[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":643},["ShallowReactive",2],{"publication-working-paper-22-hidden-agendas-social-norms-and-why-we-need-re-think-anti-corruption":3,"related-working-paper-22-hidden-agendas-social-norms-and-why-we-need-re-think-anti-corruption":206},[4],{"id":5,"status":6,"sort":7,"date_created":8,"date_updated":9,"nid":10,"slug":11,"title":12,"body":13,"citation":14,"language":15,"year":16,"publisher":17,"date_published":18,"external":19,"topic":20,"link_internal":22,"link_external":26,"featured":19,"topics":30,"languages":32,"type":33,"area":7,"programme":7,"websites":7,"summary":7,"pdf_text":7,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"image":35,"countries":46,"tags":47,"pdf":126,"authors":170},1975,"published",null,"2022-04-27T11:55:38.000Z","2026-06-02T14:09:02.000Z",68,"working-paper-22-hidden-agendas-social-norms-and-why-we-need-re-think-anti-corruption","Working Paper 22: Hidden agendas, social norms and why we need to re-think anti-corruption","In many countries high levels of corruption persist in spite of the adoption of so-called anti-corruption “best practices”. In this paper we make a call to pursue a context-sensitive inquiry into the drivers of corruption in order to substantially improve the practices and effects of anti-corruption.\n\nWe discuss evidence from case studies in Africa, Central Asia and the Caucasus suggesting that high levels of corruption are associated to a significant discrepancy between formal rules and informal practices. Informal practices of co-optation, control and camouflage are used by political and business elites to safeguard regime survival via a de facto re-distribution of public resources in favour of informal networks of “insiders”.\n\nFrom the perspective of citizens, corrupt acts such as bribing enjoy social acceptability especially when they are effective in solving practical problems and protecting livelihoods. The functional relevance of informal practices clarifies the factors behind the limited effectiveness of anti-corruption law-driven reforms, short-term action plans, and technical measures that focus on particular processes, procedures and institutions.\n\nWe argue for the need to ponder informality and consider how it may help us develop better anti-corruption strategies. The prevalence and entrenched nature of informal practices indicate their heuristic potential: they can tell us what we are missing in official policies, inform about resistances and can help uncover pathways to strategic, sustainable reforms.\n\nThis paper has been presented at the OECD Global Anti-Corruption & Integrity Forum 2017 in a form of a poster presentation.\n\n### About this Working Paper\n\nThis paper is part of the Basel Institute on Governance Working Paper Series, ISSN: 2624-9650.","Baez Camargo, C., Passas, N. (2017). 'Hidden agendas, social norms and why we need to re-think anti-corruption'. Working Paper 22, Basel Institute on Governance","English",2017,"Basel Institute on Governance","2017-06-01",false,[21],"Public Governance",[23],{"url":24,"caption":25},"\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications?type=Working%20Paper"," View all Working Papers",[27],{"url":28,"caption":29},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.oecd.org\u002Fcleangovbiz\u002FIntegrity-Forum-2017-Baez%20Camargo-Passas-hidden-agendas-social-norms.pdf"," View PDF version from 2017 Global Anti-Corruption & Integrity Forum",[31],"Corruption Prevention and Public Governance",[15],[34],"Working Paper",{"id":36,"storage":37,"filename_disk":38,"filename_download":39,"title":40,"type":41,"created_on":8,"modified_on":8,"charset":7,"filesize":42,"width":43,"height":44,"duration":7,"embed":7,"description":7,"location":7,"tags":7,"metadata":45,"focal_point_x":7,"focal_point_y":7,"tus_id":7,"tus_data":7,"uploaded_on":8},"6e734496-3f10-49cc-b588-c2a6ee7fbd5e","local","6e734496-3f10-49cc-b588-c2a6ee7fbd5e.jpg","Pages-from-biog-working-paper-22.jpg","Working Paper 22","image\u002Fjpeg",99363,1654,2339,{},[],[48,75,92,109],{"id":49,"publications_id":50,"tags_id":72},3882,{"id":5,"status":6,"sort":7,"user_created":51,"date_created":8,"user_updated":52,"date_updated":9,"nid":10,"slug":11,"image":36,"title":12,"body":13,"citation":14,"language":15,"year":16,"publisher":17,"date_published":18,"external":19,"topic":53,"link_internal":54,"link_external":56,"featured":19,"topics":58,"languages":59,"type":60,"area":7,"programme":7,"websites":7,"summary":7,"pdf_text":7,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"countries":61,"tags":62,"pdf":66,"authors":69},"03bebfd8-0b40-4a2a-820d-b9d9c13b9de6","3d9ff205-1640-4f34-b5b6-86977f51bbd6",[21],[55],{"url":24,"caption":25},[57],{"url":28,"caption":29},[31],[15],[34],[],[49,63,64,65],5046,5047,5048,[67,68],2019,2020,[70,71],2170,2171,{"id":73,"name":74},973,"Corruption",{"id":63,"publications_id":76,"tags_id":89},{"id":5,"status":6,"sort":7,"user_created":51,"date_created":8,"user_updated":52,"date_updated":9,"nid":10,"slug":11,"image":36,"title":12,"body":13,"citation":14,"language":15,"year":16,"publisher":17,"date_published":18,"external":19,"topic":77,"link_internal":78,"link_external":80,"featured":19,"topics":82,"languages":83,"type":84,"area":7,"programme":7,"websites":7,"summary":7,"pdf_text":7,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"countries":85,"tags":86,"pdf":87,"authors":88},[21],[79],{"url":24,"caption":25},[81],{"url":28,"caption":29},[31],[15],[34],[],[49,63,64,65],[67,68],[70,71],{"id":90,"name":91},848,"Behavioural