recordings from the two-day event, which welcomed around 200 people from around the world and across all sectors.\n\nA key theme of this year’s conference was the importance of building local, regional and international communities of practice. These communities bring together different constellations of people and organisations interested in the Collective Action approach to improve skills, develop joint solutions and advance knowledge about how to make initiatives effective in different contexts. \n\nFive panel discussions, three interactive breakout sessions and multiple networking opportunities, including an exhibition, offered many occasions for sharing experiences and best practices in anti-corruption Collective Action and breaking down silos.\n\n### About this report and acknowledgements\n\nThe Basel Institute on Governance thanks the Siemens Integrity Initiative for supporting and providing funding for the conference’s 5th edition, as well as all speakers and breakout session facilitating organisations. The full list of presenters and sessions can be found on conference pages of the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcollective-action.com\u002Fget-involved\u002Fevents\u002Ficac-2024\u002Fagenda\">B20 Collective Action Hub\u003C\u002Fa>.\n\nGraphic recording illustrations: Tetyana Kalyuzhna, Basel Institute on Governance.\nPhoto and video credit: David Borter, LEO MEDIA GmbH \u002F BBM PRODUCTIONS AG.\n\nThe report is free to share or republish under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International licence (\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-nc-nd\u002F4.0\u002Fdeed.en\">CC BY-NC-ND 4.0\u003C\u002Fa>). Please credit the Basel Institute on Governance and link to: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcollective-action.com\">https:\u002F\u002Fcollective-action.com\u003C\u002Fa>.",[21,223],"Private Sector",[34],"2024-11-28","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002F02044130-66da-43f7-8ee2-ef45cc33cc96?width=600&height=840",[],[229],{"url":230,"caption":231},"https:\u002F\u002Fcollective-action.com\u002Fget-involved\u002Fevents\u002Ficac-2024\u002F"," See Conference web page",[],[],[235,238,242],{"tags_id":236},{"id":237,"name":21},909,{"tags_id":239},{"id":240,"name":241},830,"Business integrity",{"tags_id":243},{"id":101,"name":102},[245],2415,[21,223,30],[15],"2024-12-05T14:06:46.000Z","2026-05-29T22:22:53.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fputting-business-integrity-global-agenda-report-5th-international-collective-action",{"id":252,"slug":253,"title":254,"status":6,"nid":255,"year":256,"body":257,"external":19,"topic":258,"language":15,"type":261,"date_published":262,"image":263,"citation":264,"publisher":17,"link_internal":265,"link_external":267,"authors":268,"countries":277,"tags":278,"pdf":291,"topics":294,"featured":19,"languages":7,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":52,"date_created":296,"user_updated":53,"date_updated":297,"main_points":7,"short_version":298,"subtitle":7,"link":299},2425,"wp-60","Working Paper 60: Understanding the enemy: Insights from corrupt networks to improve anti-corruption Collective Action initiatives",2867,2025,"Corruption is not simply about individual misconduct. It is a networked phenomenon that arises from entrenched social, economic and political interactions. It is orchestrated through coordination between groups and clusters of individuals.\n\nThis Working Paper explores the networked nature of corruption and the opportunities this presents for anti-corruption efforts. The aim is to understand how shifting the unit of analysis from individuals to networks helps to understand the persistence and resilience of corruption, while opening up new anti-corruption perspectives.\n\nA meta-analysis of findings from more than 15 years of research on informal networks and corruption underpins the conceptualisation of corrupt networks. The paper argues that a focus on networks helps to shed light on the functionality of corruption – from petty bribery to large-scale public procurement fraud – and the underlying social norms that enable it.\n\nUnderstanding the structures, functions and modus operandi of the informal networks associated with corruption and applying the network logic to anti-corruption strategies can help to achieve better outcomes. The paper specifically looks at anti-corruption Collective Action initiatives, suggesting that these should emulate positive aspects of informal networks.\n\n### About this Working Paper\n\nThis paper is published as part of the Basel Institute on Governance Working Paper series, ISSN: 2624-9650. You may share or republish it under a Creative Commons \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-nc-nd\u002F4.0\u002Fdeed.en\">BY-NC-ND 4.0\u003C\u002Fa> International Licence.