[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":578},["ShallowReactive",2],{"publication-terrorism-conflict-and-ivory-trafficking-myth-reality":3,"related-terrorism-conflict-and-ivory-trafficking-myth-reality":105},[4],{"id":5,"status":6,"sort":7,"date_created":8,"date_updated":9,"nid":10,"slug":11,"title":12,"body":13,"citation":14,"language":15,"year":16,"publisher":17,"date_published":18,"external":19,"topic":20,"link_internal":22,"link_external":23,"featured":27,"topics":28,"languages":29,"type":30,"area":7,"programme":7,"websites":32,"summary":7,"pdf_text":7,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"image":34,"countries":45,"tags":46,"pdf":86,"authors":87},1939,"published",null,"2022-04-27T11:55:11.000Z","2026-05-23T20:08:23.000Z",898,"terrorism-conflict-and-ivory-trafficking-myth-reality","Terrorism, Conflict, and Ivory Trafficking: Myth & Reality","The relationship between conflict and terrorism and ivory trafficking is often poorly understood.\n\nThis article examines some of the realties underpinning this relationship, and calls for greater cross-sector cooperation in responses to ivory trafficking.","","English",2018,"Italian Institute for International Political Studies","2018-06-09",true,[21],"Green Corruption",[],[24],{"url":25,"caption":26},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ispionline.it\u002Fen\u002Fpubblicazione\u002Fterrorism-conflict-and-ivory-trafficking-myth-reality-20618","View article",false,[21],[15],[31],"Article",[33],"Collective Action",{"id":35,"storage":36,"filename_disk":37,"filename_download":38,"title":39,"type":40,"created_on":8,"modified_on":8,"charset":7,"filesize":41,"width":42,"height":43,"duration":7,"embed":7,"description":7,"location":7,"tags":7,"metadata":44,"focal_point_x":7,"focal_point_y":7,"tus_id":7,"tus_data":7,"uploaded_on":8},"a109c626-59b3-4d48-a8c1-b199f7d10010","local","a109c626-59b3-4d48-a8c1-b199f7d10010.png","Screenshot-2019-05-03-at-12.40.53.png","Terrorism Conflict and Ivory Trafficking","image\u002Fpng",777369,933,841,{},[],[47,69],{"id":48,"publications_id":49,"tags_id":66},5002,{"id":5,"status":6,"sort":7,"user_created":50,"date_created":8,"user_updated":51,"date_updated":9,"nid":10,"slug":11,"image":35,"title":12,"body":13,"citation":14,"language":15,"year":16,"publisher":17,"date_published":18,"external":19,"topic":52,"link_internal":53,"link_external":54,"featured":27,"topics":56,"languages":57,"type":58,"area":7,"programme":7,"websites":59,"summary":7,"pdf_text":7,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"countries":60,"tags":61,"pdf":63,"authors":64},"03bebfd8-0b40-4a2a-820d-b9d9c13b9de6","3d9ff205-1640-4f34-b5b6-86977f51bbd6",[21],[],[55],{"url":25,"caption":26},[21],[15],[31],[33],[],[48,62],5003,[],[65],2115,{"id":67,"name":68},1303,"Environment",{"id":62,"publications_id":70,"tags_id":83},{"id":5,"status":6,"sort":7,"user_created":50,"date_created":8,"user_updated":51,"date_updated":9,"nid":10,"slug":11,"image":35,"title":12,"body":13,"citation":14,"language":15,"year":16,"publisher":17,"date_published":18,"external":19,"topic":71,"link_internal":72,"link_external":73,"featured":27,"topics":75,"languages":76,"type":77,"area":7,"programme":7,"websites":78,"summary":7,"pdf_text":7,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"countries":79,"tags":80,"pdf":81,"authors":82},[21],[],[74],{"url":25,"caption":26},[21],[15],[31],[33],[],[48,62],[],[65],{"id":84,"name":85},867,"Financial crime",[],[88],{"id":65,"publications_id":89,"authors_id":102},{"id":5,"status":6,"sort":7,"user_created":50,"date_created":8,"user_updated":51,"date_updated":9,"nid":10,"slug":11,"image":35,"title":12,"body":13,"citation":14,"language":15,"year":16,"publisher":17,"date_published":18,"external":19,"topic":90,"link_internal":91,"link_external":92,"featured":27,"topics":94,"languages":95,"type":96,"area":7,"programme":7,"websites":97,"summary":7,"pdf_text":7,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"countries":98,"tags":99,"pdf":100,"authors":101},[21],[],[93],{"url":25,"caption":26},[21],[15],[31],[33],[],[48,62],[],[65],{"id":103,"name":104,"position":7,"image":7},316,"Tim Wittig",[106,155,196,229,274,323,372,418,453,509],{"id":107,"slug":108,"title":109,"status":6,"nid":110,"year":111,"body":112,"external":27,"topic":113,"language":15,"type":115,"date_published":117,"image":118,"citation":14,"publisher":119,"link_internal":120,"link_external":124,"authors":128,"countries":133,"tags":138,"pdf":147,"topics":149,"featured":27,"languages":151,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":50,"date_created":152,"user_updated":51,"date_updated":153,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":154},1755,"quick-guide-25-tax-investigations-and-illegal-wildlife-trade","Quick Guide 25: Tax investigations and illegal wildlife trade",2203,2022,"What role could tax investigations play in detecting, investigating and prosecuting cases of illegal wildlife trade? Potentially a large one, with the right coordination and capacity.\n\nThis quick guide by Jovile Mungyereza, Financial Investigation Specialist in our \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fgreen-corruption\">Green Corruption programme\u003C\u002Fa> and former Tax Investigations manager at the Uganda Revenue Authority, gives a brief introduction to the surprisingly under-researched and under-utilised possibility of using tax laws and investigations to target high-level wildlife traffickers.\n\n### About this Quick Guide\n\nThis work is licensed under a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-nc-nd\u002F4.0\u002F\">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License\u003C\u002Fa>. It is part of the Basel Institute on Governance Quick Guide series, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.baselgovernance.org\u002Fpublications?type=2428\">ISSN 2673-5229\u003C\u002Fa>, and was funded by the UK Government through the IWT Challenge Fund.",[114,21],"Asset Recovery",[116],"Quick Guide","2022-03-22","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002F6bcde8d5-09b0-457e-8a02-636ed30da269?width=600&height=840","Basel Institute on Governance",[121],{"url":122,"caption":123},"\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications?type=Quick%20Guide"," View all Quick Guides",[125],{"url":126,"caption":127},"https:\u002F\u002Flearn.baselgovernance.org\u002Fcourse\u002Fview.php?id=124"," View on Basel LEARN",[129],{"authors_id":130},{"id":131,"name":132},350,"jovile.mungyereza",[134],{"countries_id":135},{"id":136,"name":137},226,"Uganda",[139,143,145],{"tags_id":140},{"id":141,"name":142},1193,"Financial investigations",{"tags_id":144},{"id":84,"name":85},{"tags_id":146},{"id":67,"name":68},[148],1784,[150,21],"Asset Recovery and Enforcement",[15],"2022-04-27T11:53:14.000Z","2026-06-02T14:09:04.