science",{"id":64,"publications_id":93,"tags_id":106},{"id":5,"status":6,"sort":7,"user_created":51,"date_created":8,"user_updated":52,"date_updated":9,"nid":10,"slug":11,"image":36,"title":12,"body":13,"citation":14,"language":15,"year":16,"publisher":17,"date_published":18,"external":19,"topic":94,"link_internal":95,"link_external":97,"featured":19,"topics":99,"languages":100,"type":101,"area":7,"programme":7,"websites":7,"summary":7,"pdf_text":7,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"countries":102,"tags":103,"pdf":104,"authors":105},[21],[96],{"url":24,"caption":25},[98],{"url":28,"caption":29},[31],[15],[34],[],[49,63,64,65],[67,68],[70,71],{"id":107,"name":108},1309,"Informality",{"id":65,"publications_id":110,"tags_id":123},{"id":5,"status":6,"sort":7,"user_created":51,"date_created":8,"user_updated":52,"date_updated":9,"nid":10,"slug":11,"image":36,"title":12,"body":13,"citation":14,"language":15,"year":16,"publisher":17,"date_published":18,"external":19,"topic":111,"link_internal":112,"link_external":114,"featured":19,"topics":116,"languages":117,"type":118,"area":7,"programme":7,"websites":7,"summary":7,"pdf_text":7,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"countries":119,"tags":120,"pdf":121,"authors":122},[21],[113],{"url":24,"caption":25},[115],{"url":28,"caption":29},[31],[15],[34],[],[49,63,64,65],[67,68],[70,71],{"id":124,"name":125},1378,"Public financial management",[127,150],{"id":67,"publications_id":128,"directus_files_id":141},{"id":5,"status":6,"sort":7,"user_created":51,"date_created":8,"user_updated":52,"date_updated":9,"nid":10,"slug":11,"image":36,"title":12,"body":13,"citation":14,"language":15,"year":16,"publisher":17,"date_published":18,"external":19,"topic":129,"link_internal":130,"link_external":132,"featured":19,"topics":134,"languages":135,"type":136,"area":7,"programme":7,"websites":7,"summary":7,"pdf_text":7,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"countries":137,"tags":138,"pdf":139,"authors":140},[21],[131],{"url":24,"caption":25},[133],{"url":28,"caption":29},[31],[15],[34],[],[49,63,64,65],[67,68],[70,71],{"id":142,"storage":37,"filename_disk":143,"filename_download":144,"title":144,"type":145,"folder":146,"uploaded_by":51,"created_on":147,"modified_by":7,"modified_on":147,"charset":7,"filesize":148,"width":7,"height":7,"duration":7,"embed":7,"description":149,"location":7,"tags":7,"metadata":7,"focal_point_x":7,"focal_point_y":7,"tus_id":7,"tus_data":7,"uploaded_on":147},"fd3c299b-5ea6-4aea-8605-80cfb7ac0714","fd3c299b-5ea6-4aea-8605-80cfb7ac0714.pdf","170628-wp-22-oecd---final.pdf","application\u002Fpdf","67f22e04-d26f-4baa-b91f-acc5f89d87f5","2022-04-27T11:55:39.000Z",344963,"View PDF",{"id":68,"publications_id":151,"directus_files_id":164},{"id":5,"status":6,"sort":7,"user_created":51,"date_created":8,"user_updated":52,"date_updated":9,"nid":10,"slug":11,"image":36,"title":12,"body":13,"citation":14,"language":15,"year":16,"publisher":17,"date_published":18,"external":19,"topic":152,"link_internal":153,"link_external":155,"featured":19,"topics":157,"languages":158,"type":159,"area":7,"programme":7,"websites":7,"summary":7,"pdf_text":7,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"countries":160,"tags":161,"pdf":162,"authors":163},[21],[154],{"url":24,"caption":25},[156],{"url":28,"caption":29},[31],[15],[34],[],[49,63,64,65],[67,68],[70,71],{"id":165,"storage":37,"filename_disk":166,"filename_download":167,"title":167,"type":145,"folder":146,"uploaded_by":51,"created_on":147,"modified_by":7,"modified_on":147,"charset":7,"filesize":168,"width":7,"height":7,"duration":7,"embed":7,"description":169,"location":7,"tags":7,"metadata":7,"focal_point_x":7,"focal_point_y":7,"tus_id":7,"tus_data":7,"uploaded_on":147},"763e7908-674e-4175-b221-b1d61d632f4c","763e7908-674e-4175-b221-b1d61d632f4c.pdf","Integrity-Forum-2017-Baez-Camargo-Passas-hidden-agendas-social-norms-poster.pdf",623783," View poster from 2017 Global Anti-Corruption & Integrity Forum",[171,189],{"id":70,"publications_id":172,"authors_id":185},{"id":5,"status":6,"sort":7,"user_created":51,"date_created":8,"user_updated":52,"date_updated":9,"nid":10,"slug":11,"image":36,"title":12,"body":13,"citation":14,"language":15,"year":16,"publisher":17,"date_published":18,"external":19,"topic":173,"link_internal":174,"link_external":176,"featured":19,"topics":178,"languages":179,"type":180,"area":7,"programme":7,"websites":7,"summary":7,"pdf_text":7,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"countries":181,"tags":182,"pdf":183,"authors":184},[21],[175],{"url":24,"caption":25},[177],{"url":28,"caption":29},[31],[15],[34],[],[49,63,64,65],[67,68],[70,71],{"id":186,"name":187,"position":7,"image":188},295,"Claudia Baez Camargo","efaca248-6b57-4e2e-af40-614056eb022c",{"id":71,"publications_id":190,"authors_id":203},{"id":5,"status":6,"sort":7,"user_created":51,"date_created":8,"user_updated":52,"date_updated":9,"nid":10,"slug":11,"image":36,"title":12,"body":13,"citation":14,"language":15,"year":16,"publisher":17,"date_published":18,"external":19,"topic":191,"link_internal":192,"link_external":194,"featured":19,"topics":196,"languages":197,"type":198,"area":7,"programme":7,"websites":7,"summary":7,"pdf_text":7,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"countries":199,"tags":200,"pdf":201,"authors":202},[21],[193],{"url":24,"caption":25},[195],{"url":28,"caption":29},[31],[15],[34],[],[49,63,64,65],[67,68],[70,71],{"id":204,"name":205,"position":7,"image":7},407,"Nikos