\n\nThe contents are the sole responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official position of the Basel Institute on Governance, its donors and partners, or the University of Basel.\n\n",[21,259,260],"Prevention","Research and Innovation",[35],"2025-11-04","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002F3fc6640b-79d3-481c-a74c-fc1979923c1b?width=600&height=840","Baez Camargo, Claudia, and Jacopo Costa. 2025. 'Understanding the enemy: Insights from corrupt networks to improve anticorruption Collective Action initiatives.'Working Paper 60, Basel Institute on Governance. Available at: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fpublications\u002Fwp-60\">baselgovernance.org\u002Fpublications\u002Fwp-60\u003C\u002Fa>.",[266],{"url":26,"caption":27},[],[269,273],{"authors_id":270},{"id":271,"name":272},572,"Dr Claudia Baez Camargo",{"authors_id":274},{"id":275,"name":276},550,"Dr Jacopo Costa",[],[279,281,283,287],{"tags_id":280},{"id":237,"name":21},{"tags_id":282},{"id":101,"name":102},{"tags_id":284},{"id":285,"name":286},1309,"Informality",{"tags_id":288},{"id":289,"name":290},967,"Organised crime",[292,293],2480,2481,[21,295],"Prevention Research and Innovation","2025-11-04T17:05:36.000Z","2026-06-02T14:08:56.000Z","This Working Paper reflects on the networked nature of corruption and the\nlessons that can be learned from studying it. Particularly, it provides insights into\nthe opportunities and challenges of designing and implementing anti-corruption\nCollective Action initiatives.\n\nThe authors consider corruption not as a series of isolated acts by individuals,\nbut as the outcome of complex, resilient informal networks embedded within\nsocio-political, economic and cultural structures. Within this framework, they\ninvestigate how shifting the unit of analysis from individuals to networks can\nimprove our understanding of the persistence of corruption and create new\nperspectives to promote better anti-corruption outcomes and impacts.\n\nDrawing on over 15 years of empirical research across diverse countries and\nregions, the authors argue that corruption must be viewed through a network\nlens. This approach reveals how informal connections facilitate rule subversion,\nproblem-solving and goal achievement where formal institutions are weak or\nineffective.\n\nThe paper contends that a focus on networks sheds light on the functionality\nof corruption and the underlying social norms enabling corrupt exchanges.\nUnderstanding the structures, functions and modus operandi of the informal\nnetworks associated with corruption can help design better anti-corruption\ninitiatives.\n\nThe Working Paper contributes to the existing literature on corruption strategies\nand anti-corruption activities.\n\n**First**, the authors explore how **informal networks rooted in trust, reciprocity\nand social norms can serve practical functions**, including accessing public\nservices, boosting business profitability and winning elections. The strength\nof informal networks lies in their adaptability, internal organisation and\nembeddedness in local cultures.\n\nThe authors identify **six core roles in informal networks** that pursue corrupt\nobjectives: seekers, doers, brokers, facilitators, intermediaries and instigators.\nThe coordination and division of tasks among these six roles make such informal\nnetworks effective in achieving their goals.\n\nIn addition, the authors unpack **the most important strategies these corrupt\ninformal networks rely on** for their functioning. These strategies are:\n\n- co-optation (recruitment and trust building);\n- control (discipline and compliance);\n- camouflage (concealment and legitimacy); and\n- coordination (task orchestration and adaptability).\n\n**Second**, the authors set out **concrete implications for anti-corruption\nactivities** based on insights on how informal networks operate. They state that\ntraditional top-down, normative approaches often fail due to the functionality\nof corruption (i.e., corruption is always a means to an end) and the social\nembeddedness of corrupt networks.\n\nThe authors propose to apply the network logic to anti-corruption strategies. This\npaper particularly focuses on **Collective Action initiatives** and suggests that\nthese should emulate positive aspects of informal networks. Collective Action\nrefers to collaborative efforts – typically involving businesses, civil society and\u002For\npublic institutions – to tackle corruption risks and shared integrity challenges that\nno single actor can resolve alone.\n\nThis means that, to be effective, these Collective Action initiatives must be\nbased on:\n\n- **Functional goals:** Set short-term, tangible goals aligned with participants’ interests.