[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":705},["ShallowReactive",2],{"publication-working-paper-1-anti-money-laundering-levelling-playing-field":3,"related-working-paper-1-anti-money-laundering-levelling-playing-field":202},[4],{"id":5,"status":6,"sort":7,"date_created":8,"date_updated":9,"nid":10,"slug":11,"title":12,"body":13,"citation":14,"language":15,"year":16,"publisher":17,"date_published":18,"external":19,"topic":20,"link_internal":24,"link_external":28,"featured":19,"topics":29,"languages":31,"type":32,"area":7,"programme":7,"websites":7,"summary":7,"pdf_text":7,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"image":35,"countries":46,"tags":127,"pdf":144,"authors":167},2185,"published",null,"2022-04-27T11:57:57.000Z","2026-06-02T14:08:57.000Z",28,"working-paper-1-anti-money-laundering-levelling-playing-field","Working Paper 1: Anti-money laundering: Levelling the playing field","Switzerland is frequently accused of being reluctant to take thorough measures to fight money laundering. Both the Swiss authorities and the banks in Switzerland strongly reject such accusations. We are convinced that our anti-money laundering measures are best market practice.\n\nWhat are the reasons for these markedly different viewpoints? Can they be explained by conceptual differences? Are the negative statements the result of insufficient knowledge of our legal provisions, or are they simply motivated by the political desire of the respective commentators to divert public attention from the deficient anti-money laundering policies in their own countries?\n\nA comparison of our measures with the most important competing financial centres could help to answer these questions. The SFS Stiftung Finanzplatz Schweiz – a foundation initiated by the foreign banks in Switzerland – commissioned Professor Mark Pieth of the Basel Institute on Governance to conduct a comparative study of anti-money laundering regulations in the UK, the US and Singapore, the three financial centres which closely compete with the Swiss private banking sector. Professor Pieth is a renowned expert in the field and has close contacts with the international experts who also contributed to the project with in-depth country studies.\n\n### About this Working Paper\n\nThis paper is part of the Basel Institute on Governance Working Paper Series, \u003Ca href=\"\u002Fpublications?type[]=255\">ISSN: 2624-9650\u003C\u002Fa>.","Pieth, M., Aiolfi, G. (2003). 'Anti-Money Laundering: Levelling the Playing Field'. Working Paper 01, Basel Institute on Governance.","English",2003,"Basel Institute on Governance","2003-01-01",false,[21,22,23],"Anti-Money Laundering","Compliance","Public Finance Management",[25],{"url":26,"caption":27},"\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications?type=Working%20Paper"," View all Working Papers",[],[21,30,23],"Business Integrity Ethics and Compliance",[15],[33,34],"Report","Working Paper",{"id":36,"storage":37,"filename_disk":38,"filename_download":39,"title":40,"type":41,"created_on":8,"modified_on":8,"charset":7,"filesize":42,"width":43,"height":44,"duration":7,"embed":7,"description":7,"location":7,"tags":7,"metadata":45,"focal_point_x":7,"focal_point_y":7,"tus_id":7,"tus_data":7,"uploaded_on":8},"df613d01-37f1-4d88-ba4a-c286f096df0e","local","df613d01-37f1-4d88-ba4a-c286f096df0e.jpg","Biog-working-paper-01.jpg","Biog_working_paper_01.jpg","image\u002Fjpeg",131711,2066,2947,{},[47,76,95,108],{"id":48,"publications_id":49,"countries_id":70},966,{"id":5,"status":6,"sort":7,"user_created":50,"date_created":8,"user_updated":51,"date_updated":9,"nid":10,"slug":11,"image":36,"title":12,"body":13,"citation":14,"language":15,"year":16,"publisher":17,"date_published":18,"external":19,"topic":52,"link_internal":53,"link_external":55,"featured":19,"topics":56,"languages":57,"type":58,"area":7,"programme":7,"websites":7,"summary":7,"pdf_text":7,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"countries":59,"tags":63,"pdf":65,"authors":67},"03bebfd8-0b40-4a2a-820d-b9d9c13b9de6","3d9ff205-1640-4f34-b5b6-86977f51bbd6",[21,22,23],[54],{"url":26,"caption":27},[],[21,30,23],[15],[33,34],[48,60,61,62],967,968,969,[64],4295,[66],2226,[68,69],2408,2409,{"id":71,"name":72,"code":73,"latitude":74,"longitude":75},41,"Switzerland","CH",46.81819,8.22751,{"id":60,"publications_id":77,"countries_id":89},{"id":5,"status":6,"sort":7,"user_created":50,"date_created":8,"user_updated":51,"date_updated":9,"nid":10,"slug":11,"image":36,"title":12,"body":13,"citation":14,"language":15,"year":16,"publisher":17,"date_published":18,"external":19,"topic":78,"link_internal":79,"link_external":81,"featured":19,"topics":82,"languages":83,"type":84,"area":7,"programme":7,"websites":7,"summary":7,"pdf_text":7,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"countries":85,"tags":86,"pdf":87,"authors":88},[21,22,23],[80],{"url":26,"caption":27},[],[21,30,23],[15],[33,34],[48,60,61,62],[64],[66],[68,69],{"id":90,"name":91,"code":92,"latitude":93,"longitude":94},225,"Ukraine","UA",48.37943,31.16558,{"id":61,"publications_id":96,"countries_id":7},{"id":5,"status":6,"sort":7,"user_created":50,"date_created":8,"user_updated":51,"date_updated":9,"nid":10,"slug":11,"image":36,"title":12,"body":13,"citation":14,"language":15,"year":16,"publisher":17,"date_published":18,"external":19,"topic":97,"link_internal":98,"link_external":100,"featured":19,"topics":101,"languages":102,"type":103,"area":7,"programme":7,"websites":7,"summary":7,"pdf_text":7,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"countries":104,"tags":105,"pdf":106,"authors":107},[21,22,23],[99],{"url":26,"caption":27},[],[21,30,23],[15],[33,34],[48,60,61,62],[64],[66],[68,69],{"id":62,"publications_id":109,"countries_id":121},{"id":5,"status":6,"sort":7,"user_created":50,"date_created":8,"user_updated":51,"date_updated":9,"nid":10,"slug":11,"image