[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":514},["ShallowReactive",2],{"publication-translating-political-economy-insights-conservation-practice-six-step-guide":3,"related-translating-political-economy-insights-conservation-practice-six-step-guide":108},[4],{"id":5,"status":6,"sort":7,"date_created":8,"date_updated":9,"nid":10,"slug":11,"title":12,"body":13,"citation":14,"language":15,"year":16,"publisher":17,"date_published":18,"external":19,"topic":20,"link_internal":23,"link_external":24,"featured":19,"topics":28,"languages":30,"type":31,"area":7,"programme":7,"websites":7,"summary":7,"pdf_text":7,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"image":33,"countries":44,"tags":45,"pdf":46,"authors":74},2319,"published",null,"2023-11-22T11:04:41.000Z","2026-05-29T22:22:43.000Z",2540,"translating-political-economy-insights-conservation-practice-six-step-guide","Translating political economy insights into conservation practice: a six-step guide","This guide suggests six steps for bringing political economy analysis findings into a theory of change for a project or programme.\n\nIt aims to provide a practical means for conservationists to navigate political economy in contexts where they work. While a theory of change explains the logic of a project, a political economy analysis, which looks at the influence of power, helps get to the heart of what needs to change for a project to work. But practitioners often find it challenging to use political economy analysis in practice. \n\nThe aim of conservation is to safeguard people and nature. Theories of change articulate what needs to change to deliver on that aim, along with the kinds of things that need to happen to get to that change – *what needs to be different.*\n\nUnderstanding more about who has power – to make change, to impede change – and how they get and use that power helps to clarify the conditions that need to change in order to achieve results.\n\n### About the TNRC project\n\nThe \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.worldwildlife.org\u002Fpages\u002Ftnrc-about-the-project\">TNRC project\u003C\u002Fa> seeks to improve biodiversity conservation outcomes by helping practitioners to address the threats posed by corruption to wildlife, fisheries and forests. TNRC harnesses existing knowledge, generates new evidence, and supports innovative policy and practice for more effective anti-corruption programming on the ground.\n\nA USAID-funded project, TNRC is implemented by a consortium of leading organisations in anti-corruption, natural resource management, and conservation: World Wildlife Fund (WWF), the U4 Anti-Corruption Resource Centre at the Chr. Michelsen Institute, TRAFFIC, and the Terrorism, Transnational Crime and Corruption Center (TraCCC) at George Mason University.\n\nThis publication is made possible by the generous support of the American people through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The contents are the responsibility of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID, the United States Government, or individual TNRC consortium members.","","English",2023,"Targeting Natural Resource Corruption (TNRC) project","2023-11-22",false,[21,22],"Green Corruption","Public Governance",[],[25],{"url":26,"caption":27},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.worldwildlife.org\u002Fpages\u002Ftnrc-guide-translating-political-economy-insights-into-conservation-practice-a-six-step-guide-to-using-peas-to-design-and-test-theories-of-change-for-interventions-to-protect-and-defend-nature?p=2c9219&v=1&hours=1000","View on TNRC website",[21,29],"Corruption Prevention and Public Governance",[15],[32],"Guidelines",{"id":34,"storage":35,"filename_disk":36,"filename_download":37,"title":38,"type":39,"created_on":8,"modified_on":8,"charset":7,"filesize":40,"width":41,"height":42,"duration":7,"embed":7,"description":7,"location":7,"tags":7,"metadata":43,"focal_point_x":7,"focal_point_y":7,"tus_id":7,"tus_data":7,"uploaded_on":8},"dd7c3fec-b214-4620-b4d7-e2ead8e0c17a","local","dd7c3fec-b214-4620-b4d7-e2ead8e0c17a.jpg?itok=yxy-H5Sn","Translating-political-economy-insights-into-conservation-practice-copy.jpg?itok=yxy-H5Sn","Translating political economy insights into conservation practice.jpg","image\u002Fjpeg",66441,500,647,{},[],[],[47],{"id":48,"publications_id":49,"directus_files_id":65},2358,{"id":5,"status":6,"sort":7,"user_created":50,"date_created":8,"user_updated":51,"date_updated":9,"nid":10,"slug":11,"image":34,"title":12,"body":13,"citation":14,"language":15,"year":16,"publisher":17,"date_published":18,"external":19,"topic":52,"link_internal":53,"link_external":54,"featured":19,"topics":56,"languages":57,"type":58,"area":7,"programme":7,"websites":7,"summary":7,"pdf_text":7,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"countries":59,"tags":60,"pdf":61,"authors":62},"03bebfd8-0b40-4a2a-820d-b9d9c13b9de6","3d9ff205-1640-4f34-b5b6-86977f51bbd6",[21,22],[],[55],{"url":26,"caption":27},[21,29],[15],[32],[],[],[48],[63,64],2520,2521,{"id":66,"storage":35,"filename_disk":67,"filename_download":68,"title":68,"type":69,"folder":70,"uploaded_by":50,"created_on":71,"modified_by":7,"modified_on":71,"charset":7,"filesize":72,"width":7,"height":7,"duration":7,"embed":7,"description":73,"location":7,"tags":7,"metadata":7,"focal_point_x":7,"focal_point_y":7,"tus_id":7,"tus_data":7,"uploaded_on":71},"90236a2c-c9b1-4805-b6a7-39f8fbd26dab","90236a2c-c9b1-4805-b6a7-39f8fbd26dab.pdf","737xztm0k0-PEA-Gov-Guide.pdf","application\u002Fpdf","67f22e04-d26f-4baa-b91f-acc5f89d87f5","2023-11-22T11:04:42.000Z",5319269," Download PDF",[75,91],{"id":63,"publications_id":76,"authors_id":88},{"id":5,"status":6,"sort":7,"user_created":50,"date_created":8,"user_updated":51,"date_updated":9,"nid":10,"slug":11,"image":34,"title":12,"body":13,"citation":14,"language":15,"year":16,"publisher":17,"date_published":18,"external":19,"topic":77,"link_internal":78,"link_external":79,"featured":19,"topics":81,"languages":82,"type":83,"area":7,"programme":7,"websites":7,"summary":7,"pdf_text":7,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"countries":84,"tags":85,"pdf":86,"authors":87},[21,22],[],[80],{"url":26,"caption":27},[21,29],[15],[32],[],[],[48],[63,64],{"id":89,"name":90,"position":7,"image":7},530,"Micol