\n- **Strategic co-optation:** Recruit key stakeholders strategically, including those who are prone to corruption risks, by using trust-building mechanisms that can supply an added value to the stakeholders.\n- **Transparency and accountability:** Leverage mechanisms of peer pressure and reputation management that can ensure sustained commitment and engagement among participants and deter free-riding strategies.\n\nIn conclusion, to foster integrity in today’s fragmented and conflict-prone world,\nanti-corruption initiatives generally must shift from targeting individuals to\ntargeting the networks that sustain corruption. Sustainable change requires\nlocally rooted, trust-based collective efforts that provide functional, credible and\ncoordinated alternatives to illicit networks.\n\nIn this sense, Collective Action initiatives built on conceptualising corruption\nas a networked problem can be an effective solution for achieving\nanti-corruption goals","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fwp-60",{"id":301,"slug":302,"title":303,"status":6,"nid":304,"year":256,"body":305,"external":19,"topic":306,"language":15,"type":307,"date_published":308,"image":309,"citation":156,"publisher":17,"link_internal":310,"link_external":311,"authors":315,"countries":320,"tags":321,"pdf":326,"topics":328,"featured":19,"languages":7,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":52,"date_created":329,"user_updated":53,"date_updated":330,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":331},2418,"anti-corruption-collective-action-g20b20-process-charting-progress-2020-2024","Anti-corruption Collective Action in the G20\u002FB20 process: Charting progress 2020–2024",2845,"This report analyses the approaches of the previous five B20 presidencies to addressing anti-corruption Collective Action. It captures lessons learned and provides recommendations for future B20\u002FG20 cycles. It is primarily intended for upcoming B20\u002FG20 presidencies, B20 Integrity & Compliance Task Force members and organisations engaging with the B20\u002FG20.\n\n### About this report\n\nYou may share or republish this report under a Creative Commons \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-nc-nd\u002F4.0\u002Fdeed.en\">CC BY-NC-ND 4.0\u003C\u002Fa> licence.\n\nSuggested citation: Scarlet Wannenwetsch. 2025. 'Anti-corruption Collective Action in the G20\u002FB20 process: Charting progress 2020–2024.' Basel Institute on Governance.\n\nThe report was funded by the Siemens Integrity Initiative, which supports organisations in the fight against corruption and fraud through Collective Action, education and training. The views and opinions expressed in this report are those of the author and do not reflect the position of Siemens or the Siemens Integrity Initiative.",[21,223],[34],"2025-08-29","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002F7f5abe00-7eca-48f7-a600-067f05b7871a?width=600&height=840",[],[312],{"url":313,"caption":314},"https:\u002F\u002Fcollective-action.com\u002Fexplore\u002Fpublications\u002F1820"," Read related baseline report",[316],{"authors_id":317},{"id":318,"name":319},293,"Scarlet Wannenwetsch",[],[322,324],{"tags_id":323},{"id":101,"name":102},{"tags_id":325},{"id":237,"name":21},[327],2475,[21,223],"2025-09-08T21:17:14.000Z","2026-05-23T20:08:11.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fanti-corruption-collective-action-g20b20-process-charting-progress-2020-2024",{"id":333,"slug":334,"title":335,"status":6,"nid":336,"year":256,"body":337,"external":19,"topic":338,"language":15,"type":339,"date_published":340,"image":341,"citation":156,"publisher":17,"link_internal":342,"link_external":344,"authors":345,"countries":348,"tags":349,"pdf":354,"topics":356,"featured":19,"languages":7,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":52,"date_created":357,"user_updated":53,"date_updated":358,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":359},2397,"wp-56","Working Paper 56: Anti-corruption Collective Action: A typology for a new era",2787,"Since its first use by the World Bank in 2008, the concept of \"anti-corruption Collective Action\" has evolved into a well-established best practice to prevent corruption and strengthen business integrity.\n\nThis paper captures the specific characteristics of anti-corruption Collective Action that have emerged over time and translates them into an easy-to-grasp typology that reflects both the variety and unifying principles that make up the Collective Action ecosystem. It aims to:\n\n\n- spark new impetus for engagement;\n- open the concept to new stakeholders, topics and environments; and\n- support existing initiatives in developing their long-term visions and aims.