":36,"title":12,"body":13,"citation":14,"language":15,"year":16,"publisher":17,"date_published":18,"external":19,"topic":110,"link_internal":111,"link_external":113,"featured":19,"topics":114,"languages":115,"type":116,"area":7,"programme":7,"websites":7,"summary":7,"pdf_text":7,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"countries":117,"tags":118,"pdf":119,"authors":120},[21,22,23],[112],{"url":26,"caption":27},[],[21,30,23],[15],[33,34],[48,60,61,62],[64],[66],[68,69],{"id":122,"name":123,"code":124,"latitude":125,"longitude":126},195,"Singapore","SG",1.35208,103.81984,[128],{"id":64,"publications_id":129,"tags_id":141},{"id":5,"status":6,"sort":7,"user_created":50,"date_created":8,"user_updated":51,"date_updated":9,"nid":10,"slug":11,"image":36,"title":12,"body":13,"citation":14,"language":15,"year":16,"publisher":17,"date_published":18,"external":19,"topic":130,"link_internal":131,"link_external":133,"featured":19,"topics":134,"languages":135,"type":136,"area":7,"programme":7,"websites":7,"summary":7,"pdf_text":7,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"countries":137,"tags":138,"pdf":139,"authors":140},[21,22,23],[132],{"url":26,"caption":27},[],[21,30,23],[15],[33,34],[48,60,61,62],[64],[66],[68,69],{"id":142,"name":143},818,"Anti-money laundering",[145],{"id":66,"publications_id":146,"directus_files_id":158},{"id":5,"status":6,"sort":7,"user_created":50,"date_created":8,"user_updated":51,"date_updated":9,"nid":10,"slug":11,"image":36,"title":12,"body":13,"citation":14,"language":15,"year":16,"publisher":17,"date_published":18,"external":19,"topic":147,"link_internal":148,"link_external":150,"featured":19,"topics":151,"languages":152,"type":153,"area":7,"programme":7,"websites":7,"summary":7,"pdf_text":7,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"countries":154,"tags":155,"pdf":156,"authors":157},[21,22,23],[149],{"url":26,"caption":27},[],[21,30,23],[15],[33,34],[48,60,61,62],[64],[66],[68,69],{"id":159,"storage":37,"filename_disk":160,"filename_download":161,"title":161,"type":162,"folder":163,"uploaded_by":50,"created_on":164,"modified_by":7,"modified_on":164,"charset":7,"filesize":165,"width":7,"height":7,"duration":7,"embed":7,"description":166,"location":7,"tags":7,"metadata":7,"focal_point_x":7,"focal_point_y":7,"tus_id":7,"tus_data":7,"uploaded_on":164},"d2b7468d-803d-4175-a40f-14796a66eeb7","d2b7468d-803d-4175-a40f-14796a66eeb7.pdf","WP01-Anti-Money-Laundering.pdf","application\u002Fpdf","67f22e04-d26f-4baa-b91f-acc5f89d87f5","2022-04-27T11:57:58.000Z",330886,"View PDF",[168,185],{"id":68,"publications_id":169,"authors_id":181},{"id":5,"status":6,"sort":7,"user_created":50,"date_created":8,"user_updated":51,"date_updated":9,"nid":10,"slug":11,"image":36,"title":12,"body":13,"citation":14,"language":15,"year":16,"publisher":17,"date_published":18,"external":19,"topic":170,"link_internal":171,"link_external":173,"featured":19,"topics":174,"languages":175,"type":176,"area":7,"programme":7,"websites":7,"summary":7,"pdf_text":7,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"countries":177,"tags":178,"pdf":179,"authors":180},[21,22,23],[172],{"url":26,"caption":27},[],[21,30,23],[15],[33,34],[48,60,61,62],[64],[66],[68,69],{"id":182,"name":183,"position":7,"image":184},302,"Mark Pieth","2f4f2174-a03c-4bd1-9cbc-848efef795c6",{"id":69,"publications_id":186,"authors_id":198},{"id":5,"status":6,"sort":7,"user_created":50,"date_created":8,"user_updated":51,"date_updated":9,"nid":10,"slug":11,"image":36,"title":12,"body":13,"citation":14,"language":15,"year":16,"publisher":17,"date_published":18,"external":19,"topic":187,"link_internal":188,"link_external":190,"featured":19,"topics":191,"languages":192,"type":193,"area":7,"programme":7,"websites":7,"summary":7,"pdf_text":7,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"countries":194,"tags":195,"pdf":196,"authors":197},[21,22,23],[189],{"url":26,"caption":27},[],[21,30,23],[15],[33,34],[48,60,61,62],[64],[66],[68,69],{"id":199,"name":200,"position":7,"image":201},289,"Gemma Aiolfi","4845fe89-9b82-4bd6-8249-94cda837f72b",[203,257,299,350,386,431,463,501,538,639],{"id":204,"slug":205,"title":206,"status":6,"nid":207,"year":208,"body":209,"external":19,"topic":210,"language":15,"type":212,"date_published":213,"image":214,"citation":215,"publisher":17,"link_internal":216,"link_external":220,"authors":224,"countries":233,"tags":238,"pdf":249,"topics":251,"featured":19,"languages":253,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":50,"date_created":254,"user_updated":51,"date_updated":255,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":256},2232,"wp-41","Working Paper 41: Targeting unexplained wealth in British Columbia",2288,2022,"The final recommendation of the Commission of Inquiry into Money Laundering in British Columbia (‘the Commission’) urged the government to legislate an unexplained wealth order (‘UWO’) as part of a wider approach to counter the prevalence of money laundering and proceeds of crime in the province.\n\nThis document analyses the feasibility of this recommendation. It:\n\n\n- **briefly explains the concept of unexplained wealth** and how it can be targeted through legislative instruments;\n- **outlines the reasons** for which the Commissioner proposed a UWO for British Columbia;\n- **explains how a UK-style UWO works** and assess the probability that a mechanism of this kind would successfully recover unexplained wealth in British Columbia; \n- **addresses the constitutional issues** that may arise if a UK-style UWO was introduced, as outlined by former Supreme Court Justice, the Honourable Thomas A. Cromwell C.C., in his annexed opinion to the report;\n- **explains other legislative options** that target unexplained wealth (including those in Western Australia and Ireland) and assess their constitutional compatibility and potential effectiveness as compared to a UK-style UWO;\n- **explores the legal rights issues** that may arise if either a UK-style UWO or a traditional UWO was introduced; and\n- **outlines the legislative safeguards** that could be put in place to reduce the risk that any such mechanisms would negatively impact on established legal rights.