Martini",{"id":64,"publications_id":92,"authors_id":104},{"id":5,"status":6,"sort":7,"user_created":50,"date_created":8,"user_updated":51,"date_updated":9,"nid":10,"slug":11,"image":34,"title":12,"body":13,"citation":14,"language":15,"year":16,"publisher":17,"date_published":18,"external":19,"topic":93,"link_internal":94,"link_external":95,"featured":19,"topics":97,"languages":98,"type":99,"area":7,"programme":7,"websites":7,"summary":7,"pdf_text":7,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"countries":100,"tags":101,"pdf":102,"authors":103},[21,22],[],[96],{"url":26,"caption":27},[21,29],[15],[32],[],[],[48],[63,64],{"id":105,"name":106,"position":7,"image":107},303,"Saba Kassa","a34de431-6c31-4ddd-8727-12c10dfed9ad",[109,148,185,229,274,310,344,368,408,443],{"id":110,"slug":111,"title":112,"status":6,"nid":113,"year":16,"body":114,"external":19,"topic":115,"language":15,"type":116,"date_published":118,"image":119,"citation":14,"publisher":120,"link_internal":121,"link_external":125,"authors":126,"countries":131,"tags":132,"pdf":141,"topics":143,"featured":19,"languages":144,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":50,"date_created":145,"user_updated":51,"date_updated":146,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":147},2311,"research-case-4","Research case study 4: Deconstructing a criminal network involved in illegal wildlife trade between East Africa and Southeast Asia ",2518,"The illegal wildlife trade threatens biodiversity and security worldwide. Criminal networks pocket billions of dollars in illicit profits from stripping the world bare of endangered species and corrupting politicians and public officials in the process.\n\nYet there is very little empirical evidence on the role of both ordinary citizens and criminal networks in the illegal wildlife trade. Our research aims to fill this gap.\n\nWe used social network analysis and network ethnography techniques to study the criminal network of a wildlife trafficker based in East Africa. The insights can bolster law enforcement efforts aimed at identifying and dismantling wildlife trafficking networks.",[21,22],[117],"Research Case Study","2023-10-11","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002F19e03984-8caf-4871-8d80-b7226ea6403c?width=600&height=840","Basel Institute on Governance",[122],{"url":123,"caption":124},"\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications?type=Research%20Case%20Study"," View all research case studies",[],[127],{"authors_id":128},{"id":129,"name":130},304,"Jacopo Costa",[],[133,137],{"tags_id":134},{"id":135,"name":136},1303,"Environment",{"tags_id":138},{"id":139,"name":140},1309,"Informality",[142],2347,[21,29],[15],"2023-10-11T16:04:41.000Z","2026-06-02T14:08:41.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fresearch-case-4",{"id":149,"slug":150,"title":151,"status":6,"nid":152,"year":153,"body":154,"external":19,"topic":155,"language":15,"type":156,"date_published":157,"image":158,"citation":14,"publisher":17,"link_internal":159,"link_external":160,"authors":163,"countries":176,"tags":177,"pdf":178,"topics":180,"featured":19,"languages":181,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":50,"date_created":182,"user_updated":51,"date_updated":183,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":184},2253,"how-political-economy-analysis-can-support-corruption-risk-assessments-strengthen-law","How political economy analysis can support corruption risk assessments to strengthen law enforcement against wildlife crimes",2333,2022,"As part of a collaboration with the \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Ftnrcproject.org\u002F\">Targeting Natural Resource Corruption\u003C\u002Fa> (TNRC) project, the Basel Institute on Governance undertook political economy analyses in three countries in Latin America and Africa.\n\nThe purpose was to understand why corruption risks may emerge in investigations and prosecutions of illegal wildlife trade (IWT) cases. The analyses complemented the findings of \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fpublications\u002Fwhere-are-weakest-links-illegal-wildlife-trade-enforcement-chain-lessons-corruption\">corruption risks assessments\u003C\u002Fa> conducted in the three countries and focused on the IWT law enforcement process.\n\nThe experience showed that political economy analyses can help practitioners better understand corruption risks in a specific context. This understanding helps practitioners to design and implement corruption risk mitigation measures that take prevailing political and power dynamics into account. In particular, it helps to identify windows of opportunity for addressing corruption risks and highlight strategically important stakeholders that may support or oppose the intervention.\n\nBased on the research, this Practice Note:\n\n\n- summarises the value added and key insights gained by complementing the corruption risk assessments with political economy analyses;\n- explains the lessons learned from the experience of implementing the analyses;\n- offers practical guidance to natural resource management and conservation practitioners interested in incorporating a similar approach in the design of corruption risk mitigation measures.\n\n\nThe paper was developed by the Basel Institute's \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fpublic-governance\">Public Governance\u003C\u002Fa> team together with the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fgreen-corruption\">Green Corruption programme\u003C\u002Fa> as part of a wider research collaboration between the Basel Institute and TNRC project consortium. \n\n### About the TNRC project\n\nThe TNRC project seeks to improve biodiversity conservation outcomes by helping practitioners to address the threats posed by corruption to wildlife, fisheries and forests. TNRC harnesses existing knowledge, generates new evidence, and supports innovative policy and practice for more effective anti-corruption programming on the ground.