[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":657},["ShallowReactive",2],{"publication-working-paper-10-accountability-better-healthcare-provision":3,"related-working-paper-10-accountability-better-healthcare-provision":157},[4],{"id":5,"status":6,"sort":7,"date_created":8,"date_updated":9,"nid":10,"slug":11,"title":12,"body":13,"citation":14,"language":15,"year":16,"publisher":17,"date_published":18,"external":19,"topic":20,"link_internal":22,"link_external":26,"featured":19,"topics":27,"languages":29,"type":30,"area":7,"programme":7,"websites":7,"summary":7,"pdf_text":7,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"image":32,"countries":43,"tags":44,"pdf":117,"authors":139},2135,"published",null,"2022-04-27T11:57:23.000Z","2026-06-02T14:08:51.000Z",56,"working-paper-10-accountability-better-healthcare-provision","Working Paper 10: Accountability for better healthcare provision","Strengthening accountability in public service provision is increasingly recognized as a precondition to improve the performance of the health sector in low-income countries. However, progress in this field has been hampered to a great extent because of empirical difficulties in measuring and assessing accountability.\n\nThis article provides a clear operational definition of the concept and discusses how and why accountability in public health service provision presents distinct challenges to the institutional capabilities of most developing countries. On the basis of both elements a set of guidelines to empirically assess accountability in health services is offered.\n\n### About this Working Paper\n\nThis paper is part of the Basel Institute on Governance Working Paper Series, \u003Ca href=\"\u002Fpublications?type[]=255\">ISSN: 2624-9650\u003C\u002Fa>.","Baez Camargo, C. (2011). 'Accountability for Better Healthcare Provision'. Working Paper 10, Basel Institute on Governance","English",2011,"Basel Institute on Governance","2011-07-01",false,[21],"Public Governance",[23],{"url":24,"caption":25},"\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications?type=Working%20Paper"," View all Working Papers",[],[28],"Corruption Prevention and Public Governance",[15],[31],"Working Paper",{"id":33,"storage":34,"filename_disk":35,"filename_download":36,"title":37,"type":38,"created_on":8,"modified_on":8,"charset":7,"filesize":39,"width":40,"height":41,"duration":7,"embed":7,"description":7,"location":7,"tags":7,"metadata":42,"focal_point_x":7,"focal_point_y":7,"tus_id":7,"tus_data":7,"uploaded_on":8},"0e9c4287-f342-4bab-b1a9-0d70762ed251","local","0e9c4287-f342-4bab-b1a9-0d70762ed251.jpg","Pages-from-biog-working-paper-10.jpg","Working Paper 10","image\u002Fjpeg",208723,2480,3509,{},[],[45,69,85,101],{"id":46,"publications_id":47,"tags_id":66},4174,{"id":5,"status":6,"sort":7,"user_created":48,"date_created":8,"user_updated":49,"date_updated":9,"nid":10,"slug":11,"image":33,"title":12,"body":13,"citation":14,"language":15,"year":16,"publisher":17,"date_published":18,"external":19,"topic":50,"link_internal":51,"link_external":53,"featured":19,"topics":54,"languages":55,"type":56,"area":7,"programme":7,"websites":7,"summary":7,"pdf_text":7,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"countries":57,"tags":58,"pdf":62,"authors":64},"03bebfd8-0b40-4a2a-820d-b9d9c13b9de6","3d9ff205-1640-4f34-b5b6-86977f51bbd6",[21],[52],{"url":24,"caption":25},[],[28],[15],[31],[],[46,59,60,61],5165,5166,5167,[63],2179,[65],2358,{"id":67,"name":68},973,"Corruption",{"id":59,"publications_id":70,"tags_id":82},{"id":5,"status":6,"sort":7,"user_created":48,"date_created":8,"user_updated":49,"date_updated":9,"nid":10,"slug":11,"image":33,"title":12,"body":13,"citation":14,"language":15,"year":16,"publisher":17,"date_published":18,"external":19,"topic":71,"link_internal":72,"link_external":74,"featured":19,"topics":75,"languages":76,"type":77,"area":7,"programme":7,"websites":7,"summary":7,"pdf_text":7,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"countries":78,"tags":79,"pdf":80,"authors":81},[21],[73],{"url":24,"caption":25},[],[28],[15],[31],[],[46,59,60,61],[63],[65],{"id":83,"name":84},1381,"Health",{"id":60,"publications_id":86,"tags_id":98},{"id":5,"status":6,"sort":7,"user_created":48,"date_created":8,"user_updated":49,"date_updated":9,"nid":10,"slug":11,"image":33,"title":12,"body":13,"citation":14,"language":15,"year":16,"publisher":17,"date_published":18,"external":19,"topic":87,"link_internal":88,"link_external":90,"featured":19,"topics":91,"languages":92,"type":93,"area":7,"programme":7,"websites":7,"summary":7,"pdf_text":7,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"countries":94,"tags":95,"pdf":96,"authors":97},[21],[89],{"url":24,"caption":25},[],[28],[15],[31],[],[46,59,60,61],[63],[65],{"id":99,"name":100},1306,"Governance",{"id":61,"publications_id":102,"tags_id":114},{"id":5,"status":6,"sort":7,"user_created":48,"date_created":8,"user_updated":49,"date_updated":9,"nid":10,"slug":11,"image":33,"title":12,"body":13,"citation":14,"language":15,"year":16,"publisher":17,"date_published":18,"external":19,"topic":103,"link_internal":104,"link_external":106,"featured":19,"topics":107,"languages":108,"type":109,"area":7,"programme":7,"websites":7,"summary":7,"pdf_text":7,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"countries":110,"tags":111,"pdf":112,"authors":113},[21],[105],{"url":24,"caption":25},[],[28],[15],[31],[],[46,59,60,61],[63],[65],{"id":115,"name":116},1371,"Public