Passas",[207,246,295,341,379,433,480,521,564,605],{"id":208,"slug":209,"title":210,"status":6,"nid":211,"year":212,"body":213,"external":19,"topic":214,"language":15,"type":215,"date_published":217,"image":218,"citation":219,"publisher":17,"link_internal":220,"link_external":221,"authors":222,"countries":227,"tags":232,"pdf":239,"topics":241,"featured":19,"languages":242,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":51,"date_created":243,"user_updated":52,"date_updated":244,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":245},1801,"gendered-corruption-initial-insights-sextortion-and-double-bribery-affecting-female","Gendered corruption: Initial insights into sextortion and double bribery affecting female businesswomen in Malawi",2040,2021,"This report offers an initial insight into the problem of gendered corruption, including sextortion and so-called double bribery, based on interviews with 19 businesswomen in Malawi. Part of a wider research project into procurement corruption, the interviews aimed to explore the extent of gendered corruption as a coercive form of social exchange, as well as the role of informal corrupt networks in magnifying gender-specific inequalities.\n\nThough based on a small sample in one particular context, the findings indicate that more research into this topic is urgently needed globally with a view to mainstreaming sexual corruption into anti-corruption programming. Initial findings indicate that:\n\n\n- Sextortion, forced sexual favours, \"double bribery\" and other forms of sexual corruption are perceived to be widespread in Malawi. \n- Women's risk of being subjected to sexual corruption increases in informal network settings, such as those in which business takes place.\n- Socio-economic factors and gender-imbalanced power dynamics play an important role in enabling sexual corruption to take place with impunity.\n- Trustworthy reporting and support mechanisms for sexual corruption are said to be lacking. \n- Existing female-only business self-help groups could provide a strong base for enabling women to address issues of sexual corruption and related gendered violence. \n\n\nOverall, there is a great need for more research and policy attention globally to gendered corruption and related issues that still remain – tragically – hidden from view or considered as normal. \n\n### About this publication\n\nThe research underpinning this report has been undertaken in support of the Tackling Serious and Organised Crime (TSOC) programme in Malawi, which is funded by the UK Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office.\n\nThis work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0).\n\nSuggested citation: Stahl, C., 2021. *Gendered corruption: Initial insights into sextortion and double bribery affecting female businesswomen in Malawi.* Basel Institute on Governance, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fpublications\u002Fgendered-corruption-initial-insights-sextortion-and-double-bribery-affecting-female\">https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fpublications\u002Fgendered-corruption-initial-in…\u003C\u002Fa>.",[21],[216],"Report","2021-06-28","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002F5b923df6-8ac9-4ee3-8161-d9b3fe92ac9a?width=600&height=840","",[],[],[223],{"authors_id":224},{"id":225,"name":226},354,"Cosimo Stahl",[228],{"countries_id":229},{"id":230,"name":231},153,"Malawi",[233,235,237],{"tags_id":234},{"id":73,"name":74},{"tags_id":236},{"id":90,"name":91},{"tags_id":238},{"id":107,"name":108},[240],1836,[31],[15],"2022-04-27T11:53:45.000Z","2026-05-29T22:22:42.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fgendered-corruption-initial-insights-sextortion-and-double-bribery-affecting-female",{"id":247,"slug":248,"title":249,"status":6,"nid":250,"year":212,"body":251,"external":19,"topic":252,"language":15,"type":255,"date_published":256,"image":257,"citation":219,"publisher":17,"link_internal":258,"link_external":263,"authors":264,"countries":269,"tags":270,"pdf":287,"topics":289,"featured":19,"languages":291,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":51,"date_created":292,"user_updated":52,"date_updated":293,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":294},1798,"working-paper-36-revealing-networks-behind-corruption-and-money-laundering-schemes","Working Paper 36: Revealing the networks behind corruption and money laundering schemes: an analysis of the Toledo–Odebrecht case using social network analysis and network ethnography",2050,"This working paper is based on an empirical investigation of corruption and illicit exchange related to the so-called “Lava Jato” or “Odebrecht” scandal. Focusing on former Peruvian President Alejandro Toledo and his laundering of bribes obtained from the construction giant Odebrecht, the analysis aims to test the usefulness of applying a network lens to better understand the mechanisms underlying grand corruption cases. It also aims to further illuminate the nexus between corruption and money laundering and the role of hidden and offshore financial infrastructures in facilitating the illicit schemes. \n\nThe research used a combination of social network analysis and network ethnography techniques to explore the following questions: \n\n\n- How do money laundering activities and offshore financial infrastructures sustain corruption? \n- Who are the key actors involved, how do they interact and what is their division of labour? \n- How do actors and clusters govern the social-financial web of relations? \n\n\nAnswering these questions with empirical evidence related to a specific case makes it possible to better understand how the connection between corruption and money laundering using offshore financial infrastructure works. It also supports the emerging understanding of corruption as a collective, transnational and financially advanced phenomenon. \n\n### About this report\n\nThis paper is part of the Basel Institute on Governance Working Paper Series, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.baselgovernance.org\u002Fpublications?type[]=255\">ISSN: 2624-9650\u003C\u002Fa>.