\n\nA USAID-funded project, TNRC is implemented by a consortium of leading organizations in anti-corruption, natural resource management, and conservation: World Wildlife Fund (WWF), the U4 Anti-Corruption Resource Centre at the Chr. Michelsen Institute, TRAFFIC, and the Terrorism, Transnational Crime and Corruption Center (TraCCC) at George Mason University.",[21,22],[],"2022-12-15","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002F72d4cda9-af95-421b-bb64-782e1e010fea?width=600&height=840",[],[161],{"url":162,"caption":27},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.worldwildlife.org\u002Fpages\u002Ftnrc-practice-note-how-political-economy-analysis-can-support-corruption-risk-assessments-to-strengthen-law-enforcement-against-wildlife-crimes",[164,166,168,172],{"authors_id":165},{"id":105,"name":106},{"authors_id":167},{"id":129,"name":130},{"authors_id":169},{"id":170,"name":171},354,"Cosimo Stahl",{"authors_id":173},{"id":174,"name":175},295,"Claudia Baez Camargo",[],[],[179],2295,[21,29],[15],"2022-12-15T11:04:13.000Z","2026-05-29T22:23:10.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fhow-political-economy-analysis-can-support-corruption-risk-assessments-strengthen-law",{"id":186,"slug":187,"title":188,"status":6,"nid":189,"year":153,"body":190,"external":19,"topic":191,"language":15,"type":192,"date_published":195,"image":196,"citation":14,"publisher":197,"link_internal":198,"link_external":199,"authors":203,"countries":210,"tags":211,"pdf":222,"topics":224,"featured":19,"languages":225,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":50,"date_created":226,"user_updated":51,"date_updated":227,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":228},2195,"wp-39","Working Paper 39: Behavioural drivers of corruption facilitating illegal wildlife trade – Problem analysis and state of the field review",2210,"This Problem Analysis is a review of the efficacy and opportunities for using social norm and behaviour change (SNBC) approaches to combat illegal wildlife trade (IWT) and other natural resource-related corruption.\n\nBehavioural science is a rich and expansive field that has received prominent coverage in recent years for the promise it offers as a foundational yet underutilised approach to achieving biodiversity conservation. Extensive literature shows how SNBC initiatives can help combat diverse corruption problems, although for those related to natural resource management the evidence for doing so is sparse.\n\nThis report synthesises the available information and suggests the next steps to redress this current lack of evidence. It seeks to:\n\n\n- Understand what SNBC approaches might or might not work in fighting corruption.\n- Identify entry points for designing SNBC interventions that can effectively reduce corruption related to IWT.\n\n\n### About and acknowledgements\n\nThis Analysis has been produced in association with the Targeting Natural Resource Corruption (TNRC) project. The TNRC project is working to improve biodiversity outcomes by helping practitioners to address the threats posed by corruption to wildlife, fisheries and forests. TNRC harnesses existing knowledge, generates new evidence, and supports innovative policy and practice for more effective anti-corruption programming. Learn more at \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftnrcproject.org\">tnrcproject.org\u003C\u002Fa>.\n\nThis publication is made possible by the generous support of the American people through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The contents are the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID, the United States Government, or individual TNRC consortium members.\n\nThe publication is part of the Basel Institute on Governance Working Paper Series, ISSN: 2624-9650. It is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0).\n\nSuggested citation: Baez Camargo, Claudia, and Gayle Burgess. 2022. “Behavioural drivers of corruption facilitating illegal wildlife trade: Problem analysis and state of the field review.” Working Paper 39, Basel Institute on Governance. Available at: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fpublications\u002Fwp-39\">https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fpublications\u002Fwp-39\u003C\u002Fa>",[21,22],[193,194],"Article","Report","2022-06-01","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002F9f6e8d24-9468-43cb-949d-bdbd25d35adb?width=600&height=840","Basel Institute on Governance; TRAFFIC",[],[200],{"url":201,"caption":202},"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.zoom.us\u002Fwebinar\u002Fregister\u002FWN_VUh1-aisS-Su1Cuwc8vWlA"," Register for virtual event - 27 June 2022",[204,206],{"authors_id":205},{"id":174,"name":175},{"authors_id":207},{"id":208,"name":209},501,"Gayle Burgess",[],[212,216,218],{"tags_id":213},{"id":214,"name":215},804,"Natural resources",{"tags_id":217},{"id":135,"name":136},{"tags_id":219},{"id":220,"name":221},848,"Behavioural science",[223],2234,[21,29],[15],"2022-06-09T13:42:35.000Z","2026-05-31T22:52:04.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fwp-39",{"id":230,"slug":231,"title":232,"status":6,"nid":233,"year":153,"body":234,"external":19,"topic":235,"language":15,"type":236,"date_published":237,"image":238,"citation":14,"publisher":239,"link_internal":240,"link_external":247,"authors":251,"countries":262,"tags":263,"pdf":268,"topics":269,"featured":19,"languages":270,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":50,"date_created":271,"user_updated":51,"date_updated":272,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":273},1766,"determinants-and-drivers-wildlife-trafficking-qualitative-analysis-uganda","Determinants and drivers of wildlife trafficking: A qualitative analysis in Uganda",2163,"The article analyses drivers and determinants of illicit wildlife trade (IWT), targeting those factors that support the participation of individuals in poaching and transportation of wildlife goods.