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fquick-guide-25-tax-investigations-and-illegal-wildlife-trade",{"id":156,"slug":157,"title":158,"status":6,"nid":159,"year":111,"body":160,"external":27,"topic":161,"language":15,"type":162,"date_published":163,"image":164,"citation":14,"publisher":165,"link_internal":166,"link_external":170,"authors":174,"countries":175,"tags":176,"pdf":187,"topics":189,"featured":27,"languages":190,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":50,"date_created":191,"user_updated":192,"date_updated":193,"main_points":194,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":195},2256,"law-enforcement-criminal-justice-and-natural-resource-corruption-tnrc-guide","Law enforcement, criminal justice and natural resource corruption - a TNRC guide",2339,"This introductory guide for the Targeting Natural Resource Corruption (TNRC) project:\n\n\n- outlines the impact of corruption in law enforcement or the wider criminal justice system on conservation goals;\n- explains approaches that can help conservation and natural resource management practitioners to strengthen their programming and related responses;\n- offers guidance on strategies for working with law enforcement.\n\n\nIt leads the Law Enforcement topic page of the TNRC Knowledge Hub and is designed to help practitioners find relevant resources, including on the following approaches:\n\n\n- Supporting enforcement agencies\n- Fostering transparency, accountability, and monitoring\n- Leveraging technologies\n- Exploring whistleblowing and other reporting options\n- Engaging the private sector\n\n\n### Key takeaways\n\n\n- Law enforcement and the wider criminal justice system are essential to address both **illegal activities that undermine conservation objectives** and the **corruption that facilitates those activities.**\n- **Crimes and corruption involving wildlife, forests, and fisheries are not “victimless,”** and detecting and deterring them should be prioritized.\n- **Effective enforcement of laws helps create an environment of stability and trust.** This in turn reinforces adherence to laws and regulations that govern natural resources and their use. Practitioners can play an important role in promoting effective law enforcement to address crime and corruption in support of conservation objectives.\n- Options range from **working directly with partner agencies** and institutions to strengthen their resilience to corruption, to working with other stakeholders to **strengthen wider enabling conditions**.\n- However, **corruption can undermine law enforcement,** rendering it ineffective or even harmful. Applying a “corruption lens” can help shape better and safer strategies for working with law enforcement.\n- Strategic decisions about whether and how to support law enforcement in a particular context therefore require a **strong understanding of local actors, power dynamics, legal and institutional frameworks**, and the underlying drivers and facilitators of corruption.\n\n\nThe Basel Institute's \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fgreen-corruption\">Green Corruption\u003C\u002Fa> team developed the guide in collaboration with TNRC consortium partners and external experts.",[21],[31],"2022-12-28","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002Fe5e0fbcd-1278-4777-85a9-c087a3b917e3?width=600&height=840","Targeting Natural Resource Corruption (TNRC) project",[167],{"url":168,"caption":169},"\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fillicit-financial-flows-and-natural-resource-corruption-tnrc-guide"," View related guide: Illicit financial flows and natural resource corruption",[171],{"url":172,"caption":173},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.worldwildlife.org\u002Fpages\u002Ftnrc-guide-law-enforcement-and-criminal-justice","View on TNRC website",[],[],[177,181,183],{"tags_id":178},{"id":179,"name":180},1374,"Law enforcement",{"tags_id":182},{"id":67,"name":68},{"tags_id":184},{"id":185,"name":186},804,"Natural resources",[188],2298,[21],[15],"2023-01-04T11:04:12.000Z","b0662e2a-864d-4888-a1b7-4342b7570b30","2026-06-02T21:22:03.000Z","- Law enforcement and the wider criminal justice system are essential to address both **illegal activities that undermine conservation objectives** and the **corruption that facilitates those activities.**\n- **Crimes and corruption involving wildlife, forests, and fisheries are not “victimless,”** and detecting and deterring them should be prioritized.\n- **Effective enforcement of laws helps create an environment of stability and trust.** This in turn reinforces adherence to laws and regulations that govern natural resources and their use. Practitioners can play an important role in promoting effective law enforcement to address crime and corruption in support of conservation objectives.\n- Options range from **working directly with partner agencies** and institutions to strengthen their resilience to corruption, to working with other stakeholders to **strengthen wider enabling conditions**.\n- However, **corruption can undermine law enforcement,** rendering it ineffective or even harmful. Applying a “corruption lens” can help shape better and safer strategies for working with law enforcement.