\n\n\nIn addition to supporting practitioners, updating the typology will also help strengthen the case for Collective Action as a normative corruption prevention practice.\n\n### About this report\n\nThe paper is published as part of the Basel Institute on Governance Working Paper series, ISSN: 2624-9650. You may share or republish it under a Creative Commons \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-nc-nd\u002F4.0\u002Fdeed.en\">BY-NC-ND 4.0\u003C\u002Fa> International Licence.\n\nThe contents are the sole responsibility of the author and do not necessarily reflect the official position of the Basel Institute on Governance, its donors and partners, or the University of Basel.\n\nSuggested citation: Wannenwetsch, Scarlet. 2025. ‘Anti-corruption Collective Action: A typology for a new era.’ Working Paper 56, Basel Institute on Governance. Available at: baselgovernance.org\u002Fpublications\u002Fwp-56.",[21],[35],"2025-03-26","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002Ff85696db-c15c-4ab1-becb-82429bfcbec8?width=600&height=840",[343],{"url":26,"caption":27},[],[346],{"authors_id":347},{"id":318,"name":319},[],[350,352],{"tags_id":351},{"id":237,"name":21},{"tags_id":353},{"id":101,"name":102},[355],2444,[21],"2025-03-26T17:05:23.000Z","2026-06-02T14:08:52.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fwp-56",{"id":361,"slug":362,"title":363,"status":6,"nid":364,"year":365,"body":366,"external":19,"topic":367,"language":15,"type":368,"date_published":369,"image":370,"citation":156,"publisher":17,"link_internal":371,"link_external":373,"authors":374,"countries":383,"tags":384,"pdf":391,"topics":393,"featured":19,"languages":394,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":52,"date_created":395,"user_updated":53,"date_updated":396,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":397},2291,"wp-45","Working Paper 45: Strategic anti-corruption communications – Guidance for behaviour change interventions",2462,2023,"This Working Paper is intended to guide practitioners who are seeking to complement conventional anti-corruption measures by adopting a behavioural communications approach.\n\nIt aims to connect a typology of anti-corruption messages with behavioural change theories, and discuss their impact.\n\nSubsequently, it suggests practical implications for designing anti-corruption communication as part of behaviour change interventions. This includes outlining how to develop a robust Theory of Change as a means to enhance the success of such efforts.  \n\nThe guidance is based on a review of seven key topically pertinent studies that have been recently published. \n\n### About this paper\n\nThis publication is prepared as guidance for the USAID Indonesia Integrity Initiative (USAID INTEGRITAS).\n\nThis study is made possible by the support of the American people through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The contents are the sole responsibility of the Basel Institute on Governance and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States Government.\n\n### Open-access licence and citation\n\nThe publication is part of the Basel Institute on Governance Working Paper Series, ISSN: 2624-9650. You may share or republish the Working Paper under a Creative Commons \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-nc-nd\u002F4.0\u002F\">CC BY-NC-ND 4.0\u003C\u002Fa> licence.\n\nSuggested citation: Baez-Camargo, Claudia, and Johanna Schönberg. 2023. ‘Strategic anti-corruption communications: a resource for practitioners.’ Working Paper 45, Basel Institute on Governance. Available at: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fpublications\u002Fwp-45\">https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fpublications\u002Fwp-45\u003C\u002Fa>",[23],[35],"2023-06-13","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002F9472f8db-b06d-4af5-94ef-68380ff513f7?width=600&height=840",[372],{"url":26,"caption":27},[],[375,379],{"authors_id":376},{"id":377,"name":378},295,"Claudia Baez Camargo",{"authors_id":380},{"id":381,"name":382},524,"Johanna Schönberg",[],[385,389],{"tags_id":386},{"id":387,"name":388},848,"Behavioural science",{"tags_id":390},{"id":101,"name":102},[392],2328,[31],[15],"2023-06-19T09:56:33.000Z","2026-06-02T14:09:07.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fwp-45",{"id":399,"slug":400,"title":401,"status":6,"nid":402,"year":256,"body":403,"external":19,"topic":404,"language":15,"type":405,"date_published":407,"image":408,"citation":156,"publisher":17,"link_internal":409,"link_external":410,"authors":447,"countries":456,"tags":457,"pdf":464,"topics":473,"featured":19,"languages":474,"summary":475,"programme":476,"area":477,"websites":479,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":52,"date_created":481,"user_updated":53,"date_updated":482,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":483,"link":484},2407,"collective-action-practice-game-changer-business-integrity","Collective Action in practice: a game-changer for business integrity",2824,"At its core, Collective Action is a simple yet powerful concept: tackling corruption challenges together, rather than alone. Over the past two decades, anti-corruption Collective Action has grown from a niche idea to a recognised approach embedded in international standards, national strategies and corporate practices.