\n\n\n### About and acknowledgements\n\nThis document has been prepared by experts working with the Basel Institute on Governance, an independent not-for-profit organisation dedicated to countering corruption and other financial crimes, and the Vancouver Anti-Corruption Institute, an organisation devoted to anti-corruption efforts and legislative change. The collaboration was facilitated by the International Academy of Financial Crime Litigators, an independent, non-partisan global centre that shapes and advances financial crime litigation practices for the future.\n\n### Open-access licence and citation\n\nThe publication is part of the Basel Institute on Governance Working Paper Series, ISSN: 2624-9650. It is licensed for sharing and republishing under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-nc-nd\u002F4.0\u002F\">CC BY-NC-ND 4.0\u003C\u002Fa>).\n\nSuggested citation: Dornbierer, Andrew, and Jeffrey Simser. 2022. “Targeting unexplained wealth in British Columbia: An analysis of Recommendation 101 of the Final Report of the Commission of Inquiry into Money Laundering in British Columbia.” Working Paper 41, Basel Institute on Governance. Available at: baselgovernance.org\u002Fpublications\u002Fwp-41",[21,211],"Asset Recovery",[34],"2022-10-03","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002Fffb4289a-9a4b-434e-92bb-f85b8268c774?width=600&height=840","",[217],{"url":218,"caption":219},"\u002Fresources\u002Fnews\u002Ftargeting-unexplained-wealth-in-british-columbia-and-beyond-new-analysis-2287"," See related blog: Targeting unexplained wealth in British Columbia and beyond – new analysis",[221],{"url":222,"caption":223},"https:\u002F\u002Fillicitenrichment.baselgovernance.org\u002F"," See Illicit Enrichment, an open-access book and database on laws to target unexplained wealth",[225,229],{"authors_id":226},{"id":227,"name":228},306,"Andrew Dornbierer",{"authors_id":230},{"id":231,"name":232},511,"Jeffrey Simser",[234],{"countries_id":235},{"id":236,"name":237},36,"Canada",[239,243,245],{"tags_id":240},{"id":241,"name":242},821,"Unexplained wealth",{"tags_id":244},{"id":142,"name":143},{"tags_id":246},{"id":247,"name":248},1215,"Illicit financial flows",[250],2274,[21,252],"Asset Recovery and Enforcement",[15],"2022-10-03T16:04:07.000Z","2026-06-02T14:09:02.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fwp-41",{"id":258,"slug":259,"title":260,"status":6,"nid":261,"year":208,"body":262,"external":19,"topic":263,"language":15,"type":264,"date_published":265,"image":266,"citation":215,"publisher":267,"link_internal":268,"link_external":275,"authors":279,"countries":280,"tags":281,"pdf":292,"topics":294,"featured":19,"languages":295,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":50,"date_created":296,"user_updated":51,"date_updated":297,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":298},1767,"combating-virtual-assets-based-money-laundering-and-crypto-enabled-crime","Combating virtual assets-based money laundering and crypto-enabled crime: Recommendations of the Tripartite Working Group on Criminal Finances and Cryptocurrencies",2162,"These seven Recommendations emerge from the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002F5CrC\">5th Global Conference on Criminal Finances and Cryptocurrencies\u003C\u002Fa>, held virtually on 7-8 December 2021.\n\nThe annual conference is organised by the Working Group on Criminal Finances and Cryptocurrencies, a tripartite initiative of the Basel Institute on Governance, INTERPOL and Europol that dates back to 2014 and was formally established in 2016.\n\nThe Recommendations are intended to guide law enforcement, judicial authorities, regulators and the private sector in broad approaches that are necessary to protect citizens and the global economy from the risks of abuse of cryptocurrencies and other virtual assets.\n\nThey cover:\n\n\n- International cooperation\n- Virtual asset recovery\n- Public-private cooperation\n- Harmonised regulation and its effective implementation\n- Investigative techniques and technologies\n- Capacity building\n- Multidisciplinary approach, including through specialised law enforcement units\n\n\n ",[21,211],[33],"2022-01-13","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002F09f447ee-5e4c-4bb2-8cd2-cec0221ccfac?width=600&height=840","Basel Institute on Governance; INTERPOL; Europol",[269,272],{"url":270,"caption":271},"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002F5crc"," 5th Global Conference web page",{"url":273,"caption":274},"\u002Fresources\u002Fnews\u002Fthousands-gather-virtually-to-share-knowledge-of-virtual-assets-based-money-laundering-and-other-crypto-enabled-crimes-2145"," View press release",[276],{"url":277,"caption":278},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fplaylist?list=PLYRnhpCcnLP_4ZHA3Fg0xu2FY6QhQg8YT"," YouTube playlist - Conference day 1",[],[],[282,284,288],{"tags_id":283},{"id":142,"name":143},{"tags_id":285},{"id":286,"name":287},854,"Virtual assets",{"tags_id":289},{"id":290,"name":291},1374,"Law enforcement",[293],1789,[21,252],[15],"2022-04-27T11:53:22.000Z","2026-06-02T14:09:05.