\n- Strategic decisions about whether and how to support law enforcement in a particular context therefore require a **strong understanding of local actors, power dynamics, legal and institutional frameworks**, and the underlying drivers and facilitators of corruption.","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Flaw-enforcement-criminal-justice-and-natural-resource-corruption-tnrc-guide",{"id":197,"slug":198,"title":199,"status":6,"nid":200,"year":111,"body":201,"external":27,"topic":202,"language":15,"type":203,"date_published":204,"image":205,"citation":14,"publisher":165,"link_internal":206,"link_external":207,"authors":210,"countries":211,"tags":212,"pdf":223,"topics":224,"featured":27,"languages":225,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":50,"date_created":226,"user_updated":192,"date_updated":227,"main_points":228,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":168},2239,"illicit-financial-flows-and-natural-resource-corruption-tnrc-guide","Illicit financial flows and natural resource corruption - a TNRC guide",2302,"This introductory guide for the Targeting Natural Resource Corruption (TNRC) project:\n\n\n- outlines the impact of illicit financial flows on conservation goals;\n- explains approaches that can help conservation and natural resource management practitioners to strengthen their programming and related responses;\n- offers guidance on risks and constraints to such financial approaches.\n\n\nIt leads the Illicit Financial Flows topic page of the TNRC Knowledge Hub and is designed to help practitioners find relevant resources.\n\nThe key takeaways are:\n\n\n- **Understanding the financial aspects** of natural resource crimes and corruption can reveal opportunities to **reduce the incentives** to illegally exploit and trade in natural resources, as well as to **strengthen law enforcement** against those who profit from environmental destruction.\n- **Targeting the financial aspects** of natural resource crimes, especially where money crosses borders, can help to **identify and break up corrupt and criminal networks** and lead to the **recovery of illicit proceeds.**\n- **\"Follow the money”** approaches vary according to context, but generally require **multi-stakeholder and cross-sector collaboration** and information sharing.\n\n\nThe Basel Institute's \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fgreen-corruption\">Green Corruption\u003C\u002Fa> team developed the guide in collaboration with TNRC consortium partners and external experts.",[21],[31],"2022-10-26","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002Fa4131d58-bd66-473b-8bdd-4be275aef858?width=600&height=840",[],[208],{"url":209,"caption":173},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.worldwildlife.org\u002Fpages\u002Ftnrc-guide-illicit-financial-flows",[],[],[213,217,219,221],{"tags_id":214},{"id":215,"name":216},1215,"Illicit financial flows",{"tags_id":218},{"id":67,"name":68},{"tags_id":220},{"id":141,"name":142},{"tags_id":222},{"id":185,"name":186},[],[21],[15],"2022-10-27T16:04:08.000Z","2026-06-02T21:21:33.000Z","- **Understanding the financial aspects** of natural resource crimes and corruption can reveal opportunities to **reduce the incentives** to illegally exploit and trade in natural resources, as well as to **strengthen law enforcement** against those who profit from environmental destruction.\n- **Targeting the financial aspects** of natural resource crimes, especially where money crosses borders, can help to **identify and break up corrupt and criminal networks** and lead to the **recovery of illicit proceeds.**\n- **\"Follow the money”** approaches vary according to context, but generally require **multi-stakeholder and cross-sector collaboration** and information sharing.",{"id":230,"slug":231,"title":232,"status":6,"nid":233,"year":111,"body":234,"external":27,"topic":235,"language":15,"type":237,"date_published":239,"image":240,"citation":14,"publisher":241,"link_internal":242,"link_external":243,"authors":247,"countries":256,"tags":257,"pdf":266,"topics":268,"featured":27,"languages":270,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":50,"date_created":271,"user_updated":51,"date_updated":272,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":273},2195,"wp-39","Working Paper 39: Behavioural drivers of corruption facilitating illegal wildlife trade – Problem analysis and state of the field review",2210,"This Problem Analysis is a review of the efficacy and opportunities for using social norm and behaviour change (SNBC) approaches to combat illegal wildlife trade (IWT) and other natural resource-related corruption.\n\nBehavioural science is a rich and expansive field that has received prominent coverage in recent years for the promise it offers as a foundational yet underutilised approach to achieving biodiversity conservation. Extensive literature shows how SNBC initiatives can help combat diverse corruption problems, although for those related to natural resource management the evidence for doing so is sparse.\n\nThis report synthesises the available information and suggests the next steps to redress this current lack of evidence. It seeks to:\n\n\n- Understand what SNBC approaches might or might not work in fighting corruption.\n- Identify entry points for designing SNBC interventions that can effectively reduce corruption related to IWT.\n\n\n### About and acknowledgements\n\nThis Analysis has been produced in association with the Targeting Natural Resource Corruption (TNRC) project. The TNRC project is working to improve biodiversity outcomes by helping practitioners to address the threats posed by corruption to wildlife, fisheries and forests. TNRC harnesses existing knowledge, generates new evidence, and supports innovative policy and practice for more effective anti-corruption programming. Learn more at \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftnrcproject.org\">tnrcproject.org\u003C\u002Fa>.\n\nThis publication is made possible by the generous support of the American people through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The contents are the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID, the United States Government, or individual TNRC consortium members.\n\nThe publication is part of the Basel Institute on Governance Working Paper Series, ISSN: 2624-9650. It is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0).\n\nSuggested citation: Baez Camargo, Claudia, and Gayle Burgess. 