\n\nThese factors are often explained in economic and institutional terms. Recently, scholars have started to recognise the importance of socio-cultural and behavioural drivers in influencing the individual propensity to engage in wildlife trafficking. The goal is clarifying how behavioural drivers may spur individuals to engage in these phenomena. The research provides further understanding on why wildlife trafficking happens by focusing on the role of the socio-economic context, the broader governance environment, and behavioural drivers associated with sociality and stereotypes in spurring participation in IWT.\n\nThe research is based on fieldwork in Uganda, specifically on 47 interviews with Ugandan-based and international anti-IWT experts and eight focus group discussions with wildlife conservation and anti-corruption experts in Kampala, members of reformed poachers’ networks in Western Uganda, and individuals living around a wildlife habitat in northern Uganda.\n\nThe findings highlight that illicit wildlife trade is spurred by the wish for financial resources (economic factors) and weak governance (quality of governance), and it is justified by mental models, that is, the behavioural drivers such as socio-contextual and normative mechanisms. The research shows the importance of reflecting on the role that behavioural drivers, including sociality and shared understandings of IWT, play in influencing the propensity of individuals to engage in poaching and the early stages of wildlife trafficking.\n\n### Acknowledgement and citation\n\nThis publication arose out of a collaboration between the Basel Institute's \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fpublic-governance\">Public Governance\u003C\u002Fa> and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fgreen-corruption\">Green Corruption\u003C\u002Fa> teams. The research presented in this publication forms part of a two-year project aimed at stopping corruption from fuelling illegal wildlife trade between East Africa and Southeast Asia.\n\nThis research was funded by PMI IMPACT, a grant award initiative of Philip Morris International (PMI). In the performance of their research, the authors maintained full independence from PMI. The views and opinions expressed in this document are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of PMI. Neither PMI, nor any of its affiliates, nor any person acting on their behalf may be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained herein.\n\nCitation: Saba Kassa, Claudia Baez-Camargo, Jacopo Costa & Robert Lugolobi (2022) Determinants and Drivers of Wildlife Trafficking: A Qualitative Analysis in Uganda, *Journal of International Wildlife Law & Policy*, DOI: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1080\u002F13880292.2021.2019381\">10.1080\u002F13880292.2021.2019381\u003C\u002Fa>",[21,22],[193],"2022-01-13","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002F0f25db65-39c2-4fad-babd-d553fd271acc?width=600&height=840","Journal of International Wildlife Law & Policy",[241,244],{"url":242,"caption":243},"\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fworking-paper-33-worms-eye-view-wildlife-trafficking-uganda-path-least-resistance"," Related publication: Working Paper 33: A worm’s-eye view of wildlife trafficking in Uganda – the path of least resistance",{"url":245,"caption":246},"\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fpolicy-brief-5-curbing-wildlife-trafficking-uganda-lessons-practitioners"," Related publication: Policy Brief 5: Curbing wildlife trafficking in Uganda: lessons for practitioners",[248],{"url":249,"caption":250},"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1080\u002F13880292.2021.2019381","Access article via Taylor & Francis Online",[252,254,256,258],{"authors_id":253},{"id":105,"name":106},{"authors_id":255},{"id":174,"name":175},{"authors_id":257},{"id":129,"name":130},{"authors_id":259},{"id":260,"name":261},358,"Robert Lugolobi",[],[264,266],{"tags_id":265},{"id":135,"name":136},{"tags_id":267},{"id":220,"name":221},[],[21,29],[15],"2022-04-27T11:53:21.000Z","2026-06-02T14:09:05.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fdeterminants-and-drivers-wildlife-trafficking-qualitative-analysis-uganda",{"id":275,"slug":276,"title":277,"status":6,"nid":278,"year":153,"body":279,"external":19,"topic":280,"language":15,"type":281,"date_published":282,"image":283,"citation":14,"publisher":284,"link_internal":285,"link_external":286,"authors":293,"countries":296,"tags":297,"pdf":304,"topics":305,"featured":19,"languages":306,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":50,"date_created":307,"user_updated":51,"date_updated":308,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":309},1769,"structures-functions-and-flows-iwt-deconstructing-criminal-network-between-east-africa","Structures, functions and flows of IWT: deconstructing a criminal network between East Africa and Southeast Asia",2156,"The paper investigates the role of criminal networks in fostering illegal wildlife trade (IWT), and how these relational structures interact with transnational organized crime. The paper frames these topics within the debate around the opportunistic or organized nature of IWT. The aim is to understand how chaotic behaviors can transform into an ordered and organized strategy.\n\nSocial network analysis (SNA) and network ethnography were conducted to explore the crime network surrounding a wildlife trafficker based in East Africa. The empirical results suggest that criminal networks operate as \"machine of order\" that transform opportunistic behaviors at the micro level into ordered strategies at the macro level.\n\nEmpirical results also suggest that organized crime has an important role in making the process of transforming opportunistic into organized behaviours more efficient and more effective.\n\n### Acknowledgement and citation\n\nThis publication arose out of a collaboration between the Basel Institute's \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fpublic-governance\">Public Governance\u003C\u002Fa> and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fgreen-corruption\">Green Corruption\u003C\u002Fa> teams. The research presented in this publication forms part of a two-year project aimed at stopping corruption from fuelling illegal wildlife trade between East Africa and Southeast Asia.