\n\nThis book offers a comprehensive reflection on that journey and explores the growing impact of multi-stakeholder collaboration on promoting business integrity around the world. It aims to capture the living ecosystem of Collective Action as it exists today, its foundations, its progress and the possibilities it continues to offer for the future.\n\nDrawing on real-life examples, policy milestones and practical experiences from the Basel Institute on Governance and its partners, *Collective Action in practice: a game-changer for business integrity *presents how diverse actors have been working together to tackle corruption in complex environments.\n\n\n- **Part 1: Advancing the knowledge base** – presents the analytical tools and conceptual models that help us make sense of Collective Action in practice.\n- **Part 2: Mainstreaming Collective Action as a norm** – illustrates the growing recognition of Collective Action in international standards and policy frameworks. It also showcases the Institute’s International Collective Action Conference series and the Collective Action Awards.\n- **Part 3: Providing hands-on support** – focuses on the Basel Institute’s direct support to Collective Action practitioners and highlights the importance of peer learning.\n\n\n\n\n\n*Collective Action in practice: a game-changer for business integrity *was developed and published by the Basel Institute on Governance, with support from the Siemens Integrity Initiative.\n\n### About this publication\n\nThis work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International Licence (\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-nc-nd\u002F4.0\u002F\">CC BY-NC-ND 4.0\u003C\u002Fa>). Please credit the Basel Institute on Governance and link to: collective-action.com\n\nSuggested citation: Hocq, Nicolas, and Vanessa Hans. 2025. *Collective Action in practice: a game-changer for business integrity. Stories, evidence and inspiration from the Basel Institute on Governance*. Basel: Basel Institute on Governance.\n\nISBNs are as follows:\n\n\n- PDF: 978-3-9526182-0-2\n- Paperback (forthcoming): 978-3-9526182-1-9\n\n### Download or view online\nScroll down for links to download the book or specific chapters, or flick through online below:",[21],[406],"Book","2025-06-30","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002F0dd71cde-39e7-4161-a90f-c7b90ebc2415?width=600&height=840",[],[411,414,417,420,423,426,429,432,435,438,441,444],{"url":412,"caption":413},"https:\u002F\u002Flearn.baselgovernance.org\u002Fenrol\u002Findex.php?id=168"," eLearning course: Collective Action Against Corruption",{"url":415,"caption":416},"https:\u002F\u002Fcollective-action.com\u002F"," Visit the B20 Collective Action Hub",{"url":418,"caption":419},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.amazon.co.uk\u002Fdp\u002F3952618217","Amazon.co.uk",{"url":421,"caption":422},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.amazon.com\u002Fdp\u002F3952618217","Amazon.com",{"url":424,"caption":425},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.amazon.ca\u002Fdp\u002F3952618217","Amazon.ca",{"url":427,"caption":428},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.amazon.de\u002Fdp\u002F3952618217","Amazon.de",{"url":430,"caption":431},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.amazon.fr\u002Fdp\u002F3952618217","Amazon.fr",{"url":433,"caption":434},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.amazon.es\u002Fdp\u002F3952618217","Amazon.es",{"url":436,"caption":437},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.amazon.it\u002Fdp\u002F3952618217","Amazon.it",{"url":439,"caption":440},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.amazon.nl\u002Fdp\u002F3952618217","Amazon.nl",{"url":442,"caption":443},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.amazon.pl\u002Fdp\u002F3952618217","Amazon.pl",{"url":445,"caption":446},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.amazon.se\u002Fdp\u002F3952618217","Amazon.se",[448,452],{"authors_id":449},{"id":450,"name":451},298,"Vanessa Hans",{"authors_id":453},{"id":454,"name":455},565,"Nicolas Hocq",[],[458,460,462],{"tags_id":459},{"id":101,"name":102},{"tags_id":461},{"id":203,"name":22},{"tags_id":463},{"id":237,"name":21},[465,466,467,468,364,469,470,471,472],2458,2459,2460,2461,2463,2464,2465,2466,[21],[15],"This