governance",[118],{"id":63,"publications_id":119,"directus_files_id":131},{"id":5,"status":6,"sort":7,"user_created":48,"date_created":8,"user_updated":49,"date_updated":9,"nid":10,"slug":11,"image":33,"title":12,"body":13,"citation":14,"language":15,"year":16,"publisher":17,"date_published":18,"external":19,"topic":120,"link_internal":121,"link_external":123,"featured":19,"topics":124,"languages":125,"type":126,"area":7,"programme":7,"websites":7,"summary":7,"pdf_text":7,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"countries":127,"tags":128,"pdf":129,"authors":130},[21],[122],{"url":24,"caption":25},[],[28],[15],[31],[],[46,59,60,61],[63],[65],{"id":132,"storage":34,"filename_disk":133,"filename_download":134,"title":134,"type":135,"folder":136,"uploaded_by":48,"created_on":8,"modified_by":7,"modified_on":8,"charset":7,"filesize":137,"width":7,"height":7,"duration":7,"embed":7,"description":138,"location":7,"tags":7,"metadata":7,"focal_point_x":7,"focal_point_y":7,"tus_id":7,"tus_data":7,"uploaded_on":8},"30841754-7345-401b-b72b-e6bf4acac3c3","30841754-7345-401b-b72b-e6bf4acac3c3.pdf","biog-working-paper-10.pdf","application\u002Fpdf","67f22e04-d26f-4baa-b91f-acc5f89d87f5",1836353,"View PDF",[140],{"id":65,"publications_id":141,"authors_id":153},{"id":5,"status":6,"sort":7,"user_created":48,"date_created":8,"user_updated":49,"date_updated":9,"nid":10,"slug":11,"image":33,"title":12,"body":13,"citation":14,"language":15,"year":16,"publisher":17,"date_published":18,"external":19,"topic":142,"link_internal":143,"link_external":145,"featured":19,"topics":146,"languages":147,"type":148,"area":7,"programme":7,"websites":7,"summary":7,"pdf_text":7,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"countries":149,"tags":150,"pdf":151,"authors":152},[21],[144],{"url":24,"caption":25},[],[28],[15],[31],[],[46,59,60,61],[63],[65],{"id":154,"name":155,"position":7,"image":156},295,"Claudia Baez Camargo","efaca248-6b57-4e2e-af40-614056eb022c",[158,231,281,344,395,438,476,531,574,618],{"id":159,"slug":160,"title":161,"status":6,"nid":162,"year":163,"body":164,"external":19,"topic":165,"language":15,"type":167,"date_published":169,"image":170,"citation":171,"publisher":172,"link_internal":173,"link_external":174,"authors":181,"countries":198,"tags":203,"pdf":224,"topics":226,"featured":19,"languages":7,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":48,"date_created":227,"user_updated":49,"date_updated":228,"main_points":229,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":230},2433,"addressing-conflicts-interest-and-corruption-indonesias-energy-transition","Addressing conflicts of interest and corruption in Indonesia’s energy transition",2936,2026,"This U4 Issue analyses Indonesia's ambitious energy transition and highlights how political finance, weak regulations and a \"revolving door\" of personnel between public office and the private sector create vulnerabilities. The publication was produced by U4 and the Basel Institute on Governance through its Green Corruption programme.\n\n\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fsites\u002Fdefault\u002Ffiles\u002F2026-02\u002FAddressing-conflicts-of-interest-and-corruption-in-indonesia-s-energy-transition_U4-Issue.pdf\">Download publication here\u003C\u002Fa>.\n\n### About the paper\n\nConflicts of interest and corruption in Indonesia's political economy pose significant risks to its energy transition, including the Just Energy Transition Partnership. Existing legal and institutional frameworks are fragmented, inconsistently applied, and often fail to address the risk of state capture by powerful political and economic actors, especially in the extractive and energy sectors.\n\nThe reliance on fossil fuel industries for political financing and the monopolistic nature of state-owned entities further complicate the shift to a low- or no-carbon system, despite the country's ambitious renewable energy targets.\n\nPotential pathways to greater anti-corruption resilience lie in improvements to beneficial ownership transparency and strengthening regulation, monitoring and sanctioning of conflict of interest violations.\n",[166],"Green Corruption",[168],"Report","2026-02-24","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002Fd97f2ca5-300d-45c9-9de9-33152b72f96c?width=600&height=840","","U4 Anti-Corruption Resource Centre",[],[175,178],{"url":176,"caption":177},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.u4.no\u002Fpublications\u002Faddressing-conflicts-of-interest-and-corruption-in-indonesia-s-energy-transition"," View on U4 website",{"url":179,"caption":180},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.u4.no\u002Fblog\u002Fimproving-anti-corruption-resilience-in-indonesia-s-energy-transition"," Read related U4 blog",[182,186,190,194],{"authors_id":183},{"id":184,"name":185},581,"Robert Forster",{"authors_id":187},{"id":188,"name":189},582,"Aled Williams",{"authors_id":191},{"id":192,"name":193},523,"Lakso Anindito",{"authors_id":195},{"id":196,"name":197},579,"Dr Amanda Cabrejo le Roux",[199],{"countries_id":200},{"id":201,"name":202},99,"Indonesia",[204,208,212,216,218,222],{"tags_id":205},{"id":206,"name":207},982,"Anti-corruption",{"tags_id":209},{"id":210,"name":211},818,"Anti-money laundering",{"tags_id":213},{"id":214,"name":215},804,"Natural resources",{"tags_id":217},{"id":115,"name":116},{"tags_id":219},{"id":220,"name":221},1236,"Compliance",{"tags_id":223},{"id":67,"name":68},[225],2489,[166],"2026-02-27T15:11:31.000Z","2026-05-23T20:08:18.000Z","- Corruption and conflicts of interest are embedded in the energy transition process due to the strong links between political power, private wealth (especially from extractive industries) and public office holders.\n- Existing anti-corruption regulations are often vague, fragmented across different legal instruments, and suffer from inconsistent enforcement, which creates loopholes susceptible to manipulation.