\n\nIt is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). \n\nSuggested citation: Costa, J., 2021. *Revealing the networks behind corruption and money laundering schemes: an analysis of the Toledo–Odebrecht case using social network analysis and network ethnography*. Working Paper 36, Basel Institute on Governance. Available at: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fpublications\u002Fworking-paper-36-revealing-networks-behind-corruption-and-money-laundering-schemes\">https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fpublications\u002Fworking-paper-36-revealing-net…\u003C\u002Fa>",[253,254,21],"Anti-Money Laundering","Asset Recovery",[216,34],"2021-07-08","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002Fb9766eed-37a9-40e2-97d0-3b05e149b633?width=600&height=840",[259,262],{"url":260,"caption":261},"\u002Fresources\u002Fnews\u002Fnew-analysis-of-the-toledo-odebrecht-case-illuminates-the-complex-transnational-networks-behind-corruption-and-money-laundering-schemes-2051"," Summary \u002F blog by author",{"url":24,"caption":25},[],[265],{"authors_id":266},{"id":267,"name":268},304,"Jacopo Costa",[],[271,275,277,281,285],{"tags_id":272},{"id":273,"name":274},879,"Money laundering",{"tags_id":276},{"id":107,"name":108},{"tags_id":278},{"id":279,"name":280},1373,"Corruption prevention",{"tags_id":282},{"id":283,"name":284},818,"Anti-money laundering",{"tags_id":286},{"id":73,"name":74},[288],1833,[253,290,31],"Asset Recovery and Enforcement",[15],"2022-04-27T11:53:43.000Z","2026-06-02T14:08:41.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fworking-paper-36-revealing-networks-behind-corruption-and-money-laundering-schemes",{"id":296,"slug":297,"title":298,"status":6,"nid":299,"year":300,"body":301,"external":19,"topic":302,"language":15,"type":303,"date_published":305,"image":306,"citation":307,"publisher":17,"link_internal":308,"link_external":312,"authors":313,"countries":320,"tags":325,"pdf":334,"topics":336,"featured":19,"languages":337,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":51,"date_created":338,"user_updated":52,"date_updated":339,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":340},2324,"research-case-5","Research Case Study 5: Harnessing behavioural approaches against corruption",2550,2023,"Social norms and behaviour change (SNBC) approaches are a promising complement to conventional anti-corruption strategies. Adopting a context-sensitive and nuanced approach is an essential ingredient for success.\n\nWe wanted to understand if and how behavioural approaches can promote anti-corruption outcomes, as well as conditions for success.\n\nTo do this we reviewed research from 2016–2022 on the use of behavioural approaches in anti-corruption practice. We also analysed our practical experience designing and piloting an intervention to tackle social norms of reciprocity which fuel bribery in health facilities in Tanzania.",[21],[304],"Research Case Study","2023-12-05","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002Fa4b5e14a-9841-4feb-8411-335c9f972aba?width=600&height=840","Baez Camargo, Claudia, and Saba Kassa. 2023. ‘Harnessing behavioural approaches against corruption.’ Research Case Study 5, Basel Institute on Governance. Available at: baselgov- ernance.org\u002Fpublications\u002Fresearch-case-5.",[309],{"url":310,"caption":311},"\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications?type=Research%20Case%20Study"," View all research case studies",[],[314,316],{"authors_id":315},{"id":186,"name":187},{"authors_id":317},{"id":318,"name":319},303,"Saba Kassa",[321],{"countries_id":322},{"id":323,"name":324},224,"Tanzania",[326,328,330],{"tags_id":327},{"id":90,"name":91},{"tags_id":329},{"id":107,"name":108},{"tags_id":331},{"id":332,"name":333},982,"Anti-corruption",[335],2360,[31],[15],"2023-12-06T11:04:47.000Z","2026-06-02T14:08:43.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fresearch-case-5",{"id":342,"slug":343,"title":344,"status":6,"nid":345,"year":300,"body":346,"external":19,"topic":347,"language":15,"type":348,"date_published":349,"image":350,"citation":219,"publisher":17,"link_internal":351,"link_external":352,"authors":353,"countries":360,"tags":367,"pdf":372,"topics":374,"featured":19,"languages":375,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":51,"date_created":376,"user_updated":52,"date_updated":377,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":378},2278,"research-case-2","Research case study 2: Leveraging informal networks for anti-corruption in East Africa",2432,"Citizens and business people may invest significant time and money in building informal networks with public officials to overcome public service delivery shortcomings and access business opportunities. Understanding these networks better can strengthen anti-corruption efforts.