book offers a comprehensive reflection on that journey and explores the growing impact of multi-stakeholder collaboration on promoting business integrity around the world. It aims to capture the living ecosystem of Collective Action as it exists today, its foundations, its progress and the possibilities it continues to offer for the future.",[223],[478],"Business Integrity & Governance",[21,480],"Main page","2025-07-03T09:59:40.000Z","2026-06-02T14:16:21.000Z","Stories, evidence and inspiration from the Basel Institute on Governance","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fcollective-action-practice-game-changer-business-integrity",{"id":486,"slug":487,"title":488,"status":6,"nid":489,"year":365,"body":490,"external":19,"topic":491,"language":15,"type":492,"date_published":494,"image":495,"citation":496,"publisher":17,"link_internal":497,"link_external":501,"authors":502,"countries":509,"tags":514,"pdf":521,"topics":523,"featured":19,"languages":524,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":52,"date_created":525,"user_updated":53,"date_updated":526,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":527},2324,"research-case-5","Research Case Study 5: Harnessing behavioural approaches against corruption",2550,"Social norms and behaviour change (SNBC) approaches are a promising complement to conventional anti-corruption strategies. Adopting a context-sensitive and nuanced approach is an essential ingredient for success.\n\nWe wanted to understand if and how behavioural approaches can promote anti-corruption outcomes, as well as conditions for success.\n\nTo do this we reviewed research from 2016–2022 on the use of behavioural approaches in anti-corruption practice. We also analysed our practical experience designing and piloting an intervention to tackle social norms of reciprocity which fuel bribery in health facilities in Tanzania.",[23],[493],"Research Case Study","2023-12-05","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002Fa4b5e14a-9841-4feb-8411-335c9f972aba?width=600&height=840","Baez Camargo, Claudia, and Saba Kassa. 2023. ‘Harnessing behavioural approaches against corruption.’ Research Case Study 5, Basel Institute on Governance. Available at: baselgov- ernance.org\u002Fpublications\u002Fresearch-case-5.",[498],{"url":499,"caption":500},"\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications?type=Research%20Case%20Study"," View all research case studies",[],[503,505],{"authors_id":504},{"id":377,"name":378},{"authors_id":506},{"id":507,"name":508},303,"Saba Kassa",[510],{"countries_id":511},{"id":512,"name":513},224,"Tanzania",[515,517,519],{"tags_id":516},{"id":387,"name":388},{"tags_id":518},{"id":285,"name":286},{"tags_id":520},{"id":101,"name":102},[522],2360,[31],[15],"2023-12-06T11:04:47.000Z","2026-06-02T14:08:43.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fresearch-case-5",{"id":529,"slug":530,"title":531,"status":6,"nid":532,"year":365,"body":533,"external":19,"topic":534,"language":15,"type":535,"date_published":537,"image":538,"citation":156,"publisher":539,"link_internal":540,"link_external":541,"authors":542,"countries":543,"tags":544,"pdf":547,"topics":549,"featured":19,"languages":550,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":52,"date_created":551,"user_updated":53,"date_updated":552,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":553},2259,"compliance-progress-sensemaking-perspective-governance-corruption","From Compliance to Progress: A Sensemaking Perspective on the Governance of Corruption",2344,"The authors of this academic paper discuss how attitudes to preventing and tackling corruption are different between cultures, and have also changed over time within them, focusing on the East (Asia) and the West (Western Europe & North America). This is particularly important for multi-national companies to consider when developing compliance programmes. \n\nThey look at two challenges organisations face in implementing anti-corruption policies: policy-practice decoupling, which is the difference between what a formal policy says should happen and what actually happens, and means-end de-coupling, which is when the implementation of a policy does not lead to its envisaged goals. \n\nThey argue that ever-evolving cultural beliefs, judgements and practices are key to determining how people interpret and act in the governance of corruption, but that \"ongoing interactive communication\" can help bring people together to close the de-coupling gaps.\n\nIn other words, acting collectively - either within or between organisations - can be a key way for companies to effectively implement anti-corruption programmes.",[21],[536],"Article","2023-01-24","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002Fbe7b463e-1edd-4b0a-a18c-ec57c466d4c2?width=600&height=840","Organization Science",[],[],[],[],[545],{"tags_id":546},{"id":101,"name":102},[548],2301,[21],[15],"2023-01-24T17:04:17.000Z","2026-05-23T20:08:43.