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fcombating-virtual-assets-based-money-laundering-and-crypto-enabled-crime",{"id":300,"slug":301,"title":302,"status":6,"nid":303,"year":304,"body":305,"external":19,"topic":306,"language":15,"type":308,"date_published":309,"image":310,"citation":215,"publisher":17,"link_internal":311,"link_external":316,"authors":317,"countries":322,"tags":323,"pdf":342,"topics":344,"featured":19,"languages":346,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":50,"date_created":347,"user_updated":51,"date_updated":348,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":349},1798,"working-paper-36-revealing-networks-behind-corruption-and-money-laundering-schemes","Working Paper 36: Revealing the networks behind corruption and money laundering schemes: an analysis of the Toledo–Odebrecht case using social network analysis and network ethnography",2050,2021,"This working paper is based on an empirical investigation of corruption and illicit exchange related to the so-called “Lava Jato” or “Odebrecht” scandal. Focusing on former Peruvian President Alejandro Toledo and his laundering of bribes obtained from the construction giant Odebrecht, the analysis aims to test the usefulness of applying a network lens to better understand the mechanisms underlying grand corruption cases. It also aims to further illuminate the nexus between corruption and money laundering and the role of hidden and offshore financial infrastructures in facilitating the illicit schemes. \n\nThe research used a combination of social network analysis and network ethnography techniques to explore the following questions: \n\n\n- How do money laundering activities and offshore financial infrastructures sustain corruption? \n- Who are the key actors involved, how do they interact and what is their division of labour? \n- How do actors and clusters govern the social-financial web of relations? \n\n\nAnswering these questions with empirical evidence related to a specific case makes it possible to better understand how the connection between corruption and money laundering using offshore financial infrastructure works. It also supports the emerging understanding of corruption as a collective, transnational and financially advanced phenomenon. \n\n### About this report\n\nThis paper is part of the Basel Institute on Governance Working Paper Series, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.baselgovernance.org\u002Fpublications?type[]=255\">ISSN: 2624-9650\u003C\u002Fa>.\n\nIt is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). \n\nSuggested citation: Costa, J., 2021. *Revealing the networks behind corruption and money laundering schemes: an analysis of the Toledo–Odebrecht case using social network analysis and network ethnography*. Working Paper 36, Basel Institute on Governance. Available at: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fpublications\u002Fworking-paper-36-revealing-networks-behind-corruption-and-money-laundering-schemes\">https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fpublications\u002Fworking-paper-36-revealing-net…\u003C\u002Fa>",[21,211,307],"Public Governance",[33,34],"2021-07-08","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002Fb9766eed-37a9-40e2-97d0-3b05e149b633?width=600&height=840",[312,315],{"url":313,"caption":314},"\u002Fresources\u002Fnews\u002Fnew-analysis-of-the-toledo-odebrecht-case-illuminates-the-complex-transnational-networks-behind-corruption-and-money-laundering-schemes-2051"," Summary \u002F blog by author",{"url":26,"caption":27},[],[318],{"authors_id":319},{"id":320,"name":321},304,"Jacopo Costa",[],[324,328,332,336,338],{"tags_id":325},{"id":326,"name":327},879,"Money laundering",{"tags_id":329},{"id":330,"name":331},1309,"Informality",{"tags_id":333},{"id":334,"name":335},1373,"Corruption prevention",{"tags_id":337},{"id":142,"name":143},{"tags_id":339},{"id":340,"name":341},973,"Corruption",[343],1833,[21,252,345],"Corruption Prevention and Public Governance",[15],"2022-04-27T11:53:43.000Z","2026-06-02T14:08:41.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fworking-paper-36-revealing-networks-behind-corruption-and-money-laundering-schemes",{"id":351,"slug":352,"title":353,"status":6,"nid":354,"year":355,"body":356,"external":19,"topic":357,"language":15,"type":358,"date_published":360,"image":361,"citation":215,"publisher":17,"link_internal":362,"link_external":363,"authors":364,"countries":369,"tags":370,"pdf":379,"topics":381,"featured":19,"languages":382,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":50,"date_created":383,"user_updated":51,"date_updated":384,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":385},2378,"qg34","Quick Guide 34: Public-private partnerships for financial intelligence sharing",2724,2024,"Financial intelligence is the staple food of investigations into corruption, money laundering and other financial crimes.\n\nMuch financial intelligence is held by private-sector institutions such as banks and other financial service providers. How does that get into the hands of law enforcement, where it can trigger or inform investigations? And how can we improve the system?\n\nThis Quick Guide gives a brief introduction to public-private partnerships or platforms for financial intelligence sharing. It sets out how they work in practice, and how they can improve the sharing of targeted, useful information between law enforcement and financial institutions.\n\n### About this Quick Guide\n\nYou are free to share and republish this work under a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-nc-nd\u002F4.0\u002F\">Creative Commons BY-NC-ND 4.0 Licence\u003C\u002Fa>. It is part of the Basel Institute on Governance Quick Guide series, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.baselgovernance.org\u002Fpublications?type=2428\">ISSN 2673-5229\u003C\u002Fa>.",[21,211],[359],"Quick Guide","2024-11-25","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002F01dea28f-22b8-47cd-bf86-ddee24683c2b?width=600&height=840",[],[],[365],{"authors_id":366},{"id":367,"name":368},327,"Simon Marsh",[],[371,375,377],{"tags_id":372},{"id":373,"name":374},1193,"Financial investigations",{"tags_id":376},{"id":142,"name":143},{"tags_id":378},{"id":290,"name":291},[380],2416,[21,252],[15],"2024-12-05T14:06:47.000Z","2026-05-31T22:51:55.