\n- Progress in renewable energy uptake is slowed by the enduring influence and interests of fossil fuel incumbents who benefit from subsidies that keep coal an artificially cheap and viable energy source.\n- The Just Energy Transition Partnership is vulnerable to misallocations due to concentrated decision-making power, limited transparency in project selection and insufficient involvement of national anti-corruption bodies and civil society in its planning.\n- Improving transparency of beneficial ownership and strengthening the monitoring and sanctioning of conflict of interest violations are possible pathways to build greater anti-corruption resilience, though these institutional efforts alone are insufficient to fully address state capture dynamics.","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Faddressing-conflicts-interest-and-corruption-indonesias-energy-transition",{"id":232,"slug":233,"title":234,"status":6,"nid":235,"year":236,"body":237,"external":19,"topic":238,"language":15,"type":241,"date_published":242,"image":243,"citation":171,"publisher":17,"link_internal":244,"link_external":249,"authors":250,"countries":255,"tags":256,"pdf":273,"topics":275,"featured":19,"languages":277,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":48,"date_created":278,"user_updated":49,"date_updated":279,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":280},1798,"working-paper-36-revealing-networks-behind-corruption-and-money-laundering-schemes","Working Paper 36: Revealing the networks behind corruption and money laundering schemes: an analysis of the Toledo–Odebrecht case using social network analysis and network ethnography",2050,2021,"This working paper is based on an empirical investigation of corruption and illicit exchange related to the so-called “Lava Jato” or “Odebrecht” scandal. Focusing on former Peruvian President Alejandro Toledo and his laundering of bribes obtained from the construction giant Odebrecht, the analysis aims to test the usefulness of applying a network lens to better understand the mechanisms underlying grand corruption cases. It also aims to further illuminate the nexus between corruption and money laundering and the role of hidden and offshore financial infrastructures in facilitating the illicit schemes. \n\nThe research used a combination of social network analysis and network ethnography techniques to explore the following questions: \n\n\n- How do money laundering activities and offshore financial infrastructures sustain corruption? \n- Who are the key actors involved, how do they interact and what is their division of labour? \n- How do actors and clusters govern the social-financial web of relations? \n\n\nAnswering these questions with empirical evidence related to a specific case makes it possible to better understand how the connection between corruption and money laundering using offshore financial infrastructure works. It also supports the emerging understanding of corruption as a collective, transnational and financially advanced phenomenon. \n\n### About this report\n\nThis paper is part of the Basel Institute on Governance Working Paper Series, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.baselgovernance.org\u002Fpublications?type[]=255\">ISSN: 2624-9650\u003C\u002Fa>.\n\nIt is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). \n\nSuggested citation: Costa, J., 2021. *Revealing the networks behind corruption and money laundering schemes: an analysis of the Toledo–Odebrecht case using social network analysis and network ethnography*. Working Paper 36, Basel Institute on Governance. Available at: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fpublications\u002Fworking-paper-36-revealing-networks-behind-corruption-and-money-laundering-schemes\">https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fpublications\u002Fworking-paper-36-revealing-net…\u003C\u002Fa>",[239,240,21],"Anti-Money Laundering","Asset Recovery",[168,31],"2021-07-08","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002Fb9766eed-37a9-40e2-97d0-3b05e149b633?width=600&height=840",[245,248],{"url":246,"caption":247},"\u002Fresources\u002Fnews\u002Fnew-analysis-of-the-toledo-odebrecht-case-illuminates-the-complex-transnational-networks-behind-corruption-and-money-laundering-schemes-2051"," Summary \u002F blog by author",{"url":24,"caption":25},[],[251],{"authors_id":252},{"id":253,"name":254},304,"Jacopo Costa",[],[257,261,265,269,271],{"tags_id":258},{"id":259,"name":260},879,"Money laundering",{"tags_id":262},{"id":263,"name":264},1309,"Informality",{"tags_id":266},{"id":267,"name":268},1373,"Corruption prevention",{"tags_id":270},{"id":210,"name":211},{"tags_id":272},{"id":67,"name":68},[274],1833,[239,276,28],"Asset Recovery and Enforcement",[15],"2022-04-27T11:53:43.000Z","2026-06-02T14:08:41.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fworking-paper-36-revealing-networks-behind-corruption-and-money-laundering-schemes",{"id":282,"slug":283,"title":284,"status":6,"nid":285,"year":286,"body":287,"external":19,"topic":288,"language":15,"type":289,"date_published":290,"image":291,"citation":171,"publisher":17,"link_internal":292,"link_external":299,"authors":300,"countries":327,"tags":332,"pdf":337,"topics":339,"featured":19,"languages":340,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":48,"date_created":341,"user_updated":49,"date_updated":342,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":343},2227,"TZ-giftgiving","Using behavioural insights to reduce gift giving in a Tanzanian public hospital: Findings from a mixed-methods evaluation",2251,2022,"This is the final technical report of the research project \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Face.globalintegrity.org\u002Fprojects\u002Ftanzhealth\u002F\">Addressing bribery in the Tanzanian health sector: A behavioural approach\u003C\u002Fa>.