\n\nThis research was funded by PMI IMPACT, a grant award initiative of Philip Morris International (PMI). In the performance of their research, the authors maintained full independence from PMI. The views and opinions expressed in this document are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of PMI. Neither PMI, nor any of its affiliates, nor any person acting on their behalf may be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained herein.\n\nCitation: Costa, J. Structures, functions and flows of IWT: deconstructing a criminal network between East Africa and Southeast Asia. *Crime Law Soc Change* (2022). \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fs10611-021-10009-8\">https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fs10611-021-10009-8\u003C\u002Fa>",[21,22],[193],"2022-01-08","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002F5363c185-1d3b-46af-a1ff-d0a28819f2b1?width=600&height=840","Crime, Law and Social Change",[],[287,290],{"url":288,"caption":289},"https:\u002F\u002Frdcu.be\u002FcEzfQ","View article (full text, no download)",{"url":291,"caption":292},"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fs10611-021-10009-8"," Log in to Springer Link to download article",[294],{"authors_id":295},{"id":129,"name":130},[],[298,300],{"tags_id":299},{"id":135,"name":136},{"tags_id":301},{"id":302,"name":303},967,"Organised crime",[],[21,29],[15],"2022-04-27T11:53:23.000Z","2026-05-29T22:23:13.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fstructures-functions-and-flows-iwt-deconstructing-criminal-network-between-east-africa",{"id":311,"slug":312,"title":313,"status":6,"nid":314,"year":315,"body":316,"external":19,"topic":317,"language":320,"type":321,"date_published":322,"image":323,"citation":14,"publisher":14,"link_internal":324,"link_external":328,"authors":332,"countries":335,"tags":336,"pdf":337,"topics":338,"featured":19,"languages":340,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":50,"date_created":341,"user_updated":51,"date_updated":342,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":343},2345,"guias-de-orientacion-practica-las-ciencias-del-comportamiento-en-esfuerzos-de","Guías de orientación práctica: las ciencias del comportamiento en esfuerzos de conservación",2617,2024,"Esta serie de cuatro guías brinda orientación práctica sobre las posibles aplicaciones de las ciencias del comportamiento para mejorar los esfuerzos de conservación y anticorrupción. \n\n*Estos recursos se produjeron bajo el proyecto de \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.worldwildlife.org\u002Fpages\u002Ftnrc-targeting-natural-resource-corruption\">Targeting Natural Resource Corruption\u003C\u002Fa>.*\n\n1. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fsites\u002Fdefault\u002Ffiles\u002F2024-04\u002Fsnbc_guide_1_behavioral_science_introduction_spanish.pdf\">Introducción a la ciencia del comportamiento para abordar el impacto de la corrupción en el medio ambiente\u003C\u002Fa> – Una introducción a la ciencia del comportamiento y una guía para los profesionales sobre cómo empezar a aplicar las normas sociales a los esfuerzos por reducir el impacto de la corrupción en la conservación.\n\n2. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fsites\u002Fdefault\u002Ffiles\u002F2024-04\u002Fsnbc_guide_2_tackling_red_tape_to_reduce_bribery_spanish.pdf\">Abordar la burocracia para reducir el soborno: la anticorrupción como herramienta de resolución de problemas en el sector de las pesquerías\u003C\u002Fa> – Cómo la burocracia puede generar riesgos de corrupción y como se puede abordar – no solo simplificando las reglas y procedimientos, sino también incorporando estrategias para cambiar actitudes y comportamientos.\n\n3. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fsites\u002Fdefault\u002Ffiles\u002F2024-04\u002Fsnbc_guide_3_addressing_collusive_corruption_in_community_spanish.pdf\">Abordar la corrupción colusoria en la gestión comunitaria de los bosques\u003C\u002Fa> – Cómo abordar la corrupción colusoria utilizando un enfoque basado en las normas sociales y el cambio de comportamiento. \n\n4. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fsites\u002Fdefault\u002Ffiles\u002F2024-04\u002Fsnbc_guide_4_supporting_front_line_wildlife_defenders_spanish.pdf\">Apoyo a los defensores de primera línea de la vida silvestre mediante enfoques basados en normas sociales\u003C\u002Fa> – Examinando la corrupción que afecta a los defensores de primera línea de la vida silvestre desde la perspectiva de las normas sociales y el cambio de comportamiento para comprender los factores que impulsan la corrupción y desarrollar formas concretas de abordarlos.",[21,318,319],"Prevention","Research and Innovation","Spanish",[32],"2024-04-17","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002F23646d1c-11e4-42c5-b70a-4f9266a310f7?width=600&height=840",[325],{"url":326,"caption":327},"\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fdesigning-social-norms-and-behavior-change-interventions-guidance-resources","Also available in English",[329],{"url":330,"caption":331},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.worldwildlife.org\u002Fpages\u002Ftnrc-guide-snbc-guide-1-behavioral-science-introduction-for-addressing-corruption-s-impact-on-the-environment"," Ver sul sitio TNRC",[333],{"authors_id":334},{"id":174,"name":175},[],[],[],[21,339],"Prevention Research and Innovation",[320],"2024-04-22T10:04:38.000Z","2026-06-02T14:08:45.