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fqg34",{"id":387,"slug":388,"title":389,"status":6,"nid":390,"year":391,"body":392,"external":19,"topic":393,"language":15,"type":394,"date_published":396,"image":397,"citation":215,"publisher":17,"link_internal":398,"link_external":402,"authors":406,"countries":411,"tags":412,"pdf":424,"topics":426,"featured":19,"languages":427,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":50,"date_created":428,"user_updated":51,"date_updated":429,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":430},2295,"pb-12","Policy Brief 12: De-risking of Russian clients: best intentions, unintended consequences",2480,2023,"After the Russian invasion of Ukraine and the wide-reaching sanctions which ensued, many Western financial institutions began to de-risk Russian clients. Dealing with Russian clients, in many cases, has become expensive from a compliance point of view and toxic from the reputational side.\n\nHowever, the de-risking of unsanctioned Russian individuals may have a significant impact on the fight against financial crime by potentially causing:\n\n\n- an increase in the use of shadow\u002Funregulated channels of moving money;\n- a withdrawal of funds away from the European zone to sanctioned countries or non-cooperative jurisdictions;\n- severe burdens on the investigation of financial crimes (especially in relation to Russian assets and investments) and on international cooperation in criminal matters;\n- increased opportunities for enablers, such as unscrupulous lawyers and accountants, to take advantage of the situation.\n\n\nThis Policy Brief outlines the current situation and suggests how to better manage risk without having a negative impact on the fight against financial crime.\n\n### About this Policy Brief\n\nThis publication is part of the Basel Institute on Governance Policy Brief series, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fpublications?type[]=257\">ISSN 2624-9669\u003C\u002Fa> and relates to the Basel AML Index of money laundering risk.\n\nYou may freely share or republish it under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-nc-nd\u002F4.0\u002F\">CC BY-NC-ND 4.0\u003C\u002Fa>). Suggested citation: Boguslavska, Kateryna. 2023. ‘De-risking of Russian clients: best intentions, unintended consequences.’ Policy Brief 12, Basel Institute on Governance, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fpublications\u002Fpb-12\">https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fpublications\u002Fpb-12\u003C\u002Fa>.",[21,211],[395],"Policy Brief","2023-06-30","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002F8013d7b0-82aa-46f8-bde7-a8790f71a59e?width=600&height=840",[399],{"url":400,"caption":401},"\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications?type=Policy%20Brief"," View all Policy Briefs",[403],{"url":404,"caption":405},"https:\u002F\u002Findex.baselgovernance.org\u002F"," Visit Basel AML Index website",[407],{"authors_id":408},{"id":409,"name":410},301,"Kateryna Boguslavska",[],[413,415,418,422],{"tags_id":414},{"id":142,"name":143},{"tags_id":416},{"id":417,"name":22},1236,{"tags_id":419},{"id":420,"name":421},1227,"Sanctions",{"tags_id":423},{"id":290,"name":291},[425],2333,[21,252],[15],"2023-06-30T08:38:07.000Z","2026-06-02T14:09:08.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fpb-12",{"id":432,"slug":433,"title":434,"status":6,"nid":435,"year":391,"body":436,"external":19,"topic":437,"language":15,"type":438,"date_published":439,"image":440,"citation":215,"publisher":17,"link_internal":441,"link_external":442,"authors":446,"countries":449,"tags":450,"pdf":455,"topics":458,"featured":19,"languages":459,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":50,"date_created":460,"user_updated":51,"date_updated":461,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":462},2276,"quick-guide-29-money-laundering-and-sanctions-evasion-using-art-market","Quick Guide 29: Money laundering and sanctions evasion using the art market",2428,"The art market is often described as ‘niche’. In reality, it is a significant trade industry: sales of art and antiques by dealers and auction houses reached an estimated USD 65.1 billion in 2021. And like many industries of this size, it attracts people seeking to abuse it to launder proceeds of crime or evade sanctions.\n\nThis quick guide briefly explains the unique characteristics of the art market that make it vulnerable to this type of abuse. It also outlines steps that jurisdictions can take to prevent and combat abuse of the sector for illicit purposes.\n\n### About this Quick Guide\n\nThis work is licensed under a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-nc-nd\u002F4.0\u002F\">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License\u003C\u002Fa>. It is part of the Basel Institute on Governance Quick Guide series, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.baselgovernance.org\u002Fpublications?type=2428\">ISSN 2673-5229\u003C\u002Fa>.",[21,211],[359],"2023-04-12","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002F8029c862-8f97-4c17-8c3d-570ea42a1ba4?width=600&height=840",[],[443],{"url":444,"caption":445},"https:\u002F\u002Flearn.baselgovernance.org\u002Fcourse\u002Fview.php?id=176"," View on Basel LEARN",[447],{"authors_id":448},{"id":227,"name":228},[],[451,453],{"tags_id":452},{"id":326,"name":327},{"tags_id":454},{"id":142,"name":143},[456,457],2312,2313,[21,252],[15],"2023-04-12T10:04:20.000Z","2026-05-31T22:52:11.