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fcompliance-progress-sensemaking-perspective-governance-corruption",{"id":555,"slug":556,"title":557,"status":6,"nid":558,"year":149,"body":559,"external":19,"topic":7,"language":7,"type":560,"date_published":561,"image":562,"citation":563,"publisher":17,"link_internal":564,"link_external":567,"authors":568,"countries":573,"tags":590,"pdf":597,"topics":600,"featured":19,"languages":602,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":53,"date_created":603,"user_updated":53,"date_updated":604,"main_points":7,"short_version":605,"subtitle":7,"link":606},2436,"wp-62","Working Paper 62: Corruption sanctions: What governments need to know",2970,"How can governments respond to serious corruption when those responsible are beyond the reach of the law? Some governments have turned to corruption sanctions to address this issue.\n\nThis Working Paper examines how corruption sanctions – tools that allow governments to impose asset freezes and travel bans on individuals suspected of corruption without any finding of guilt in a court – have evolved over the past decade, and offers recommendations for their more effective and legitimate use.\n\n::: button https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fsites\u002Fdefault\u002Ffiles\u002F2026-05\u002F260529_WP-62.pdf\n**Download the Working Paper here**\n:::\n\n### Advantages and limitations of corruption sanctions\n\nCorruption sanctions emerged primarily to address situations where notoriously corrupt individuals enjoy impunity within their own legal systems. Their key strengths lie in their flexibility and versatility:\n\n- they can be applied regardless of any geographical link between the sanctioning state and the alleged corruption, based on relatively low evidentiary thresholds; and \n- they can serve a wide range of objectives – from disrupting and deterring corrupt activity to condemning corruption, facilitating asset recovery and signalling support for another country's law enforcement efforts.\n\nHowever, the paper also highlights important limitations. Corruption sanctions are often wielded without a clear post-imposition strategy. And: their inherent flexibility comes with due process trade-offs, including broad governmental discretion and limited judicial oversight.\n\n### Recommendations\n\nDrawing on an extensive analysis of the experiences of key jurisdictions – including the US, UK, EU, Canada and Australia – the author puts forward nine recommendations for governments on how to design and maintain credible and effective corruption sanctions regimes. These include publishing clear criteria for high-priority targets, strengthening transparency around licensing and delisting decisions, and exploring sanctions against professional enablers in major financial centres.\n\nThe paper is aimed primarily at policymakers but will also be of interest to anti-corruption activists, private-sector financial crime specialists and academics.\n\n### About this paper\n\nThis paper is published as part of the Basel Institute on Governance Working Paper series, ISSN: 2624-9650. You may share or republish it under a Creative Commons [BY-NC-ND 4.0](https:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-nc-nd\u002F4.0\u002Fdeed.en) International Licence.\n\nThis is a publication of the International Centre for Asset Recovery (ICAR) at the Basel Institute on Governance. ICAR receives core funding from the Governments of Jersey, Liechtenstein, Norway, Switzerland and the UK.\n\nThe contents are the sole responsibility of the author and do not necessarily reflect the official position of the Basel Institute on Governance, its donors and partners, or the University of Basel.\n",[35],"2026-05-28","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002F0b54d63b-364d-478e-b7a6-29c8a4f6333b?width=600&height=840","Moiseienko, Anton. 2026. “Corruption sanctions: What governments need to know.” Working Paper 62, Basel Institute on Governance. Available at: https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fwp-62",[565],{"url":26,"caption":566},"View all Working Papers",[],[569],{"authors_id":570},{"id":571,"name":572},583,"Anton Moiseienko",[574,578,582,586],{"countries_id":575},{"id":576,"name":577},228,"United States",{"countries_id":579},{"id":580,"name":581},74,"United Kingdom",{"countries_id":583},{"id":584,"name":585},36,"Canada",{"countries_id":587},{"id":588,"name":589},14,"Australia",[591,595],{"tags_id":592},{"id":593,"name":594},843,"Asset recovery",{"tags_id":596},{"id":101,"name":102},[598,599],2490,2491,[601],"Asset Recovery and Enforcement",[15],"2026-06-01T22:10:25.000Z","2026-06-02T14:08:57.000Z","Corruption sanctions allow governments to impose financial and travel\nrestrictions, such as asset freezes and visa bans, on persons (mostly foreigners)\nsuspected of corruption without any finding of guilt in a court of law. Such\nsanctions have emerged over the past decade primarily to address situations\nwhere notoriously corrupt individuals enjoy impunity within their own legal\nsystems. They are also occasionally used to support foreign investigations by\nenabling authorities to swiftly freeze suspected proceeds of corruption.