\n\nPrevious research has shown that social norms of gift-giving and reciprocity are linked to patterns of bribery in the Tanzanian health sector. Health facility staff that do not accept a gift or reciprocate a favour are often punished by means of gossip, criticism, and even social isolation, further enforcing the norms. On the other hand, gift-giving and bribery exacerbate inequality in access to healthcare, as patients who are able and willing to give gifts might receive preferential treatment at the expense of those who cannot afford them. At the extreme, gifts and other unofficial payments become a requirement for access to services, with life threatening consequences for the most vulnerable groups.\n\nIn this mixed-methods evaluation we aimed to understand the feasibility and potential impact of a multi-component behavioural intervention on rates of gift exchange between users and staff of a public regional referral hospital in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. The intervention aimed to shift users’ (i.e. patients and individuals accompanying them to the health facility) and health providers’ attitudes and perceived social norms around gift-giving, and to reduce actual exchange of gifts (i.e. the behaviour).\n\nThis research project was funded by the Global Integrity Anti-Corruption Evidence Programme (GI-ACE), funded with UK aid from the UK government. The project implementation was a collaboration between the Basel Institute on Governance, the UK Behavioural Insights Team, the University of Dar es Salam and the University of Utrecht.\n\nThe technical report is free to share under a Creative Commons AttributionNonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) licence.",[21],[168],"2022-09-08","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002Fda338e5c-b31c-467a-bf3a-6af8e465fdec?width=600&height=840",[293,296],{"url":294,"caption":295},"\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fwp-40"," See related Working Paper: Developing anti-corruption interventions addressing social norms: Lessons from a field pilot in Tanzania",{"url":297,"caption":298},"\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fadopting-peer-led-approach-disseminate-anti-corruption-messages-results-network-survey"," See related paper: Results of the network survey",[],[301,303,307,311,315,319,323],{"authors_id":302},{"id":154,"name":155},{"authors_id":304},{"id":305,"name":306},505,"Violette Gadenne",{"authors_id":308},{"id":309,"name":310},506,"Veronica Mkoji",{"authors_id":312},{"id":313,"name":314},507,"Dilhan Perera",{"authors_id":316},{"id":317,"name":318},508,"Ruth Persian",{"authors_id":320},{"id":321,"name":322},370,"Richard Sambaiga",{"authors_id":324},{"id":325,"name":326},509,"Tobias Stark",[328],{"countries_id":329},{"id":330,"name":331},224,"Tanzania",[333,335],{"tags_id":334},{"id":206,"name":207},{"tags_id":336},{"id":83,"name":84},[338],2267,[28],[15],"2022-09-08T10:04:05.000Z","2026-06-02T14:09:01.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002FTZ-giftgiving",{"id":345,"slug":346,"title":347,"status":6,"nid":348,"year":286,"body":349,"external":19,"topic":350,"language":15,"type":351,"date_published":353,"image":354,"citation":355,"publisher":17,"link_internal":356,"link_external":360,"authors":361,"countries":370,"tags":377,"pdf":388,"topics":390,"featured":19,"languages":391,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":48,"date_created":392,"user_updated":49,"date_updated":393,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":394},1760,"policy-brief-9-informal-networks-and-what-they-mean-anti-corruption-practice","Policy Brief 9: Informal networks and what they mean for anti-corruption practice",2166,"Corruption is frequently associated with money alone and the behaviours of a few individual “bad apples” operating in otherwise healthy governance systems. This is too simplistic. As the latest research shows, including research in Tanzania and Uganda on which this Policy Brief is based, corruption is a networked phenomenon. This Policy Brief explains what this means and its implications for anti-corruption practice.\n\nWhen ordinary citizens and business people face problems, like constrained access to public services or an uneven playing field, they invest time, effort and resources in building informal networks.\n\nHeld together by personal connections and corrupt payments, these informal networks are a problem-solving mechanism. They allow members – such as business people, other citizens and public officials – to pursue a variety of goals. The networks aid in easing access to public services, for example, or helping a business to run smoothly, or securing business opportunities with the government. Informal networks can be leveraged to speed up long and complicated permit processes or exploit weaknesses in formal tender processes to obtain undue access to contracts. When red tape is used by public officials to extort bribes from service users, informal networks can help manage and overcome these demands. \n\nIn contexts in which these informal networks are widespread, the research shows that conventional anti-corruption measures, such as introducing more regulations, policies and controls, can actually backfire and increase corruption. \n\nBreaking this self-reinforcing cycle of networked corruption requires a shift in thinking and approaches:\n\n\n- **Focusing on networked corruption** as opposed to individual corrupt behaviours.