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fquick-guide-29-money-laundering-and-sanctions-evasion-using-art-market",{"id":464,"slug":465,"title":466,"status":6,"nid":467,"year":208,"body":468,"external":19,"topic":469,"language":15,"type":471,"date_published":472,"image":473,"citation":215,"publisher":17,"link_internal":474,"link_external":476,"authors":477,"countries":482,"tags":483,"pdf":494,"topics":496,"featured":19,"languages":497,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":50,"date_created":498,"user_updated":51,"date_updated":499,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":500},2202,"pb-10","Policy Brief 10: Using anti-money laundering frameworks to fight illegal wildlife trade in Uganda",2238,"In February 2020, Uganda made a high-level political commitment to work with the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) and Eastern and Southern Africa Anti-Money Laundering Group (ESAAMLG) to strengthen the effectiveness of its anti-money laundering (AML) regime. Among other commitments, Uganda undertook to demonstrate that law enforcement agencies and judicial authorities apply the money laundering offence consistent with the identified risks. \n\nStudies show that Uganda has high risks for cross-border movement of illegally obtained wildlife and wildlife products, both as a source and transit country. In addition, Uganda and the East African region in general have made some massive seizures of illegal wildlife products, which points to organised criminal activity. Notably, no money laundering prosecutions have to date arisen out of illegal wildlife trade (IWT) as a predicate offence in Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania.\n\nThis short Policy Brief provides an outline of how the AML framework (intelligence, investigations and prosecutions) can be utilised to help combat IWT and the corruption that facilitates it. The insights are drawn from the Ugandan context, but can be applied with appropriate adjustments to other jurisdictions seeking to strengthen efforts to combat IWT and related corruption\u002Fmoney laundering.\n\n### About this Policy Brief\n\nThis publication is part of the Basel Institute on Governance Policy Brief series, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fpublications?type[]=257\">ISSN 2624-9669\u003C\u002Fa>, and supports the Basel Institute's \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fgreen-corruption\">Green Corruption programme\u003C\u002Fa>.\n\nIt is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-nc-nd\u002F4.0\u002F\">CC BY-NC-ND 4.0\u003C\u002Fa>). Suggested citation: Walugembe, Tom. 2022. “Using anti-money laundering frameworks to fight illegal wildlife trade.” Policy Brief 10, Basel Institute on Governance. Available at: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fpb-10\">baselgovernance.org\u002Fpb-10\u003C\u002Fa>.\n\nThis Policy Brief was funded by UK Aid through the IWT Challenge Fund. The views expressed are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the views of the UK Government. This research is co-funded through a core donation to the Green Corruption programme from the Principality of Liechtenstein.",[21,211,470],"Green Corruption",[395],"2022-06-21","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002Faf0b4619-3c02-4eeb-a367-8920b50482cc?width=600&height=840",[475],{"url":400,"caption":401},[],[478],{"authors_id":479},{"id":480,"name":481},311,"Tom Walugembe",[],[484,486,488,492],{"tags_id":485},{"id":142,"name":143},{"tags_id":487},{"id":373,"name":374},{"tags_id":489},{"id":490,"name":491},1303,"Environment",{"tags_id":493},{"id":290,"name":291},[495],2241,[21,252,470],[15],"2022-07-07T16:27:27.000Z","2026-06-02T14:08:59.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fpb-10",{"id":502,"slug":503,"title":504,"status":6,"nid":505,"year":208,"body":506,"external":19,"topic":507,"language":15,"type":508,"date_published":509,"image":510,"citation":215,"publisher":17,"link_internal":511,"link_external":515,"authors":518,"countries":521,"tags":522,"pdf":533,"topics":534,"featured":19,"languages":535,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":50,"date_created":536,"user_updated":51,"date_updated":499,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":537},2200,"quick-guide-26-national-money-laundering-and-terrorist-financing-risk-assessments","Quick Guide 26: National money laundering and terrorist financing risk assessments",2235,"This quick guide explains the role of national risk assessments in addressing money laundering and terrorist financing (ML\u002FTF) risks.\n\nIt explains how national risk assessments are conducted, challenges in terms of methodology and data availability, and how well countries are doing at performing them.\n\nNRAs are a critical element of the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) standards on ML\u002FTF. They also provide data in special reports of the Basel AML Index.\n\n### About this Quick Guide\n\nThis work is licensed under a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-nc-nd\u002F4.0\u002F\">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License\u003C\u002Fa>. It is part of the Basel Institute on Governance Quick Guide series, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.baselgovernance.org\u002Fpublications?type=2428\">ISSN 2673-5229\u003C\u002Fa>.",[21,211],[359],"2022-06-16","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002Ff9f605aa-1d2d-42eb-b4cd-b0a30afa87e4?width=600&height=840",[512],{"url":513,"caption":514},"\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications?type=Quick%20Guide"," View all Quick Guides",[516],{"url":517,"caption":445},"https:\u002F\u002Flearn.baselgovernance.org\u002Fcourse\u002Fview.php?id=133",[519],{"authors_id":520},{"id":409,"name":410},[],[523,525,529],{"tags_id":524},{"id":142,"name":143},{"tags_id":526},{"id":527,"name":528},859,"Corruption risks",{"tags_id":530},{"id":531,"name":532},867,"Financial crime",[467],[21,252],[15],"2022-06-16T13:29:18.