2022. “Behavioural drivers of corruption facilitating illegal wildlife trade: Problem analysis and state of the field review.” Working Paper 39, Basel Institute on Governance. Available at: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fpublications\u002Fwp-39\">https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fpublications\u002Fwp-39\u003C\u002Fa>",[21,236],"Public Governance",[31,238],"Report","2022-06-01","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002F9f6e8d24-9468-43cb-949d-bdbd25d35adb?width=600&height=840","Basel Institute on Governance; TRAFFIC",[],[244],{"url":245,"caption":246},"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.zoom.us\u002Fwebinar\u002Fregister\u002FWN_VUh1-aisS-Su1Cuwc8vWlA"," Register for virtual event - 27 June 2022",[248,252],{"authors_id":249},{"id":250,"name":251},295,"Claudia Baez Camargo",{"authors_id":253},{"id":254,"name":255},501,"Gayle Burgess",[],[258,260,262],{"tags_id":259},{"id":185,"name":186},{"tags_id":261},{"id":67,"name":68},{"tags_id":263},{"id":264,"name":265},848,"Behavioural science",[267],2234,[21,269],"Corruption Prevention and Public Governance",[15],"2022-06-09T13:42:35.000Z","2026-05-31T22:52:04.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fwp-39",{"id":275,"slug":276,"title":277,"status":6,"nid":278,"year":111,"body":279,"external":27,"topic":280,"language":15,"type":281,"date_published":282,"image":283,"citation":14,"publisher":165,"link_internal":284,"link_external":285,"authors":289,"countries":306,"tags":307,"pdf":316,"topics":318,"featured":27,"languages":319,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":50,"date_created":320,"user_updated":51,"date_updated":321,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":322},1753,"where-are-weakest-links-illegal-wildlife-trade-enforcement-chain-lessons-corruption","Where are the weakest links in the illegal wildlife trade enforcement chain? Lessons from corruption risk assessments with agencies in three countries",2214,"This Practice Note:\n\n\n- Summarizes experiences and lessons from conducting corruption risk assessments (CRAs) with authorities responsible for investigations and prosecutions of illegal wildlife trade (IWT) cases in three countries in Africa and Latin America. It seeks to demonstrate the value of adopting a collaborative approach to CRAs, illustrates potential avenues for pursuing such an approach when the right factors are in place, and demonstrates how mapping the criminal justice process provides a solid starting point to identify critical vulnerabilities. The note also highlights factors that might recommend another approach, for example where collaboration cannot be assured.\n- Highlights some common risks that emerged from the CRAs in the three countries and that may negatively affect the progress of IWT cases in other countries. Still, corruption risks vary among countries and agency contexts, and it is not always feasible for practitioners to conduct or initiate a CRA. These general insights can help point practitioners to possible vulnerabilities to look out for.\n\n\nThe practice note was developed by team members of the Basel Institute's \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fgreen-corruption\">Green Corruption programme\u003C\u002Fa> as part of a wider research collaboration between the Basel Institute and the TNRC project consortium. \n\n### Takeaways\n\n\n- Effective enforcement against illegal wildlife trade (IWT) and related crimes is a vital component of wildlife conservation, but corruption risks within law enforcement agencies can undermine their ability to investigate and prosecute such cases. Supporting agencies to identify, evaluate, prioritize, and mitigate their corruption risks can help improve enforcement outcomes, assign scarce resources to areas that pose the highest risks, and build trust and cooperation with other agencies and stakeholders.\n- This TNRC Practice Note describes the lessons and insights from a three-country corruption risk assessment (CRA) exercise, using a collaborative approach that involves engaging with agency staff and relevant stakeholders to illuminate and systematically evaluate major risks. This is a sensitive process that requires strong relationships with agency leadership and a deep understanding of local political, social, and economic factors.\n- In all three countries, mitigating high-priority corruption risks in law enforcement agencies required a constructive, pragmatic, and sustained approach. Working jointly and acknowledging agencies’ political, capacity, and resource constraints can therefore represent a viable alternative to simply penalizing corrupt practices through investigations and audits.\n- Experience suggests that mapping the criminal justice process’ decision points is a crucial first step that builds shared understanding across stakeholders and helps identify corruption risk areas. It can take substantial investments of time to produce such maps, but that investment is usually warranted as it ensures researchers and stakeholders are speaking the same language.\n\n\n### About the TNRC project\n\nThe TNRC project seeks to improve biodiversity conservation outcomes by helping practitioners to address the threats posed by corruption to wildlife, fisheries and forests. TNRC harnesses existing knowledge, generates new evidence, and supports innovative policy and practice for more effective anti-corruption programming on the ground.\n\nA USAID-funded project, TNRC is implemented by a consortium of leading organizations in anti-corruption, natural resource management, and conservation: World Wildlife Fund (WWF), the U4 Anti-Corruption Resource Centre at the Chr. Michelsen Institute, TRAFFIC, and the Terrorism, Transnational Crime and Corruption Center (TraCCC) at George Mason University.",[21],[31,238],"2022-04-26","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002F5f8a6994-0803-4ade-aac0-7a2ba8a398db?width=600&height=840",[],[286],{"url":287,"caption":288},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.worldwildlife.org\u002Fpages\u002Ftnrc-where-are-the-weakest-links-in-the-illegal-wildlife-trade-enforcement-chain-lessons-from-corruption-risk-assessments-with-agencies-in-three-countries","View publication online on TNRC website",[290,294,298,302],{"authors_id":291},{"id":292,"name":293},314,"Manuel Medina",{"authors_id":295},{"id":296,"name":297},299,"Juhani Grossmann",{"authors_id":299},{"id":300,"name":301},361,"Taradhinta Suryandari",{"authors_id":303},{"id":304,"name":305},296,"Monica Guy",[],[308,312,314],{"tags_id":309},{"id":310,"name":311},859,"Corruption risks",{"tags_id":313},{"id":67,"name":68},{"tags_id":315},{"id":179,"name":180},[317],1781,[21],[15],"2022-04-27T11:53:12.000Z","2026-05-31T22:52:10.