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fguias-de-orientacion-practica-las-ciencias-del-comportamiento-en-esfuerzos-de",{"id":345,"slug":346,"title":347,"status":6,"nid":348,"year":315,"body":349,"external":19,"topic":350,"language":15,"type":351,"date_published":322,"image":352,"citation":14,"publisher":14,"link_internal":353,"link_external":357,"authors":360,"countries":363,"tags":364,"pdf":365,"topics":366,"featured":19,"languages":367,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":50,"date_created":341,"user_updated":51,"date_updated":342,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":326},2346,"designing-social-norms-and-behavior-change-interventions-guidance-resources","Designing social norms and behavior change interventions: Guidance resources for conservation practitioners",2616,"This series of four guides provides practical guidance on the potential applications of behavioural science to enhance anti-corruption and conservation efforts.\n\n*The resources were produced under the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.worldwildlife.org\u002Fpages\u002Ftnrc-targeting-natural-resource-corruption\">Targeting Natural Resource Corruption\u003C\u002Fa> project. *\n\n1. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fsites\u002Fdefault\u002Ffiles\u002F2024-04\u002Fsnbc_guide_1_behavioral_science_introduction.pdf\">Behavioural science: introduction for addressing corruption’s impact on the environment\u003C\u002Fa> – An introduction to behavioural science and its relevance to anti-corruption and conservation efforts, with guidance for practitioners on how to get started in applying social norms and behaviour change insights.\n\n2. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fsites\u002Fdefault\u002Ffiles\u002F2024-04\u002Fsnbc_guide_2_tackling_red_tape_to_reduce_bribery.pdf\">Tackling red tape to reduce bribery: Anti-corruption as a problem-solving tool in fisheries\u003C\u002Fa> – How to address the problem of \"red tape\", not only by simplifying rules and procedures but also by incorporating strategies to change attitudes and behaviours.\n\n3. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fsites\u002Fdefault\u002Ffiles\u002F2024-04\u002Fsnbc_guide_3_addressing_collusive_corruption_in_community.pdf\">Addressing collusive corruption in community-managed forests\u003C\u002Fa> – How to tackle collusive corruption using a social norms and behaviour change approach, based on a scenario where corruption affects a community-based resource management scheme in the forestry sector.\n\n4. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fsites\u002Fdefault\u002Ffiles\u002F2024-04\u002Fsnbc_guide_4_supporting_front_line_wildlife_defenders.pdf\">Supporting front-line wildlife defenders through social norms approaches\u003C\u002Fa> – Examining the corruption challenges affecting frontline wildlife defenders through a social norms and behaviour change lens, in order to understand the different drivers of corruption, and develop concrete ways to address them.\n\n ",[21,318,319],[32],"https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002F220837fc-0706-4f0c-825b-8be45df0a095?width=600&height=840",[354],{"url":355,"caption":356},"\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fguias-de-orientacion-practica-para-la-aplicacion-de-las-ciencias-del-comportamiento-en"," También disponible en español",[358],{"url":359,"caption":27},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.worldwildlife.org\u002Fpages\u002Ftnrc-guides-designing-social-norms-and-behavior-change-interventions-guidance-resources-for-conservation-practitioners",[361],{"authors_id":362},{"id":174,"name":175},[],[],[],[21,339],[15],{"id":369,"slug":370,"title":371,"status":6,"nid":372,"year":16,"body":373,"external":19,"topic":374,"language":376,"type":377,"date_published":378,"image":379,"citation":14,"publisher":14,"link_internal":380,"link_external":381,"authors":382,"countries":395,"tags":400,"pdf":401,"topics":403,"featured":19,"languages":404,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":50,"date_created":405,"user_updated":51,"date_updated":406,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":407},2315,"conflict-interest-guidelines-indonesian-public-institutions-pedoman-tentang-konflik","Conflict of interest guidelines for Indonesian public institutions (Pedoman tentang Konflik Kepentingan)",2527,"Through the USAID INTEGRITAS programme, KEMITRAAN and its consortium partners – Indonesia Corruption Watch, Transparency International – Indonesia and the Basel Institute on Governance – are working to enhance conflict of interest policy in Indonesia and its implementation.\n\nThis guidance has been developed in this context, in order to assist Indonesian government institutions in strengthening controls against conflicts of interest.\n\nIt aims to help these institutions to close gaps between existing conflict of interest regulations in Indonesia and international good practices in areas such as regulations, codes of conduct and sanctions.\n\nThe document combines sample text with targeted guidance on identifying, avoiding, disclosing, mitigating and sanctioning different forms of conflict of interest. These include external engagements, \"revolving doors\", insider trading, family\u002Fpersonal relationships and gifts\u002Fentertainment.\n\nBy using this guidance to improve their systems and processes for managing conflicts of interest, Indonesian institutions can better prevent corrupt practices such as collusion and nepotism from undermining their operations and integrity.\n\nThe guidance is tailored to Indonesia’s specific legal framework, institutional context and historical efforts to prevent and combat corruption.\n\n### Acknowledgements and disclaimer\n\nThe development of these guidelines was led by the Basel Institute on Governance, in cooperation with KEMITRAAN, Indonesia Corruption Watch and Transparency International Indonesia. The original version was produced in English by the Basel Institute, and was subsequently translated into Bahasa Indonesia by KEMITRAAN.\n\nThese guidelines were made possible by the support of the American people through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The contents are the sole responsibility of the Basel Institute on Governance and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States Government.