\n- **Tackling corruption both from the demand and the supply side** by addressing inefficiencies and weaknesses in public systems that cause problems for ordinary citizens and business people. This may make it less likely that they will resort to corruption through informal networks to overcome the public service weaknesses.\n- **Harnessing informal networks for anti-corruption objectives.** This includes leveraging new insights into social norms and networks and establishing Collective Action initiatives to better target the underlying drivers of corruption.\n\n\n## About this Policy Brief\n\nThis publication is part of the Basel Institute on Governance Policy Brief series, ISSN 2624-9669. It presents findings from a research project entitled “\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Face.globalintegrity.org\u002Fprojects\u002Finformality\u002F\">Harnessing informality: Designing anti-corruption network interventions and strategic use of legal instruments\u003C\u002Fa>”, funded by UK Aid as part of the Global Integrity Anti-Corruption Evidence Programme (GI-ACE).\n\nIt is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). ",[21],[352],"Policy Brief","2022-02-21","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002Fc9f50b43-2246-4e39-a1b1-052b0e9829f1?width=600&height=840","Baez Camargo, Claudia, Jacopo Costa, and Saba Kassa. 2022. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fpublications\u002Fpolicy-brief-9-informal-networks-and-what-they-mean-anti-corruption-practice\">Informal networks and what they mean for anti-corruption practice.\u003C\u002Fa> *Policy Brief* 9, Basel Institute on Governance.",[357],{"url":358,"caption":359},"\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications?type=Policy%20Brief"," View all Policy Briefs",[],[362,364,366],{"authors_id":363},{"id":154,"name":155},{"authors_id":365},{"id":253,"name":254},{"authors_id":367},{"id":368,"name":369},303,"Saba Kassa",[371,373],{"countries_id":372},{"id":330,"name":331},{"countries_id":374},{"id":375,"name":376},226,"Uganda",[378,380,384,386],{"tags_id":379},{"id":206,"name":207},{"tags_id":381},{"id":382,"name":383},909,"Collective Action",{"tags_id":385},{"id":67,"name":68},{"tags_id":387},{"id":263,"name":264},[389],1786,[28],[15],"2022-04-27T11:53:17.000Z","2026-06-02T14:09:04.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fpolicy-brief-9-informal-networks-and-what-they-mean-anti-corruption-practice",{"id":396,"slug":397,"title":398,"status":6,"nid":399,"year":286,"body":400,"external":19,"topic":401,"language":15,"type":402,"date_published":404,"image":405,"citation":171,"publisher":406,"link_internal":407,"link_external":412,"authors":419,"countries":422,"tags":423,"pdf":432,"topics":433,"featured":19,"languages":434,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":48,"date_created":435,"user_updated":49,"date_updated":436,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":437},1764,"nexus-between-corruption-and-money-laundering-deconstructing-toledo-odebrecht-network","The nexus between corruption and money laundering: deconstructing the Toledo‑Odebrecht network in Peru",2168,"The paper targets the nexus between corruption and money laundering. Scholars and practitioners recently observed how offshore financial centers and financial infrastructures have become central in facilitating corruption and other criminal activities. \n\nOffshore vehicles often serve to conceal the connections between business people and politically exposed persons. Secrecy jurisdictions and service providers have emerged as key actors in these illicit schemes. \n\nThe paper explores the following questions: \n\n\n- How do money laundering activities and offshore financial infrastructures sustain corruption? \n- Who are the key actors involved, how do they interact, and their division of labor? \n- How do actors and clusters govern the social-financial web of relations? \n\n\nIt applies a combination of social network analysis (SNA) and network ethnography to the corrupt connection between the former Peruvian President Alejandro Toledo and the Brazilian construction giant Odebrecht Group. The research analyzes publicly available data from the Lava Jato and Ecoteva investigations in Brazil and Peru. It deconstructs the illicit scheme’s mechanisms step-by-step, uncovers the functions of different actors and clusters, and illuminates the social norms and informal governance practices that regulate the exchange. \n\nThe research highlights how the financial infrastructures of the private and public spheres are integrated and analyzes the informal governance system designed to control the transnational corruption network. The study makes it possible to understand how the nexus between corruption and money laundering works. It also supports the emerging understanding of corruption as a collective, transnational and financially advanced phenomenon.\n\n### Acknowledgement and citation\n\nThe paper is based on research conducted as part of a collaboration  between the Basel Institute’s \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fpublic-governance\">Public Governance\u003C\u002Fa> team and its \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fasset-recovery\">International Centre for Asset Recovery\u003C\u002Fa> (ICAR). \n\nCitation: Costa, Jacopo. 2022. \"The nexus between corruption and money laundering: deconstructing the Toledo-Odebrecht network in Peru.\" *Trends in Organized Crime*. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fs12117-021-09439-6\">https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fs12117-021-09439-6\u003C\u002Fa>",[240,21],[403],"Article","2022-01-22","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002F4b7fd4da-0259-4632-8540-f820c115706d?width=600&height=840","Trends in Organized Crime",[408,410],{"url":280,"caption":409}," See related Basel Institute Working Paper 36: Revealing the networks behind corruption and money laundering schemes: an analysis of the Toledo–Odebrecht case using social network analysis and network ethnography",{"url":246,"caption":411}," See related blog: New analysis of the Toledo-Odebrecht case illuminates the complex transnational networks behind corruption and money laundering schemes",[413,416],{"url":414,"caption":415},"https:\u002F\u002Frdcu.be\u002FcFtsR","View article (full text, no download)",{"url":417,"caption":418},"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fs12117-021-09439-6"," Log in to Springer Link to download article",[420],{"authors_id":421},{"id":253,"name":254},[],[424,426,428],{"tags_id":425},{"id":67,"name":68},{"tags_id":427},{"id":259,"name":260},{"tags_id":429},{"id":430,"name":431},967,"Organised crime",[],[276,28],[15],"2022-04-27T11:53:20.000Z","2026-06-02T14:09:05.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fnexus-between-corruption-and-money-laundering-deconstructing-toledo-odebrecht-network",{"id":439,"slug":440,"title":441,"status":6,"nid":442,"year":236,"body":443,"external":19,"topic":444,"language":15,"type":445,"date_published":446,"image":447,"citation":171,"publisher":17,"link_internal":448,"link_external":449,"authors":450,"countries":455,"tags":460,"pdf":469,"topics":471,"featured":19,"languages":472,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":48,"date_created":473,"user_updated":49,"date_updated":474,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":475},1801,"gendered-corruption-initial-insights-sextortion-and-double-bribery-affecting-female","Gendered corruption: Initial insights into sextortion and double bribery affecting female businesswomen in Malawi",2040,"This report offers an initial insight into the problem of gendered corruption, including sextortion and so-called double bribery, based on interviews with 19 businesswomen in Malawi. Part of a wider research project into procurement corruption, the interviews aimed to explore the extent of gendered corruption as a coercive form of social exchange, as well as the role of informal corrupt networks in magnifying gender-specific inequalities.\n\nThough based on a small sample in one particular context, the findings indicate that more research into this topic is urgently needed globally with a view to mainstreaming sexual corruption into anti-corruption programming. Initial findings indicate that:\n\n\n- Sextortion, forced sexual favours, \"double bribery\" and other forms of sexual corruption are perceived to be widespread in Malawi. \n- Women's risk of being subjected to sexual corruption increases in informal network settings, such as those in which business takes place.\n- Socio-economic factors and gender-imbalanced power dynamics play an important role in enabling sexual corruption to take place with impunity.\n- Trustworthy reporting and support mechanisms for sexual corruption are said to be lacking. \n- Existing female-only business self-help groups could provide a strong base for enabling women to address issues of sexual corruption and related gendered violence. \n\n\nOverall, there is a great need for more research and policy attention globally to gendered corruption and related issues that still remain – tragically – hidden from view or considered as normal. \n\n### About this publication\n\nThe research underpinning this report has been undertaken in support of the Tackling Serious and Organised Crime (TSOC) programme in Malawi, which is funded by the UK Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office.\n\nThis work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0).\n\nSuggested citation: Stahl, C., 2021. *Gendered corruption: Initial insights into sextortion and double bribery affecting female businesswomen in Malawi.* Basel Institute on Governance, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fpublications\u002Fgendered-corruption-initial-insights-sextortion-and-double-bribery-affecting-female\">https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fpublications\u002Fgendered-corruption-initial-in…\u003C\u002Fa>.",[21],[168],"2021-06-28","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002F5b923df6-8ac9-4ee3-8161-d9b3fe92ac9a?width=600&height=840",[],[],[451],{"authors_id":452},{"id":453,"name":454},354,"Cosimo Stahl",[456],{"countries_id":457},{"id":458,"name":459},153,"Malawi",[461,463,467],{"tags_id":462},{"id":67,"name":68},{"tags_id":464},{"id":465,"name":466},848,"Behavioural science",{"tags_id":468},{"id":263,"name":264},[470],1836,[28],[15],"2022-04-27T11:53:45.000Z","2026-05-29T22:22:42.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fgendered-corruption-initial-insights-sextortion-and-double-bribery-affecting-female",{"id":477,"slug":478,"title":479,"status":6,"nid":480,"year":481,"body":482,"external":19,"topic":483,"language":15,"type":484,"date_published":485,"image":486,"citation":487,"publisher":488,"link_internal":489,"link_external":490,"authors":494,"countries":511,"tags":520,"pdf":525,"topics":526,"featured":19,"languages":527,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":48,"date_created":528,"user_updated":49,"date_updated":529,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":530},1842,"petty-corruption-public-sector-comparative-study-three-east-african-countries-through","Petty corruption in the public sector: A comparative study of three East African countries through a behavioural lens",1837,2020,"This article presents comparative evidence about the relevance of behavioural drivers in relation to petty corruption in three East African countries. It discusses the potential to incorporate behavioural insights into anti-corruption policy-making.