\n\nThis research case study gives a brief overview of our Public Governance team's research in Uganda and Tanzania. Through interviews, the team explored when, how and why informal networks are built and used to access public services or business opportunities corruptly.\n\nThe research project described was carried out under the Global Integrity Anti-Corruption Evidence Programme (GI-ACE), funded with UK aid from the UK government. All results are freely shareable under a Creative Commons licence.",[21],[304],"2023-05-17","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002F7d1b37bc-c9a9-458b-9b5c-5e140061e6dd?width=600&height=840",[],[],[354,356,358],{"authors_id":355},{"id":186,"name":187},{"authors_id":357},{"id":318,"name":319},{"authors_id":359},{"id":267,"name":268},[361,365],{"countries_id":362},{"id":363,"name":364},226,"Uganda",{"countries_id":366},{"id":323,"name":324},[368,370],{"tags_id":369},{"id":90,"name":91},{"tags_id":371},{"id":107,"name":108},[373],2314,[31],[15],"2023-05-17T10:04:49.000Z","2026-05-31T22:52:11.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fresearch-case-2",{"id":380,"slug":381,"title":382,"status":6,"nid":383,"year":384,"body":385,"external":19,"topic":386,"language":15,"type":387,"date_published":389,"image":390,"citation":219,"publisher":391,"link_internal":392,"link_external":402,"authors":406,"countries":415,"tags":420,"pdf":427,"topics":428,"featured":19,"languages":429,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":51,"date_created":430,"user_updated":52,"date_updated":431,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":432},2221,"informal-networks-investment-qualitative-analysis-uganda-and-tanzania","Informal networks as investment: A qualitative analysis from Uganda and Tanzania",2277,2022,"Published in the peer-reviewed journal *Governance*, this paper interprets informal networks as investments made by citizens and business people to cope with the public sphere. Informal networks often orchestrate corruption, connecting public and private actors. The paper aims to understand their key characteristics, scopes, and functional roles.\n\nTen mini case studies from Tanzania and Uganda are studied. The research applies narrative analysis to explore the experiences of citizens, entrepreneurs, and low-level public officials, who built informal networks as a problem-solving mechanism. It uses a grounded theory approach. The findings serve as working hypotheses about variables and patterns emerging from the bottom-up analysis.\n\nThe paper outlines:\n\n\n- Whether there are distinct types of informal networks associated with particular types of corruption;\n- How, why and by whom these networks are built;\n- Whether different individuals play specific roles;\n- The unwritten expectations and norms that govern such networks.\n\n\nThe results highlight critical implications for anti-corruption practice, showing, for example, how this can be strengthened by shifting the intervention unit from individuals to networks.\n\n### About this article\n\nThis peer-reviewed article is based on extensive field research and analysis conducted by the Basel Institute's Public Governance team in Tanzania and Uganda. The research was funded by UK Aid under the Global Integrity Anti-Corruption Evidence (GI-ACE) programme. See the links below for the open-access research outputs, including a full research report and two sets of case studies.",[21],[388],"Article","2022-08-25","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002F1771fed4-0a6d-4050-88ce-494e877fab4e?width=600&height=840","Governance (Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of the IPSA Structure and Organization of Government Committee)",[393,396,399],{"url":394,"caption":395},"\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Finformal-networks-investment-east-africa"," View open access research report: Informal networks as investment in East Africa",{"url":397,"caption":398},"\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fcase-studies-tanzania-gi-ace-research-informal-networks-and-corruption"," View case studies from Tanzania",{"url":400,"caption":401},"\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fcase-studies-uganda-gi-ace-research-informal-networks-and-corruption"," View case studies from Uganda",[403],{"url":404,"caption":405},"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1111\u002Fgove.12726","View peer-reviewed article on Wiley Online Library",[407,409,411],{"authors_id":408},{"id":186,"name":187},{"authors_id":410},{"id":267,"name":268},{"authors_id":412},{"id":413,"name":414},359,"Lucy Koechlin",[416,418],{"countries_id":417},{"id":323,"name":324},{"countries_id":419},{"id":363,"name":364},[421,423,425],{"tags_id":422},{"id":332,"name":333},{"tags_id":424},{"id":90,"name":91},{"tags_id":426},{"id":107,"name":108},[],[31],[15],"2022-09-06T14:10:21.000Z","2026-06-02T14:08:59.