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fwhere-are-weakest-links-illegal-wildlife-trade-enforcement-chain-lessons-corruption",{"id":324,"slug":325,"title":326,"status":6,"nid":327,"year":111,"body":328,"external":27,"topic":329,"language":15,"type":330,"date_published":331,"image":332,"citation":14,"publisher":333,"link_internal":334,"link_external":341,"authors":345,"countries":360,"tags":361,"pdf":366,"topics":367,"featured":27,"languages":368,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":50,"date_created":369,"user_updated":51,"date_updated":370,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":371},1766,"determinants-and-drivers-wildlife-trafficking-qualitative-analysis-uganda","Determinants and drivers of wildlife trafficking: A qualitative analysis in Uganda",2163,"The article analyses drivers and determinants of illicit wildlife trade (IWT), targeting those factors that support the participation of individuals in poaching and transportation of wildlife goods.\n\nThese factors are often explained in economic and institutional terms. Recently, scholars have started to recognise the importance of socio-cultural and behavioural drivers in influencing the individual propensity to engage in wildlife trafficking. The goal is clarifying how behavioural drivers may spur individuals to engage in these phenomena. The research provides further understanding on why wildlife trafficking happens by focusing on the role of the socio-economic context, the broader governance environment, and behavioural drivers associated with sociality and stereotypes in spurring participation in IWT.\n\nThe research is based on fieldwork in Uganda, specifically on 47 interviews with Ugandan-based and international anti-IWT experts and eight focus group discussions with wildlife conservation and anti-corruption experts in Kampala, members of reformed poachers’ networks in Western Uganda, and individuals living around a wildlife habitat in northern Uganda.\n\nThe findings highlight that illicit wildlife trade is spurred by the wish for financial resources (economic factors) and weak governance (quality of governance), and it is justified by mental models, that is, the behavioural drivers such as socio-contextual and normative mechanisms. The research shows the importance of reflecting on the role that behavioural drivers, including sociality and shared understandings of IWT, play in influencing the propensity of individuals to engage in poaching and the early stages of wildlife trafficking.\n\n### Acknowledgement and citation\n\nThis publication arose out of a collaboration between the Basel Institute's \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fpublic-governance\">Public Governance\u003C\u002Fa> and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fgreen-corruption\">Green Corruption\u003C\u002Fa> teams. The research presented in this publication forms part of a two-year project aimed at stopping corruption from fuelling illegal wildlife trade between East Africa and Southeast Asia.\n\nThis research was funded by PMI IMPACT, a grant award initiative of Philip Morris International (PMI). In the performance of their research, the authors maintained full independence from PMI. The views and opinions expressed in this document are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of PMI. Neither PMI, nor any of its affiliates, nor any person acting on their behalf may be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained herein.\n\nCitation: Saba Kassa, Claudia Baez-Camargo, Jacopo Costa & Robert Lugolobi (2022) Determinants and Drivers of Wildlife Trafficking: A Qualitative Analysis in Uganda, *Journal of International Wildlife Law & Policy*, DOI: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1080\u002F13880292.2021.2019381\">10.1080\u002F13880292.2021.2019381\u003C\u002Fa>",[21,236],[31],"2022-01-13","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002F0f25db65-39c2-4fad-babd-d553fd271acc?width=600&height=840","Journal of International Wildlife Law & Policy",[335,338],{"url":336,"caption":337},"\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fworking-paper-33-worms-eye-view-wildlife-trafficking-uganda-path-least-resistance"," Related publication: Working Paper 33: A worm’s-eye view of wildlife trafficking in Uganda – the path of least resistance",{"url":339,"caption":340},"\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fpolicy-brief-5-curbing-wildlife-trafficking-uganda-lessons-practitioners"," Related publication: Policy Brief 5: Curbing wildlife trafficking in Uganda: lessons for practitioners",[342],{"url":343,"caption":344},"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1080\u002F13880292.2021.2019381","Access article via Taylor & Francis Online",[346,350,352,356],{"authors_id":347},{"id":348,"name":349},303,"Saba Kassa",{"authors_id":351},{"id":250,"name":251},{"authors_id":353},{"id":354,"name":355},304,"Jacopo Costa",{"authors_id":357},{"id":358,"name":359},358,"Robert Lugolobi",[],[362,364],{"tags_id":363},{"id":67,"name":68},{"tags_id":365},{"id":264,"name":265},[],[21,269],[15],"2022-04-27T11:53:21.000Z","2026-06-02T14:09:05.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fdeterminants-and-drivers-wildlife-trafficking-qualitative-analysis-uganda",{"id":373,"slug":374,"title":375,"status":6,"nid":376,"year":111,"body":377,"external":27,"topic":378,"language":15,"type":379,"date_published":380,"image":381,"citation":14,"publisher":165,"link_internal":382,"link_external":383,"authors":386,"countries":393,"tags":394,"pdf":411,"topics":413,"featured":27,"languages":414,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":50,"date_created":415,"user_updated":51,"date_updated":416,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":417},1768,"targeting-profit-non-conviction-based-forfeiture-environmental-crime","Targeting Profit: Non-Conviction Based Forfeiture in Environmental Crime",2157,"Environmental criminals and their corrupt facilitators get rich by destroying our planet and its natural resources. This publication for the Targeting Natural Resource Corruption (TNRC) project explains how and why to confiscate their illicit assets – with or without a criminal conviction.