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fquick-guide-26-national-money-laundering-and-terrorist-financing-risk-assessments",{"id":539,"slug":540,"title":541,"status":6,"nid":542,"year":208,"body":543,"external":19,"topic":544,"language":15,"type":545,"date_published":546,"image":547,"citation":215,"publisher":548,"link_internal":549,"link_external":562,"authors":563,"countries":572,"tags":627,"pdf":632,"topics":634,"featured":19,"languages":635,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":50,"date_created":636,"user_updated":51,"date_updated":637,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":638},2192,"wp-38","Working Paper 38: Cryptocurrencies in Asia and beyond: law, regulation and enforcement",2215,"The crypto industry has exploded in recent years, and authorities in different countries have been reacting in very different ways. Some have banned cryptocurrencies, while others are embracing them to varying degrees. Some are working hard to align their anti-money laundering regulations with FATF standards, while others are turning a blind eye. A few countries have confiscated huge quantities of crypto assets linked to crime and money laundering. Others are at square one in terms of enforcement, risking becoming a hub for crypto crime and money laundering and posing a serious vulnerability in the world’s financial system.\n\nThis Working Paper draws on a detailed analysis of how selected countries are addressing legal, regulatory and enforcement issues around cryptocurrencies and other virtual assets. The analysis is focused on Asia, but set in the context of global trends in crypto law, regulation and enforcement. It explores critical questions that will shape policies around virtual assets at the corporate, national and international levels:\n\n\n- What is working in terms of crypto regulation and enforcement?\n- What are the implications of different policy choices on crypto assets – for the industry, for the countries themselves and for global financial integrity as a whole?\n- What would the crypto wave possibly bring next?\n\n\nThe Paper also highlights broader developments needed to bring light and clarity to laws, policies and practices around the crypto industry, such as collaboration between both market players and governments.\n\nJurisdictions touched upon in this Working Paper alphabetically include Bhutan, Central African Republic, El Salvador, Hong Kong SAR, India, Indonesia, Japan, Kazakhstan, Malaysia, Myanmar, Russia, Singapore, South Korea, the Philippines, the People’s Republic of China, Thailand, Ukraine and Vietnam.\n\nA list of key terms and abbreviations have been prepared in the Annex to this Working Paper for the readers’ easy reference.\n\n### About this Working Paper\n\nThis Working Paper is a collaboration between \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.zhonglun.com\u002FContent\u002F2016\u002F10-14\u002F1643525035.html\">Dorothy Siron\u003C\u002Fa>, Co-Managing Partner, Zhong Lun Law Firm LLP and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fabout\u002Fpeople\u002Ffederico-paesano\">Federico Paesano\u003C\u002Fa>, Senior Financial Investigation Specialist, Basel Institute on Governance.\n\nDorothy Siron provided the bulk of the analysis and discussion, while Federico Paesano provided a selection of case studies and was co-author of the seven recommendations contained in section 4. The collaboration was facilitated by the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.financialcrimelitigators.org\u002F\">International Academy of Financial Crime Litigators\u003C\u002Fa>, an independent, non-partisan global centre that shapes and advances financial crime litigation practices for the future.\n\nThe publication is part of the Basel Institute on Governance Working Paper Series, ISSN: 2624-9650. It is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-nc-nd\u002F4.0\u002F\">CC BY-NC-ND 4.0\u003C\u002Fa>).\n\n**Suggested citation:** Siron, Dorothy, and Federico Paesano. 2022. “Cryptocurrencies in Asia and beyond: law, regulation and enforcement.” Working Paper 38, Basel Institute on Governance. Available at: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fpublications\u002Fwp-38\">https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fpublications\u002Fwp-38\u003C\u002Fa>\n\n**Disclaimer:** This Working Paper does not, and is not intended to, constitute and\u002For substitute legal or other professional advice. The content of this Working Paper is updated as of 4 May 2022 and is intended for general informational purposes only. No representations have been made as to its accuracy and completeness. You should seek independent legal or other professional advice before acting or relying on any of the information contained herein.",[211],[34],"2022-05-12","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002F59ac2444-660e-4bca-97ed-9bf49f8d3b0f?width=600&height=840","Basel Institute on Governance; The Academy of Financial Crime Litigators",[550,553,556,559],{"url":551,"caption":552},"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fsites\u002Fdefault\u002Ffiles\u002F2022-05\u002FCrypto-policy-snapshot-1_2.jpg"," Infographic: Crypto policy snapshot May 2022 1\u002F2",{"url":554,"caption":555},"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fsites\u002Fdefault\u002Ffiles\u002F2022-05\u002FCrypto-policy-snapshot-2_2.jpg"," Infographic: Crypto policy snapshot May 2022 2\u002F2",{"url":557,"caption":558},"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fsites\u002Fdefault\u002Ffiles\u002F2022-05\u002FDrivers-of-government-policy.jpg"," Infographic: Drivers of government policy on crypto regulation",{"url":560,"caption":561},"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fsites\u002Fdefault\u002Ffiles\u002F2022-05\u002FTimeline-of-crypto-taxes.jpg"," Infographic: Timeline of crypto taxes, CBDCs and events",[],[564,568],{"authors_id":565},{"id":566,"name":567},499,"Dorothy Siron",{"authors_id":569},{"id":570,"name":571},309,"Federico