\n\nWe would like to give credit to Pauline Arifin and Khaerudin for their contributions to the initial development of these guidelines.",[21,375],"Private Sector","Bahasa Indonesia",[32],"2023-11-03","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002Fd6b892ff-09d4-4c28-91d6-6c94440b48d8?width=600&height=840",[],[],[383,387,391],{"authors_id":384},{"id":385,"name":386},527,"Niels Wohlwend",{"authors_id":388},{"id":389,"name":390},523,"Lakso Anindito",{"authors_id":392},{"id":393,"name":394},528,"Justin Snyder",[396],{"countries_id":397},{"id":398,"name":399},99,"Indonesia",[],[402],2351,[21,375],[376],"2023-11-04T17:04:41.000Z","2026-05-23T20:04:16.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fconflict-interest-guidelines-indonesian-public-institutions-pedoman-tentang-konflik",{"id":409,"slug":410,"title":411,"status":6,"nid":412,"year":16,"body":413,"external":19,"topic":414,"language":15,"type":415,"date_published":416,"image":417,"citation":14,"publisher":17,"link_internal":418,"link_external":422,"authors":425,"countries":430,"tags":431,"pdf":436,"topics":438,"featured":19,"languages":439,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":50,"date_created":440,"user_updated":51,"date_updated":441,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":442},2307,"guide-strengthening-internal-controls-prevent-corruption-illegal-wildlife-trade","Guide to strengthening internal controls to prevent corruption in illegal wildlife trade enforcement",2494,"This how-to guide was developed for programme managers and donors who seek to understand and assess the strength of internal control functions in government agencies responsible for enforcing laws against illegal wildlife trade (IWT). \n\nIt provides detailed steps and guidance based on experience implementing assessments of internal controls, but a scan of the guide may also be helpful for conservation practitioners who want to understand more about how internal controls systems should work to reduce risks posed by corruption. Such an assessment can aid strategic efforts to enhance the integrity of government operations and to reduce the negative impact of corruption on the enforcement of IWT laws. \n\nThough this guide focuses on IWT, the same approach can be useful in other areas of natural resource management, such as forests and fisheries.\n\nIt was developed under the Basel Institute's \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fgreen-corruption\">Green Corruption programme\u003C\u002Fa> as part of a wider research collaboration between the Basel Institute and Targeting Natural Resource Corruption (\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Ftnrcproject.org\u002F\">TNRC\u003C\u002Fa>) project consortium. \n\n### About the TNRC project\n\nThe TNRC project seeks to improve biodiversity conservation outcomes by helping practitioners to address the threats posed by corruption to wildlife, fisheries and forests. TNRC harnesses existing knowledge, generates new evidence, and supports innovative policy and practice for more effective anti-corruption programming on the ground.\n\nA USAID-funded project, TNRC is implemented by a consortium of leading organizations in anti-corruption, natural resource management, and conservation: World Wildlife Fund (WWF), the U4 Anti-Corruption Resource Centre at the Chr. Michelsen Institute, TRAFFIC, and the Terrorism, Transnational Crime and Corruption Center (TraCCC) at George Mason University.",[21],[32],"2023-08-03","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002Fd66b3b59-37bd-4657-be13-b0c5556d9476?width=600&height=840",[419],{"url":420,"caption":421},"\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Finternal-controls-and-illegal-wildlife-trade-systemic-approach-corruption-prevention"," View related topic brief",[423],{"url":424,"caption":27},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.worldwildlife.org\u002Fpages\u002Ftnrc-guide-how-to-guide-strengthening-internal-controls-to-prevent-corruption-in-illegal-wildlife-trade-enforcement",[426],{"authors_id":427},{"id":428,"name":429},353,"Rebecca Batts",[],[432],{"tags_id":433},{"id":434,"name":435},1378,"Public financial management",[437],2343,[21],[15],"2023-08-03T10:04:36.000Z","2026-06-02T14:08:40.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fguide-strengthening-internal-controls-prevent-corruption-illegal-wildlife-trade",{"id":444,"slug":445,"title":446,"status":6,"nid":447,"year":448,"body":449,"external":19,"topic":7,"language":7,"type":450,"date_published":451,"image":452,"citation":7,"publisher":120,"link_internal":453,"link_external":460,"authors":461,"countries":482,"tags":495,"pdf":506,"topics":507,"featured":19,"languages":508,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":51,"date_created":509,"user_updated":510,"date_updated":511,"main_points":7,"short_version":512,"subtitle":7,"link":513},2439,"corruption-risk-management-latam-timber-value-chain","Preventing corruption in the timber value chain: Risk management experiences in Latin America",2927,2026,"Corruption in the timber value chain is a major challenge for environmental sustainability and governance in Latin America.\n\nThis report presents the application of a corruption risk management approach by environmental authorities in Bolivia, Ecuador and Peru, implemented through technical assistance from the Basel Institute on Governance’s [Green Corruption programme](http:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fgreen-corruption).\n\n[**Download the report here**](https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fsites\u002Fdefault\u002Ffiles\u002F2026-04\u002F260401_Preventing-corruption-in-the-timber-value-chain_Latam.pdf)\n\n### Key corruption risks\n\nThe report describes the main corruption risks identified in collaboration with five environmental authorities responsible for integrity in the timber value chain, covering:\n\n- The granting of forestry rights\n- The issuance and use of timber transport waybills\n- The control and supervision of authorised actors.