\n\nThe introductory overview of asset recovery tools to tackle environmental crime was a collaboration between the Basel Institute's \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fgreen-corruption\">Green Corruption programme\u003C\u002Fa> and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fasset-recovery\">International Centre for Asset Recovery\u003C\u002Fa>. It is part of a wider research collaboration between the Basel Institute and the TNRC project consortium. \n\n### Takeaways\n\n\n- Using legal powers to confiscate assets can be an important element of enforcement against environmental crime because it targets **the profit motive for environmental crime and disrupts the financing of further criminal activity**.\n- **Confiscating illicit assets does not require an individual to be convicted**. Many countries have judicial procedures to confiscate assets derived from criminal activity without the need for a specific criminal conviction.\n- This procedure, referred to as non-conviction based forfeiture (NCBF), can be an **effective way to target the profits from environmental crimes**, where corruption and money laundering are frequently significant components.\n- **Understanding and applying anti-corruption and anti-money laundering laws in their country** is vital for enforcement practitioners to be able to pursue criminals’ assets more effectively. Early coordination with anti-corruption and financial intelligence authorities will assist in this.\n- NCBF is no different to the process of criminal investigation and prosecution, in that it depends on the degree to which good governance, strong and accountable institutions, and a well-functioning justice system are present in a country. Prior to engaging NCBF for environmental corruption cases, **risks should be assessed in a similar manner to the risks of existing law enforcement and prosecution practices** in a given country.\n\n\n### About the TNRC project\n\nThe TNRC project seeks to improve biodiversity conservation outcomes by helping practitioners to address the threats posed by corruption to wildlife, fisheries and forests. TNRC harnesses existing knowledge, generates new evidence, and supports innovative policy and practice for more effective anti-corruption programming on the ground.\n\nA USAID-funded project, TNRC is implemented by a consortium of leading organizations in anti-corruption, natural resource management, and conservation: World Wildlife Fund (WWF), the U4 Anti-Corruption Resource Centre at the Chr. Michelsen Institute, TRAFFIC, and the Terrorism, Transnational Crime and Corruption Center (TraCCC) at George Mason University.",[114,21],[31,238],"2022-01-10","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002F997aba04-a6b1-47e6-8dd5-6fefa85fb5c4?width=600&height=840",[],[384],{"url":385,"caption":288},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.worldwildlife.org\u002Fpages\u002Ftnrc-introductory-overview-targeting-profit-non-conviction-based-forfeiture-in-environmental-crime",[387,391],{"authors_id":388},{"id":389,"name":390},292,"Jonathan Spicer",{"authors_id":392},{"id":296,"name":297},[],[395,399,403,407,409],{"tags_id":396},{"id":397,"name":398},821,"Unexplained wealth",{"tags_id":400},{"id":401,"name":402},1379,"Non-conviction based forfeiture",{"tags_id":404},{"id":405,"name":406},843,"Asset recovery",{"tags_id":408},{"id":215,"name":216},{"tags_id":410},{"id":67,"name":68},[412],1790,[150,21],[15],"2022-04-27T11:53:23.000Z","2026-06-01T22:47:37.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Ftargeting-profit-non-conviction-based-forfeiture-environmental-crime",{"id":419,"slug":420,"title":421,"status":6,"nid":422,"year":111,"body":423,"external":27,"topic":424,"language":15,"type":425,"date_published":426,"image":427,"citation":14,"publisher":428,"link_internal":429,"link_external":430,"authors":437,"countries":440,"tags":441,"pdf":448,"topics":449,"featured":27,"languages":450,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":50,"date_created":415,"user_updated":51,"date_updated":451,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":452},1769,"structures-functions-and-flows-iwt-deconstructing-criminal-network-between-east-africa","Structures, functions and flows of IWT: deconstructing a criminal network between East Africa and Southeast Asia",2156,"The paper investigates the role of criminal networks in fostering illegal wildlife trade (IWT), and how these relational structures interact with transnational organized crime. The paper frames these topics within the debate around the opportunistic or organized nature of IWT. The aim is to understand how chaotic behaviors can transform into an ordered and organized strategy.\n\nSocial network analysis (SNA) and network ethnography were conducted to explore the crime network surrounding a wildlife trafficker based in East Africa. The empirical results suggest that criminal networks operate as \"machine of order\" that transform opportunistic behaviors at the micro level into ordered strategies at the macro level.\n\nEmpirical results also suggest that organized crime has an important role in making the process of transforming opportunistic into organized behaviours more efficient and more effective.\n\n### Acknowledgement and citation\n\nThis publication arose out of a collaboration between the Basel Institute's \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fpublic-governance\">Public Governance\u003C\u002Fa> and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fgreen-corruption\">Green Corruption\u003C\u002Fa> teams. The research presented in this publication forms part of a two-year project aimed at stopping corruption from fuelling illegal wildlife trade between East Africa and Southeast Asia.