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Finformal-networks-investment-qualitative-analysis-uganda-and-tanzania",{"id":434,"slug":435,"title":436,"status":6,"nid":437,"year":384,"body":438,"external":19,"topic":439,"language":15,"type":440,"date_published":442,"image":443,"citation":444,"publisher":17,"link_internal":445,"link_external":449,"authors":450,"countries":457,"tags":462,"pdf":473,"topics":475,"featured":19,"languages":476,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":51,"date_created":477,"user_updated":52,"date_updated":478,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":479},1760,"policy-brief-9-informal-networks-and-what-they-mean-anti-corruption-practice","Policy Brief 9: Informal networks and what they mean for anti-corruption practice",2166,"Corruption is frequently associated with money alone and the behaviours of a few individual “bad apples” operating in otherwise healthy governance systems. This is too simplistic. As the latest research shows, including research in Tanzania and Uganda on which this Policy Brief is based, corruption is a networked phenomenon. This Policy Brief explains what this means and its implications for anti-corruption practice.\n\nWhen ordinary citizens and business people face problems, like constrained access to public services or an uneven playing field, they invest time, effort and resources in building informal networks.\n\nHeld together by personal connections and corrupt payments, these informal networks are a problem-solving mechanism. They allow members – such as business people, other citizens and public officials – to pursue a variety of goals. The networks aid in easing access to public services, for example, or helping a business to run smoothly, or securing business opportunities with the government. Informal networks can be leveraged to speed up long and complicated permit processes or exploit weaknesses in formal tender processes to obtain undue access to contracts. When red tape is used by public officials to extort bribes from service users, informal networks can help manage and overcome these demands. \n\nIn contexts in which these informal networks are widespread, the research shows that conventional anti-corruption measures, such as introducing more regulations, policies and controls, can actually backfire and increase corruption. \n\nBreaking this self-reinforcing cycle of networked corruption requires a shift in thinking and approaches:\n\n\n- **Focusing on networked corruption** as opposed to individual corrupt behaviours.\n- **Tackling corruption both from the demand and the supply side** by addressing inefficiencies and weaknesses in public systems that cause problems for ordinary citizens and business people. This may make it less likely that they will resort to corruption through informal networks to overcome the public service weaknesses.\n- **Harnessing informal networks for anti-corruption objectives.** This includes leveraging new insights into social norms and networks and establishing Collective Action initiatives to better target the underlying drivers of corruption.\n\n\n## About this Policy Brief\n\nThis publication is part of the Basel Institute on Governance Policy Brief series, ISSN 2624-9669. It presents findings from a research project entitled “\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Face.globalintegrity.org\u002Fprojects\u002Finformality\u002F\">Harnessing informality: Designing anti-corruption network interventions and strategic use of legal instruments\u003C\u002Fa>”, funded by UK Aid as part of the Global Integrity Anti-Corruption Evidence Programme (GI-ACE).\n\nIt is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). ",[21],[441],"Policy Brief","2022-02-21","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002Fc9f50b43-2246-4e39-a1b1-052b0e9829f1?width=600&height=840","Baez Camargo, Claudia, Jacopo Costa, and Saba Kassa. 2022. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fpublications\u002Fpolicy-brief-9-informal-networks-and-what-they-mean-anti-corruption-practice\">Informal networks and what they mean for anti-corruption practice.\u003C\u002Fa> *Policy Brief* 9, Basel Institute on Governance.",[446],{"url":447,"caption":448},"\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications?type=Policy%20Brief"," View all Policy Briefs",[],[451,453,455],{"authors_id":452},{"id":186,"name":187},{"authors_id":454},{"id":267,"name":268},{"authors_id":456},{"id":318,"name":319},[458,460],{"countries_id":459},{"id":323,"name":324},{"countries_id":461},{"id":363,"name":364},[463,465,469,471],{"tags_id":464},{"id":332,"name":333},{"tags_id":466},{"id":467,"name":468},909,"Collective Action",{"tags_id":470},{"id":73,"name":74},{"tags_id":472},{"id":107,"name":108},[474],1786,[31],[15],"2022-04-27T11:53:17.000Z","2026-06-02T14:09:04.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fpolicy-brief-9-informal-networks-and-what-they-mean-anti-corruption-practice",{"id":481,"slug":482,"title":483,"status":6,"nid":484,"year":384,"body":485,"external":19,"topic":486,"language":15,"type":487,"date_published":489,"image":490,"citation":219,"publisher":17,"link_internal":491,"link_external":495,"authors":499,"countries":508,"tags":509,"pdf":514,"topics":516,"featured":19,"languages":517,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":51,"date_created":518,"user_updated":52,"date_updated":519,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":520},1761,"quick-guide-23-informal-networks-and-anti-corruption","Quick Guide 23: Informal networks and anti-corruption",2183,"Why do many countries still struggle with high levels of corruption, in spite of years of investment in anti-corruption programmes and even where the right laws, rules and institutions are in place?