\n\n### Advantages\nCorruption sanctions regimes offer two main advantages that make them a useful\naddition to a government’s anti-corruption arsenal: flexibility and versatility.\n\nThe flexibility of corruption sanctions stems from the relatively low evidentiary\nstandards required to implement them, which are far less exacting than\nthe civil or criminal standards of proof. It also reflects there being no need\nfor any geographical nexus between the sanctioning state and the alleged\ncorruption, such that sanctions can be wielded against anyone involved in\ncorruption anywhere in the world. These features allow governments to resort\nto corruption sanctions in circumstances where conventional law enforcement\naction, such as prosecutions or confiscation proceedings, would be out of\nreach.\n\nThe versatility of such sanctions is a product of the freedom that governments\nenjoy in their imposition. Corruption sanctions can be, and have been, put\nto use to achieve a varied set of objectives. Those include disrupting corrupt\nactivity; deterring would-be corruption or corruption facilitation; condemning\ncorruption; punishing the perpetrators; facilitating asset recovery; or signalling\nsupport for another country’s law enforcement actions.\n\n### Limitations\nThis flexibility and versatility combine to produce a unique and valuable anticorruption tool. However, all too often it is wielded without a clear post-imposition\nstrategy, namely a coherent and credible approach to what the sanctions are\nmeant to achieve once they are in effect; how long they will be kept in place;\nand how they interact with other available law enforcement tools. In some cases,\nthe imposition of sanctions may be predicated on the expectation that other\nmeasures – such as asset confiscation – will follow. In others, they may be a selfstanding response to allegations of serious corruption.\n\nThe inherent flexibility in these tools also comes with due process trade-offs.\nCorruption sanctions regimes grant governments broad powers, including a\nwide discretion in imposing and lifting corruption sanctions or granting licences\nfor transactions that would otherwise be prohibited under such sanctions.\nThese powers are often subject only to light-touch judicial oversight. This has\nunderstandably raised concerns over their vulnerability to errors or, in extreme\ncases, abuse.\n\nTo ensure consistent and credible use of corruption sanctions, policymakers\nshould review applicable evidentiary standards and judicial review rules;\npublish clear criteria outlining what makes for a high-priority target for\ncorruption sanctions; publish clear criteria for sanctions licences and delisting;\nand set out processes and expectations for sanctions dossier submissions from\ncivil society organisations. While all of these measures preserve governments’\nflexibility in the imposition of corruption sanctions, taken together they will go\nsome way towards minimising the risks of politicisation or abuse.\n\n### A useful addition to the anti-corruption toolbox\nAll in all, corruption sanctions have transformed and enriched the anticorruption enforcement landscape. Their evident advantages suggest that\nstates that have not yet done so should consider whether the introduction of\ncorruption sanctions is right for them, and that those states that already have a\nmechanism in place should explore how they can use it to the greatest effect.\nSometimes, governments are reluctant to make full use of corruption sanctions\nfor fears of foreign policy repercussions. But, as the analysis in this paper\nsuggests, such sensitivities can be managed through careful target selection.\n\nIn summary, if designed and implemented transparently and responsibly – not\nas a low-cost substitute for traditional enforcement tools but as a complement\nto them when they are not available – these mechanisms can be used to target\nand challenge otherwise unchecked corruption globally. The analysis in this\npaper, and the recommendations it contains in its conclusion, aim to support\nthis endeavour.","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fwp-62",1780676581675]