\n\nThis research was funded by PMI IMPACT, a grant award initiative of Philip Morris International (PMI). In the performance of their research, the authors maintained full independence from PMI. The views and opinions expressed in this document are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of PMI. Neither PMI, nor any of its affiliates, nor any person acting on their behalf may be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained herein.\n\nCitation: Costa, J. Structures, functions and flows of IWT: deconstructing a criminal network between East Africa and Southeast Asia. *Crime Law Soc Change* (2022). \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fs10611-021-10009-8\">https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fs10611-021-10009-8\u003C\u002Fa>",[21,236],[31],"2022-01-08","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002F5363c185-1d3b-46af-a1ff-d0a28819f2b1?width=600&height=840","Crime, Law and Social Change",[],[431,434],{"url":432,"caption":433},"https:\u002F\u002Frdcu.be\u002FcEzfQ","View article (full text, no download)",{"url":435,"caption":436},"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fs10611-021-10009-8"," Log in to Springer Link to download article",[438],{"authors_id":439},{"id":354,"name":355},[],[442,444],{"tags_id":443},{"id":67,"name":68},{"tags_id":445},{"id":446,"name":447},967,"Organised crime",[],[21,269],[15],"2026-05-29T22:23:13.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fstructures-functions-and-flows-iwt-deconstructing-criminal-network-between-east-africa",{"id":454,"slug":455,"title":456,"status":6,"nid":457,"year":458,"body":459,"external":27,"topic":460,"language":15,"type":461,"date_published":462,"image":463,"citation":14,"publisher":119,"link_internal":464,"link_external":468,"authors":472,"countries":487,"tags":488,"pdf":497,"topics":504,"featured":27,"languages":505,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":50,"date_created":506,"user_updated":51,"date_updated":507,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":508},1777,"corrupting-environment-insights-corruption-environment-and-illicit-trade","Corrupting the Environment: insights on corruption, the environment and illicit trade",2138,2021,"This collection of insights on corruption, the environment and illicit trade emerges from the monthly \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fgreen-corruption\u002Fcorrupting-environment\">Corrupting the Environment\u003C\u002Fa> webinar series between December 2020 and August 2021. \n\nA joint initiative of the Basel Institute on Governance and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the series brought together leading voices from the public and private sectors, academia and civil society. In lively panel discussions, they explored critical trends and shared recommendations for addressing the corruption that is destroying our planet and people's opportunities for sustainable development. \n\nThe publications below are adapted from summaries published on the Basel Institute following each event.\n\n ",[21],[31,238],"2021-11-29","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002F145440e8-0787-4f97-b6c2-53c5437824e3?width=600&height=840",[465],{"url":466,"caption":467},"\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fnatural-resource-management-and-environmental-corruption-indonesia-survey-report"," 7: Natural resource management and environmental corruption in Indonesia - the Green Corruption paradox (survey report)",[469],{"url":470,"caption":471},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fplaylist?list=PLYRnhpCcnLP-Ual-E91AOVFugMqDN6z-P"," YouTube playlist: Corrupting the Environment webinar series",[473,475,479,481,485],{"authors_id":474},{"id":296,"name":297},{"authors_id":476},{"id":477,"name":478},360,"Alexander Berman",{"authors_id":480},{"id":300,"name":301},{"authors_id":482},{"id":483,"name":484},307,"Jonathan Ambrogi",{"authors_id":486},{"id":304,"name":305},[],[489,491,493,495],{"tags_id":490},{"id":185,"name":186},{"tags_id":492},{"id":264,"name":265},{"tags_id":494},{"id":67,"name":68},{"tags_id":496},{"id":141,"name":142},[498,499,500,501,502,503],1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,[21],[15],"2022-04-27T11:53:28.000Z","2026-06-02T14:09:07.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fcorrupting-environment-insights-corruption-environment-and-illicit-trade",{"id":510,"slug":511,"title":512,"status":6,"nid":513,"year":514,"body":515,"external":27,"topic":7,"language":7,"type":516,"date_published":517,"image":518,"citation":7,"publisher":119,"link_internal":519,"link_external":526,"authors":527,"countries":548,"tags":561,"pdf":570,"topics":572,"featured":27,"languages":573,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":51,"date_created":574,"user_updated":192,"date_updated":575,"main_points":7,"short_version":576,"subtitle":7,"link":577},2439,"corruption-risk-management-latam-timber-value-chain","Preventing corruption in the timber value chain: Risk management experiences in Latin America",2927,2026,"Corruption in the timber value chain is a major challenge for environmental sustainability and governance in Latin America.\n\nThis report presents the application of a corruption risk management approach by environmental authorities in Bolivia, Ecuador and Peru, implemented through technical assistance from the Basel Institute on Governance’s [Green Corruption programme](http:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fgreen-corruption).\n\n[**Download the report here**](https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fsites\u002Fdefault\u002Ffiles\u002F2026-04\u002F260401_Preventing-corruption-in-the-timber-value-chain_Latam.pdf)\n\n### Key corruption risks\n\nThe report describes the main corruption risks identified in collaboration with five environmental authorities responsible for integrity in the timber value chain, covering:\n\n- The granting of forestry rights\n- The issuance and use of timber transport waybills\n- The control and supervision of authorised actors.