\n\nWe believe one reason is that anti-corruption laws and policies are too often focused narrowly on individuals, rather than *networks* of individuals.\n\nIn our research, we see repeatedly how high levels of corruption are rarely the result of individual behaviour – some isolated rotten apples transgressing the formal legal order and leading others astray. Rather, corruption more frequently springs from the social norms and group dynamics of well-articulated and resilient informal networks.\n\nAnd it’s those networks that have much to lose from integrity and ethics. Their behaviour as a group entrenches corruption, and they block attempts at reforms. This quick guide takes a look at what this means and the implications for anti-corruption programming.\n\n### About this Quick Guide\n\nThis work is licensed under a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-nc-nd\u002F4.0\u002F\">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License\u003C\u002Fa>. It is part of the Basel Institute on Governance Quick Guide series, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.baselgovernance.org\u002Fpublications?type=2428\">ISSN 2673-5229\u003C\u002Fa>.",[21],[488],"Quick Guide","2022-02-15","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002F80db1c22-07e0-4e16-9a68-312b1d223e82?width=600&height=840",[492],{"url":493,"caption":494},"\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications?type=Quick%20Guide"," View all Quick Guides",[496],{"url":497,"caption":498},"https:\u002F\u002Flearn.baselgovernance.org\u002Fcourse\u002Fview.php?id=118"," View on Basel LEARN",[500,502,504,506],{"authors_id":501},{"id":267,"name":268},{"authors_id":503},{"id":186,"name":187},{"authors_id":505},{"id":318,"name":319},{"authors_id":507},{"id":225,"name":226},[],[510,512],{"tags_id":511},{"id":107,"name":108},{"tags_id":513},{"id":90,"name":91},[515],1787,[31],[15],"2022-04-27T11:53:18.000Z","2026-06-02T14:09:05.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fquick-guide-23-informal-networks-and-anti-corruption",{"id":522,"slug":523,"title":524,"status":6,"nid":525,"year":212,"body":526,"external":19,"topic":527,"language":15,"type":528,"date_published":529,"image":530,"citation":219,"publisher":531,"link_internal":532,"link_external":538,"authors":539,"countries":546,"tags":551,"pdf":558,"topics":560,"featured":19,"languages":561,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":51,"date_created":562,"user_updated":52,"date_updated":563,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":394},1779,"informal-networks-investment-east-africa","Informal networks as investment in East Africa",2126,"This report presents findings from a research project entitled \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Face.globalintegrity.org\u002Fprojects\u002Finformality\u002F\">Harnessing informality: Designing anti-corruption network interventions and strategic use of legal instruments\u003C\u002Fa>” funded by UK Aid as part of the Global Integrity Anti-Corruption Evidence Programme (GI-ACE).\n\nThe project follows from a previous research project where the Basel Institute on Governance, in partnership with University College London and SOAS, researched informality and its relationship with corruption and governance in seven countries in East Africa and Central Asia. The findings from that research project suggested that corruption often takes place according to informal, unwritten rules. The findings from the seven countries supported the following observation:\n\n\n“Corruption is most often not the result from the actions of a few, individual rotten apples operating in otherwise healthy governance systems; rather corruption is orchestrated by informal social networks that connect actors in the public and private realms and enable the pursuit of a variety of intransparent, often illicit, goals.”\n\n\nIn our current research project, we have aimed to understand how informal networks that are associated with different types of corruption are exactly articulated, operationalised and managed, with a view to distilling lessons of value to anti-corruption practitioners.\n\nThe present report sheds light on the functioning of informal networks in East Africa, based on evidence collected in Tanzania and Uganda. The report presents evidence, consisting of ten mini-case studies (six from Tanzania and four from Uganda) that describe informal networks associated with bribery and procurement fraud. The 10 cases are also analysed and implications for anti-corruption practice discussed.",[21],[388,216],"2021-11-02","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002Fe420805b-118f-48cb-8bff-675352716c10?width=600&height=840","Global Integrity Anti-Corruption Evidence Programme (GI-ACE)",[533,534,535],{"url":397,"caption":398},{"url":400,"caption":401},{"url":536,"caption":537},"\u002Fresources\u002Fnews\u002Fbribery-isnt-only-an-exchange-of-money-what-new-research-tells-us-about-how-informal-networks-enable-corruption-and-vice-versa-2129"," View blog\u002Fshort summary by Claudia Baez