Paesano",[573,577,581,585,589,593,597,601,605,609,613,617,619,623],{"countries_id":574},{"id":575,"name":576},31,"Bhutan",{"countries_id":578},{"id":579,"name":580},206,"El Salvador",{"countries_id":582},{"id":583,"name":584},46,"China",{"countries_id":586},{"id":587,"name":588},103,"India",{"countries_id":590},{"id":591,"name":592},99,"Indonesia",{"countries_id":594},{"id":595,"name":596},112,"Japan",{"countries_id":598},{"id":599,"name":600},123,"Kazakhstan",{"countries_id":602},{"id":603,"name":604},155,"Malaysia",{"countries_id":606},{"id":607,"name":608},143,"Myanmar [Burma]",{"countries_id":610},{"id":611,"name":612},188,"Russia",{"countries_id":614},{"id":615,"name":616},213,"Thailand",{"countries_id":618},{"id":90,"name":91},{"countries_id":620},{"id":621,"name":622},236,"Vietnam",{"countries_id":624},{"id":625,"name":626},39,"Central African Republic",[628,630],{"tags_id":629},{"id":286,"name":287},{"tags_id":631},{"id":142,"name":143},[633],2230,[252],[15],"2022-05-26T22:33:56.000Z","2026-06-01T22:47:37.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fwp-38",{"id":640,"slug":641,"title":642,"status":6,"nid":643,"year":644,"body":645,"external":19,"topic":646,"language":15,"type":647,"date_published":648,"image":649,"citation":215,"publisher":650,"link_internal":651,"link_external":652,"authors":659,"countries":676,"tags":679,"pdf":698,"topics":700,"featured":19,"languages":7,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":50,"date_created":701,"user_updated":51,"date_updated":702,"main_points":703,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":704},2433,"addressing-conflicts-interest-and-corruption-indonesias-energy-transition","Addressing conflicts of interest and corruption in Indonesia’s energy transition",2936,2026,"This U4 Issue analyses Indonesia's ambitious energy transition and highlights how political finance, weak regulations and a \"revolving door\" of personnel between public office and the private sector create vulnerabilities. The publication was produced by U4 and the Basel Institute on Governance through its Green Corruption programme.\n\n\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fsites\u002Fdefault\u002Ffiles\u002F2026-02\u002FAddressing-conflicts-of-interest-and-corruption-in-indonesia-s-energy-transition_U4-Issue.pdf\">Download publication here\u003C\u002Fa>.\n\n### About the paper\n\nConflicts of interest and corruption in Indonesia's political economy pose significant risks to its energy transition, including the Just Energy Transition Partnership. Existing legal and institutional frameworks are fragmented, inconsistently applied, and often fail to address the risk of state capture by powerful political and economic actors, especially in the extractive and energy sectors.\n\nThe reliance on fossil fuel industries for political financing and the monopolistic nature of state-owned entities further complicate the shift to a low- or no-carbon system, despite the country's ambitious renewable energy targets.\n\nPotential pathways to greater anti-corruption resilience lie in improvements to beneficial ownership transparency and strengthening regulation, monitoring and sanctioning of conflict of interest violations.\n",[470],[33],"2026-02-24","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002Fd97f2ca5-300d-45c9-9de9-33152b72f96c?width=600&height=840","U4 Anti-Corruption Resource Centre",[],[653,656],{"url":654,"caption":655},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.u4.no\u002Fpublications\u002Faddressing-conflicts-of-interest-and-corruption-in-indonesia-s-energy-transition"," View on U4 website",{"url":657,"caption":658},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.u4.no\u002Fblog\u002Fimproving-anti-corruption-resilience-in-indonesia-s-energy-transition"," Read related U4 blog",[660,664,668,672],{"authors_id":661},{"id":662,"name":663},581,"Robert Forster",{"authors_id":665},{"id":666,"name":667},582,"Aled Williams",{"authors_id":669},{"id":670,"name":671},523,"Lakso Anindito",{"authors_id":673},{"id":674,"name":675},579,"Dr Amanda Cabrejo le Roux",[677],{"countries_id":678},{"id":591,"name":592},[680,684,686,690,694,696],{"tags_id":681},{"id":682,"name":683},982,"Anti-corruption",{"tags_id":685},{"id":142,"name":143},{"tags_id":687},{"id":688,"name":689},804,"Natural resources",{"tags_id":691},{"id":692,"name":693},1371,"Public governance",{"tags_id":695},{"id":417,"name":22},{"tags_id":697},{"id":340,"name":341},[699],2489,[470],"2026-02-27T15:11:31.000Z","2026-05-23T20:08:18.000Z","- Corruption and conflicts of interest are embedded in the energy transition process due to the strong links between political power, private wealth (especially from extractive industries) and public office holders.\n- Existing anti-corruption regulations are often vague, fragmented across different legal instruments, and suffer from inconsistent enforcement, which creates loopholes susceptible to manipulation.\n- Progress in renewable energy uptake is slowed by the enduring influence and interests of fossil fuel incumbents who benefit from subsidies that keep coal an artificially cheap and viable energy source.\n- The Just Energy Transition Partnership is vulnerable to misallocations due to concentrated decision-making power, limited transparency in project selection and insufficient involvement of national anti-corruption bodies and civil society in its planning.\n- Improving transparency of beneficial ownership and strengthening the monitoring and sanctioning of conflict of interest violations are possible pathways to build greater anti-corruption resilience, though these institutional efforts alone are insufficient to fully address state capture dynamics.","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Faddressing-conflicts-interest-and-corruption-indonesias-energy-transition",1780676571176]