\n\nThe main corruption risks identified involve:\n\n- Improper agreements between public servants and third parties\n- Abuse of authority\n- Undue influence or pressure from superiors\n\n### Mitigation measures\n\nPlanned mitigation measures fall into four main categories:\n\n- Regulatory improvements, including updating procedures, closing implementation gaps and improving efficiency\n- Strengthened supervision, such as file tracking systems and alerts to reduce discretion\n- Enhanced communication, including multicultural approaches for Indigenous and rural communities\n- Cross-cutting measures to promote integrity such as awareness-raising, ethical reflection and training\n\nGiven common patterns across natural resource sectors, these measures may be relevant for other environmental agencies, though they should be adapted to local contexts.\n\n### Lessons learned\n\nThe experiences in Bolivia, Ecuador and Peru highlight the importance of tailoring risk management approaches to national contexts, ensuring institutional leadership and fostering inter-institutional collaboration. They also underline the value of peer learning and cross-border exchange.",[238],"2026-04-02","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002Fa4345633-502b-4784-b391-b3ca6bafb2c5?width=600&height=840",[520,523],{"url":521,"caption":522},"\u002Fresources\u002Fnews\u002Fprotecting-forests-through-corruption-prevention-videos-on-promising-initiatives-in-bolivia-ecuador-and-peru-2726","Learn more about protecting forests through corruption prevention",{"url":524,"caption":525},"\u002Fresources\u002Fnews\u002Fjoining-forces-to-protect-the-amazon-forest-and-its-communities-from-corruption-2717","Read related news",[],[528,532,536,540,544],{"authors_id":529},{"id":530,"name":531},586,"Aldo Bautista",{"authors_id":533},{"id":534,"name":535},587,"Mirtha Muniz",{"authors_id":537},{"id":538,"name":539},588,"Karla Coronado",{"authors_id":541},{"id":542,"name":543},589,"Patricia Torres",{"authors_id":545},{"id":546,"name":547},590,"Francisco Bustamante",[549,553,557],{"countries_id":550},{"id":551,"name":552},171,"Peru",{"countries_id":554},{"id":555,"name":556},28,"Bolivia",{"countries_id":558},{"id":559,"name":560},60,"Ecuador",[562,564,568],{"tags_id":563},{"id":67,"name":68},{"tags_id":565},{"id":566,"name":567},1373,"Corruption prevention",{"tags_id":569},{"id":310,"name":311},[571],2494,[21],[15],"2026-06-01T22:10:25.000Z","2026-06-02T21:18:25.000Z","Corruption in the timber value chain represents a major challenge for environmental sustainability\nand governance in Latin America. This report introduces the application of a **corruption risk\nmanagement approach** by environmental authorities in Bolivia, Ecuador and Peru. This\napproach was implemented within the framework of technical assistance provided by the Green\nCorruption programme of the Basel Institute on Governance.\n\nCorruption refers to the misuse of entrusted power for private gain, often leading to increased\ninequality, poverty and social division. The concept of “green corruption” addresses the impact of\ncorruption as a major driver of environmental devastation and increased risk of harm to the\nenvironment and natural resources. Corruption risk refers to the possibility of a corrupt act\noccurring, but does not necessarily mean that a corrupt act has taken place. Mitigation measures\n– based on identified corruption risks, their impacts and likelihoods – are typically a prioritised set\nof recommended actions to address weaknesses, allocate resources, seek external support or\noffset the impact of negative conditions.\n\nUtilising the Green Corruption programme’s corruption risk management approach,\nrepresentatives of the environmental authorities identified corruption risks within the timber value\nchain related to **three key risk contexts**:\n1. The granting of forestry rights\n2. The issuance and use of timber transport waybills\n3. The control and supervision of authorised actors.\n\n**Priority areas of concern** included documentary procedures, physical inspections and the\nadministrative sanctioning procedure.\n\n**Specific corruption risks** identified involved:\n- the potential for improper agreements between public servants and third parties;\n- abuse of authority; and\n- undue influence or other improper pressures from hierarchical superiors within organisations.\n\nThe majority of planned **mitigation measures** can be grouped into four categories:\n- **Regulatory improvement**, to be accomplished by reviewing and updating administrative procedures, closing implementation gaps and other opportunities for corruption and improving operating efficiency.\n- **Strengthened supervision** through the implementation of file tracking systems and alerts as well as the use of verification formats in the approval of forestry rights and the issuance of timber transport waybills, and other practices that reduce the discretion of operational units.\n- **Enhanced communication strategies** to support information exchange and joint action within the timber value chain. Specifically, a multicultural strategy was developed as a way of reducing the vulnerability to corruption for Indigenous and rural farming communities.\n- **Cross-cutting measures** to promote integrity through awareness-raising, ethical reflection and training for public servants and other actors in the timber value chain.\n\nThis document concludes with lessons learned and recommendations, highlighting the\nimportance of tailoring the approach to recognise the unique context of each country, its\ninstitutional leadership in risk management and the contribution of inter-institutional collaborative\nwork. The risk management experiences in Bolivia, Ecuador and Peru also highlight the value of\npeer learning and the exchange of experiences, including across national borders.\n\nIn summary, this publication offers a practical approach for implementing corruption risk\nmanagement as an effective tool to reduce the likelihood of corrupt or unethical behaviour and to\nstrengthen the institutional framework for the timber value chain in Latin America.","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fcorruption-risk-management-latam-timber-value-chain",1780676575292]