Camargo",[],[540,542,544],{"authors_id":541},{"id":186,"name":187},{"authors_id":543},{"id":267,"name":268},{"authors_id":545},{"id":413,"name":414},[547,549],{"countries_id":548},{"id":323,"name":324},{"countries_id":550},{"id":363,"name":364},[552,554,556],{"tags_id":553},{"id":332,"name":333},{"tags_id":555},{"id":90,"name":91},{"tags_id":557},{"id":107,"name":108},[559],1804,[31],[15],"2022-04-27T11:53:30.000Z","2026-06-02T14:10:29.000Z",{"id":565,"slug":566,"title":567,"status":6,"nid":568,"year":212,"body":569,"external":19,"topic":570,"language":15,"type":571,"date_published":529,"image":573,"citation":219,"publisher":531,"link_internal":574,"link_external":577,"authors":578,"countries":589,"tags":592,"pdf":599,"topics":601,"featured":19,"languages":602,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":51,"date_created":603,"user_updated":52,"date_updated":604,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":400},1780,"case-studies-uganda-gi-ace-research-informal-networks-and-corruption","Case studies from Uganda: GI-ACE research on informal networks and corruption",2128,"The four case studies in this collection form part of a research project entitled \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Face.globalintegrity.org\u002Fprojects\u002Finformality\u002F\">Harnessing informality: Designing anti-corruption network interventions and strategic use of legal instruments\u003C\u002Fa>” funded by UK Aid as part of the Global Integrity Anti-Corruption Evidence Programme (GI-ACE).\n\nThe research project aimed to understand how informal networks that are associated with different types of corruption are exactly articulated, operationalised and managed, with a view to distilling lessons of value to anti-corruption practitioners.\n\nThe case studies describe informal networks associated with bribery and procurement fraud. They include visual graphics of the informal networks and connections between different actors.\n\nTogether with the research report and six case studies from Tanzania, they shed light on the functioning of informal networks in East Africa. The case studies were prepared with the help of Robert Lugolobi, independent consultant.\n\nContents:\n\n\n- The use of informal networks to obtain a driver’s licence\n- Network transactions involving the land registration office\n- Informal networks in the transport, tour and ticketing business\n- Informal networks in the chemical sector\n",[21],[572,216],"Case Study","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002Fbe33fcbd-b6ba-4d26-81e8-3f5d7ced9085?width=600&height=840",[575],{"url":394,"caption":576}," View main research report",[],[579,581,583,585],{"authors_id":580},{"id":186,"name":187},{"authors_id":582},{"id":267,"name":268},{"authors_id":584},{"id":413,"name":414},{"authors_id":586},{"id":587,"name":588},358,"Robert Lugolobi",[590],{"countries_id":591},{"id":363,"name":364},[593,595,597],{"tags_id":594},{"id":332,"name":333},{"tags_id":596},{"id":90,"name":91},{"tags_id":598},{"id":107,"name":108},[600],1805,[31],[15],"2022-04-27T11:53:31.000Z","2026-06-02T14:09:07.000Z",{"id":606,"slug":607,"title":608,"status":6,"nid":609,"year":212,"body":610,"external":19,"topic":611,"language":15,"type":612,"date_published":529,"image":613,"citation":219,"publisher":531,"link_internal":614,"link_external":616,"authors":617,"countries":628,"tags":631,"pdf":638,"topics":640,"featured":19,"languages":641,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":51,"date_created":642,"user_updated":52,"date_updated":604,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":397},1781,"case-studies-tanzania-gi-ace-research-informal-networks-and-corruption","Case studies from Tanzania: GI-ACE research on informal networks and corruption",2127,"The six case studies in this collection form part of a research project entitled \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Face.globalintegrity.org\u002Fprojects\u002Finformality\u002F\">Harnessing informality: Designing anti-corruption network interventions and strategic use of legal instruments\u003C\u002Fa>” funded by UK Aid as part of the Global Integrity Anti-Corruption Evidence Programme (GI-ACE).\n\nThe research project aimed to understand how informal networks that are associated with different types of corruption are exactly articulated, operationalised and managed, with a view to distilling lessons of value to anti-corruption practitioners.\n\nThe case studies describe informal networks associated with bribery and procurement fraud. They include visual graphics of the informal networks and connections between different actors.\n\nTogether with the research report and four case studies from Uganda, they shed light on the functioning of informal networks in East Africa. The case studies were prepared with Dr. Danstan Mukono of the University of Dar es Salaam.\n\nContents:\n\n\n- Seeking tax clearance through informal networks in Dar es Salaam\n- Informal networking and tendering practices in local government\n- Informal networks and transactional exchange in the transportation sector\n- Informal networking for business startup\n- Informal networking and the formalization of unplanned urban land\n- Informal connections and favoritism in service levies and business licences\n",[21],[572,216],"https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002F85e1aab5-d43f-4914-b5d4-f329dbb696a7?width=600&height=840",[615],{"url":394,"caption":576},[],[618,620,622,624],{"authors_id":619},{"id":186,"name":187},{"authors_id":621},{"id":267,"name":268},{"authors_id":623},{"id":413,"name":414},{"authors_id":625},{"id":626,"name":627},362,"Danstan Mukono",[629],{"countries_id":630},{"id":323,"name":324},[632,634,636],{"tags_id":633},{"id":332,"name":333},{"tags_id":635},{"id":90,"name":91},{"tags_id":637},{"id":107,"name":108},[639],1806,[31],[15],"2022-04-27T11:53:32.000Z",1780676582037]