\n\nPersistently high levels of bureaucratic corruption prevail in many countries across the African continent. This along with the limited effectiveness of conventional anti-corruption prescriptions call for a contextualised understanding of the multiple factors determining corruption-related decision-making.\n\nAdopting a behavioural lens involves accounting for the human factor as it relates to the effects of sociality and social constructs on propensities for corruption. As such, this novel approach complements the literature that has sought to understand corruption on the basis of political, economic, and institutional drivers and constraints.\n\nField research conducted in Tanzania, Uganda and Rwanda found evidence for such behavioural drivers, showing that citizens are swayed by social pressures and beliefs that ultimately spur petty corruption by endorsing associated maladaptive practices. Sustained by social norms of group solidarity and reciprocity and legitimised by commonly shared perceptions of corruption as the norm, the research points to a problematic overlap of the public (formal) and the socio-cultural (informal) spheres.\n\nBy adding a behavioural dimension to the study of the drivers of corruption, this article seeks to contribute towards the development of more effective anti-corruption policy formulation that acknowledges the pitfalls attached to behavioural factors that conventional anti-corruption prescriptions have largely failed to address.\n\nThe article was published in the open-access African Studies journal on 19 August 2020.",[21],[403],"2020-08-19","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002F4bc5fb34-b953-48d6-8727-a9a2200a2327?width=600&height=840","Claudia Baez-Camargo, Paul Bukuluki, Richard Sambaiga, Tharcisse Gatwa, Saba Kassa & Cosimo Stahl (2020): Petty corruption in the public sector: A comparative study of three East African countries through a behavioural lens, African Studies","African Studies",[],[491],{"url":492,"caption":493},"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1080\u002F00020184.2020.1803729","View article",[495,497,501,503,507,509],{"authors_id":496},{"id":154,"name":155},{"authors_id":498},{"id":499,"name":500},369,"Paul Bukuluki",{"authors_id":502},{"id":321,"name":322},{"authors_id":504},{"id":505,"name":506},371,"Tharcisse Gatwa",{"authors_id":508},{"id":368,"name":369},{"authors_id":510},{"id":453,"name":454},[512,514,516],{"countries_id":513},{"id":330,"name":331},{"countries_id":515},{"id":375,"name":376},{"countries_id":517},{"id":518,"name":519},189,"Rwanda",[521,523],{"tags_id":522},{"id":67,"name":68},{"tags_id":524},{"id":465,"name":466},[],[28],[15],"2022-04-27T11:54:10.000Z","2026-05-29T22:22:49.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fpetty-corruption-public-sector-comparative-study-three-east-african-countries-through",{"id":532,"slug":533,"title":534,"status":6,"nid":535,"year":536,"body":537,"external":19,"topic":538,"language":15,"type":541,"date_published":542,"image":543,"citation":544,"publisher":545,"link_internal":546,"link_external":547,"authors":551,"countries":560,"tags":565,"pdf":568,"topics":569,"featured":19,"languages":7,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":48,"date_created":571,"user_updated":49,"date_updated":572,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":573},2402,"when-you-have-corrupt-friends-abroad-impact-strategic-corruption-sudans-democratic","When You Have Corrupt Friends Abroad: The Impact of Strategic Corruption on Sudan’s Democratic Collapse",2801,2025,"A new peer-reviewed journal article looks into how corruption undermines democracies, with a specific focus on a context of weak governance.\n\n### Abstract\n\nMuch attention on strategic corruption has focused on how corruption can be weaponised to undermine democracy. This article takes a different angle, namely to understand this phenomenon from the perspective of the country that is the “target” of strategic corruption in a context of weak governance. The focus is on Sudan, where, in 2019, the civilian-military government led by Prime Minister Hamdok began an ambitious transition to democratic governance and adopting anti-corruption reforms, but this transition ended in 2023 with state collapse and conflict.\n\nUsing desk research and media analysis, the article explains the key points of contention among key actors and how external actors, through strategic corruption, became part of this story, ultimately helping to perpetuate the negative downward cycle.\n\nCritically, rather than framing countries in the Global South as passive victims of strategic corruption, the analysis shows that political actors are active antagonists and, in their efforts to resist reform, build alliances with external actors who can help them achieve their goals. What is exchanged is access to valuable resources, which fuels corruption and undermines governance.\n\n",[539,540],"Prevention","Research and Innovation",[403],"2025-04-29","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002F5a1b9c44-e361-4428-92ae-3f1c5d75e750?width=600&height=840","Karar, H., & Kassa, S. (2025). When You Have Corrupt Friends Abroad: The Impact of Strategic Corruption on Sudan’s Democratic Collapse. *Public Integrity*, 1–14. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1080\u002F10999922.2025.2494910\">https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1080\u002F10999922.2025.2494910\u003C\u002Fa>","Public Integrity (Routledge - Taylor & Francis Group)",[],[548],{"url":549,"caption":550},"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1080\u002F10999922.2025.2494910","View article on publisher website",[552,556],{"authors_id":553},{"id":554,"name":555},559,"Dr Saba Kassa",{"authors_id":557},{"id":558,"name":559},563,"Haytham Karar",[561],{"countries_id":562},{"id":563,"name":564},193,"Sudan",[566],{"tags_id":567},{"id":67,"name":68},[],[570],"Prevention Research and Innovation","2025-04-30T10:05:28.000Z","2026-05-23T20:08:05.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fwhen-you-have-corrupt-friends-abroad-impact-strategic-corruption-sudans-democratic",{"id":575,"slug":576,"title":577,"status":6,"nid":578,"year":536,"body":579,"external":19,"topic":580,"language":15,"type":581,"date_published":583,"image":584,"citation":171,"publisher":17,"link_internal":585,"link_external":589,"authors":590,"countries":597,"tags":598,"pdf":611,"topics":613,"featured":614,"languages":615,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":48,"date_created":616,"user_updated":49,"date_updated":9,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":617},2393,"qg38","Quick Guide 38: Border corruption",2766,"Border corruption – defined simply as an illegal exchange between border officials and private actors – is a complex phenomenon with serious impacts on safety, health and security. And stopping it isn’t as easy as just stepping up enforcement.\n\nThis Quick Guide covers the what, who and why of border corruption. It is based on deep research for the EU-funded \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fnews\u002Ffalcon-takes-basel-institute-contribute-anti-corruption-expertise-eu-research-project\">FALCON project\u003C\u002Fa>. More such research is needed to help design effective strategies to prevent corruption from undermining border security.\n\n### About this Quick Guide\n\nYou are free to share and republish this work under a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-nc-nd\u002F4.0\u002F\">Creative Commons BY-NC-ND 4.0 Licence\u003C\u002Fa>. It is part of the Basel Institute on Governance Quick Guide series, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.baselgovernance.org\u002Fpublications?type=2428\">ISSN 2673-5229\u003C\u002Fa>.",[539,540],[582],"Quick Guide","2025-02-27","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002F527d8fca-b273-4fce-aa2f-d58c09b6f41b?width=600&height=840",[586],{"url":587,"caption":588},"\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications?type=Quick%20Guide"," View all Quick Guides",[],[591,595],{"authors_id":592},{"id":593,"name":594},550,"Dr Jacopo Costa",{"authors_id":596},{"id":554,"name":555},[],[599,603,605,607],{"tags_id":600},{"id":601,"name":602},859,"Corruption risks",{"tags_id":604},{"id":430,"name":431},{"tags_id":606},{"id":67,"name":68},{"tags_id":608},{"id":609,"name":610},1374,"Law enforcement",[612],2434,[570],true,[15],"2025-02-27T11:05:31.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fqg38",{"id":619,"slug":620,"title":621,"status":6,"nid":622,"year":536,"body":623,"external":19,"topic":624,"language":15,"type":625,"date_published":626,"image":627,"citation":171,"publisher":17,"link_internal":628,"link_external":633,"authors":634,"countries":641,"tags":642,"pdf":649,"topics":652,"featured":614,"languages":653,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":48,"date_created":654,"user_updated":49,"date_updated":655,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":656},2388,"qg37","Quick Guide 37: Strategic corruption",2757,"This quick guide is the second in a two-part series on the tangible yet under-addressed impacts of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fpublications\u002Fqg36\">corruption on security\u003C\u002Fa> and the complex power dynamics at play.\n\nThis second guide goes deeper into a specific security threat: when states use corruption to gain power and influence over other states and even as a geopolitical tool.\n\nIt looks at common features characterising strategic corruption cases, explores what is *strategic* about it and what this means for governance and security. It highlights the usefulness of “strategic corruption” as an analytical concept, but also urges caution in using it to guide domestic security or foreign policy decisions, or approaches to countering corruption.\n\n### About this Quick Guide\n\nYou are free to share and republish this work under a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-nc-nd\u002F4.0\u002F\">Creative Commons BY-NC-ND 4.0 Licence\u003C\u002Fa>. It is part of the Basel Institute on Governance Quick Guide series, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.baselgovernance.org\u002Fpublications?type=2428\">ISSN 2673-5229\u003C\u002Fa>.",[539,540],[582],"2025-02-10","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002Fa55015c6-0d4a-467c-a507-41fff2ecc82f?width=600&height=840",[629,632],{"url":630,"caption":631},"\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fqg36"," View related Quick Guide to corruption and security",{"url":587,"caption":588},[],[635,637],{"authors_id":636},{"id":554,"name":555},{"authors_id":638},{"id":639,"name":640},296,"Monica Guy",[],[643,645],{"tags_id":644},{"id":67,"name":68},{"tags_id":646},{"id":647,"name":648},1376,"Defence and security",[650,651],2439,2440,[570],[15],"2025-02-10T11:05:55.000Z","2026-06-02T14:08:50.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fqg37",1780676553675]