\n\nThe main corruption risks identified involve:\n\n- Improper agreements between public servants and third parties\n- Abuse of authority\n- Undue influence or pressure from superiors\n\n### Mitigation measures\n\nPlanned mitigation measures fall into four main categories:\n\n- Regulatory improvements, including updating procedures, closing implementation gaps and improving efficiency\n- Strengthened supervision, such as file tracking systems and alerts to reduce discretion\n- Enhanced communication, including multicultural approaches for Indigenous and rural communities\n- Cross-cutting measures to promote integrity such as awareness-raising, ethical reflection and training\n\nGiven common patterns across natural resource sectors, these measures may be relevant for other environmental agencies, though they should be adapted to local contexts.\n\n### Lessons learned\n\nThe experiences in Bolivia, Ecuador and Peru highlight the importance of tailoring risk management approaches to national contexts, ensuring institutional leadership and fostering inter-institutional collaboration. They also underline the value of peer learning and cross-border exchange.",[194],"2026-04-02","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002Fa4345633-502b-4784-b391-b3ca6bafb2c5?width=600&height=840",[454,457],{"url":455,"caption":456},"\u002Fresources\u002Fnews\u002Fprotecting-forests-through-corruption-prevention-videos-on-promising-initiatives-in-bolivia-ecuador-and-peru-2726","Learn more about protecting forests through corruption prevention",{"url":458,"caption":459},"\u002Fresources\u002Fnews\u002Fjoining-forces-to-protect-the-amazon-forest-and-its-communities-from-corruption-2717","Read related news",[],[462,466,470,474,478],{"authors_id":463},{"id":464,"name":465},586,"Aldo Bautista",{"authors_id":467},{"id":468,"name":469},587,"Mirtha Muniz",{"authors_id":471},{"id":472,"name":473},588,"Karla Coronado",{"authors_id":475},{"id":476,"name":477},589,"Patricia Torres",{"authors_id":479},{"id":480,"name":481},590,"Francisco Bustamante",[483,487,491],{"countries_id":484},{"id":485,"name":486},171,"Peru",{"countries_id":488},{"id":489,"name":490},28,"Bolivia",{"countries_id":492},{"id":493,"name":494},60,"Ecuador",[496,498,502],{"tags_id":497},{"id":135,"name":136},{"tags_id":499},{"id":500,"name":501},1373,"Corruption prevention",{"tags_id":503},{"id":504,"name":505},859,"Corruption risks",[412],[21],[15],"2026-06-01T22:10:25.000Z","b0662e2a-864d-4888-a1b7-4342b7570b30","2026-06-02T21:18:25.000Z","Corruption in the timber value chain represents a major challenge for environmental sustainability\nand governance in Latin America. This report introduces the application of a **corruption risk\nmanagement approach** by environmental authorities in Bolivia, Ecuador and Peru. This\napproach was implemented within the framework of technical assistance provided by the Green\nCorruption programme of the Basel Institute on Governance.\n\nCorruption refers to the misuse of entrusted power for private gain, often leading to increased\ninequality, poverty and social division. The concept of “green corruption” addresses the impact of\ncorruption as a major driver of environmental devastation and increased risk of harm to the\nenvironment and natural resources. Corruption risk refers to the possibility of a corrupt act\noccurring, but does not necessarily mean that a corrupt act has taken place. Mitigation measures\n– based on identified corruption risks, their impacts and likelihoods – are typically a prioritised set\nof recommended actions to address weaknesses, allocate resources, seek external support or\noffset the impact of negative conditions.\n\nUtilising the Green Corruption programme’s corruption risk management approach,\nrepresentatives of the environmental authorities identified corruption risks within the timber value\nchain related to **three key risk contexts**:\n1. The granting of forestry rights\n2. The issuance and use of timber transport waybills\n3. The control and supervision of authorised actors.\n\n**Priority areas of concern** included documentary procedures, physical inspections and the\nadministrative sanctioning procedure.\n\n**Specific corruption risks** identified involved:\n- the potential for improper agreements between public servants and third parties;\n- abuse of authority; and\n- undue influence or other improper pressures from hierarchical superiors within organisations.\n\nThe majority of planned **mitigation measures** can be grouped into four categories:\n- **Regulatory improvement**, to be accomplished by reviewing and updating administrative procedures, closing implementation gaps and other opportunities for corruption and improving operating efficiency.\n- **Strengthened supervision** through the implementation of file tracking systems and alerts as well as the use of verification formats in the approval of forestry rights and the issuance of timber transport waybills, and other practices that reduce the discretion of operational units.\n- **Enhanced communication strategies** to support information exchange and joint action within the timber value chain. Specifically, a multicultural strategy was developed as a way of reducing the vulnerability to corruption for Indigenous and rural farming communities.\n- **Cross-cutting measures** to promote integrity through awareness-raising, ethical reflection and training for public servants and other actors in the timber value chain.\n\nThis document concludes with lessons learned and recommendations, highlighting the\nimportance of tailoring the approach to recognise the unique context of each country, its\ninstitutional leadership in risk management and the contribution of inter-institutional collaborative\nwork. The risk management experiences in Bolivia, Ecuador and Peru also highlight the value of\npeer learning and the exchange of experiences, including across national borders.\n\nIn summary, this publication offers a practical approach for implementing corruption risk\nmanagement as an effective tool to reduce the likelihood of corrupt or unethical behaviour and to\nstrengthen the institutional framework for the timber value chain in Latin America.","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fcorruption-risk-management-latam-timber-value-chain",1780676529309]