[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":518},["ShallowReactive",2],{"publication-state-illicit-economy":3,"related-state-illicit-economy":76},[4],{"id":5,"status":6,"sort":7,"date_created":8,"date_updated":9,"nid":10,"slug":11,"title":12,"body":13,"citation":14,"language":15,"year":16,"publisher":17,"date_published":18,"external":19,"topic":20,"link_internal":22,"link_external":23,"featured":24,"topics":25,"languages":26,"type":27,"area":7,"programme":7,"websites":29,"summary":7,"pdf_text":7,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"image":7,"countries":30,"tags":31,"pdf":52,"authors":75},2070,"published",null,"2022-04-27T11:56:42.000Z","2026-05-23T20:04:20.000Z",700,"state-illicit-economy","State of the Illicit Economy","This briefing paper from the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.weforum.org\u002Fagenda\u002Farchive\u002Fillicit-economy\u002F\">World Economic Forum Meta-Council on the Illicit Economy\u003C\u002Fa> is a call to action for private and public sectors to pay attention to the growing impact of illicit economy.\n\nThe Meta-Council sheds light into some areas of the illicit economy – human trafficking, counterfeit goods, illegal mining and metals and illicit financial flows – and highlights key recommendations and solutions to be taken to combat the impact of these illicit activities.","","English",2015,"World Economic Forum","2015-01-01",true,[21],"Collective Action",[],[],false,[21],[15],[28],"Report",[21],[],[32],{"id":33,"publications_id":34,"tags_id":49},5100,{"id":5,"status":6,"sort":7,"user_created":35,"date_created":8,"user_updated":36,"date_updated":9,"nid":10,"slug":11,"image":7,"title":12,"body":13,"citation":14,"language":15,"year":16,"publisher":17,"date_published":18,"external":19,"topic":37,"link_internal":38,"link_external":39,"featured":24,"topics":40,"languages":41,"type":42,"area":7,"programme":7,"websites":43,"summary":7,"pdf_text":7,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"countries":44,"tags":45,"pdf":46,"authors":48},"03bebfd8-0b40-4a2a-820d-b9d9c13b9de6","3d9ff205-1640-4f34-b5b6-86977f51bbd6",[21],[],[],[21],[15],[28],[21],[],[33],[47],2116,[],{"id":50,"name":51},1215,"Illicit financial flows",[53],{"id":47,"publications_id":54,"directus_files_id":66},{"id":5,"status":6,"sort":7,"user_created":35,"date_created":8,"user_updated":36,"date_updated":9,"nid":10,"slug":11,"image":7,"title":12,"body":13,"citation":14,"language":15,"year":16,"publisher":17,"date_published":18,"external":19,"topic":55,"link_internal":56,"link_external":57,"featured":24,"topics":58,"languages":59,"type":60,"area":7,"programme":7,"websites":61,"summary":7,"pdf_text":7,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"countries":62,"tags":63,"pdf":64,"authors":65},[21],[],[],[21],[15],[28],[21],[],[33],[47],[],{"id":67,"storage":68,"filename_disk":69,"filename_download":70,"title":70,"type":71,"folder":72,"uploaded_by":35,"created_on":8,"modified_by":7,"modified_on":8,"charset":7,"filesize":73,"width":7,"height":7,"duration":7,"embed":7,"description":74,"location":7,"tags":7,"metadata":7,"focal_point_x":7,"focal_point_y":7,"tus_id":7,"tus_data":7,"uploaded_on":8},"f9d84950-9f4d-4f4d-b5a0-d4bb99c4a954","local","f9d84950-9f4d-4f4d-b5a0-d4bb99c4a954.pdf","wef-state-of-the-illicit-economy-2015-2.pdf","application\u002Fpdf","67f22e04-d26f-4baa-b91f-acc5f89d87f5",5661151,"View PDF",[],[77,134,169,225,262,301,349,387,431,483],{"id":78,"slug":79,"title":80,"status":6,"nid":81,"year":82,"body":83,"external":24,"topic":84,"language":15,"type":87,"date_published":89,"image":90,"citation":14,"publisher":91,"link_internal":92,"link_external":93,"authors":97,"countries":106,"tags":107,"pdf":126,"topics":128,"featured":24,"languages":130,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":35,"date_created":131,"user_updated":36,"date_updated":132,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":133},1768,"targeting-profit-non-conviction-based-forfeiture-environmental-crime","Targeting Profit: Non-Conviction Based Forfeiture in Environmental Crime",2157,2022,"Environmental criminals and their corrupt facilitators get rich by destroying our planet and its natural resources. This publication for the Targeting Natural Resource Corruption (TNRC) project explains how and why to confiscate their illicit assets – with or without a criminal conviction.\n\nThe introductory overview of asset recovery tools to tackle environmental crime was a collaboration between the Basel Institute's \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fgreen-corruption\">Green Corruption programme\u003C\u002Fa> and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fasset-recovery\">International Centre for Asset Recovery\u003C\u002Fa>. It is part of a wider research collaboration between the Basel Institute and the TNRC project consortium. \n\n### Takeaways\n\n\n- Using legal powers to confiscate assets can be an important element of enforcement against environmental crime because it targets **the profit motive for environmental crime and disrupts the financing of further criminal activity**.\n- **Confiscating illicit assets does not require an individual to be convicted**. Many countries have judicial procedures to confiscate assets derived from criminal activity without the need for a specific criminal conviction.\n- This procedure, referred to as non-conviction based forfeiture (NCBF), can be an **effective way to target the profits from environmental crimes**, where corruption and money laundering are frequently significant components.\n- **Understanding and applying anti-corruption and anti-money laundering laws in their country** is vital for enforcement practitioners to be able to pursue criminals’ assets more effectively. Early coordination with anti-corruption and financial intelligence authorities will assist in this.\n- NCBF is no different to the process of criminal investigation and prosecution, in that it depends on the degree to which good governance, strong and accountable institutions, and a well-functioning justice system are present in a country. Prior to engaging NCBF for environmental corruption cases, **risks should be assessed in a similar manner to the risks of existing law enforcement and prosecution practices** in a given country.\n\n\n### About the TNRC project\n\nThe TNRC project seeks to improve biodiversity conservation outcomes by helping practitioners to address the threats posed by corruption to wildlife, fisheries and forests. TNRC harnesses existing knowledge, generates new evidence, and supports innovative policy and practice for more effective anti-corruption programming on the ground.\n\nA USAID-funded project, TNRC is implemented by a consortium of leading organizations in anti-corruption, natural resource management, and conservation: World Wildlife Fund (WWF), the U4 Anti-Corruption Resource Centre at the Chr. Michelsen Institute, TRAFFIC, and the Terrorism, Transnational Crime and Corruption Center (TraCCC) at George Mason University.",[85,86],"Asset Recovery","Green Corruption",[88,28],"Article","2022-01-10","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002F997aba04-a6b1-47e6-8dd5-6fefa85fb5c4?width=600&height=840","Targeting Natural Resource Corruption (TNRC) project",[],[94],{"url":95,"caption":96},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.worldwildlife.org\u002Fpages\u002Ftnrc-introductory-overview-targeting-profit-non-conviction-based-forfeiture-in-environmental-crime","View publication online on TNRC website",[98,102],{"authors_id":99},{"id":100,"name":101},292,"Jonathan Spicer",{"authors_id":103},{"id":104,"name":105},299,"Juhani Grossmann",[],[108,112,116,120,122],{"tags_id":109},{"id":110,"name":111},821,"Unexplained wealth",{"tags_id":113},{"id":114,"name":115},1379,"Non-conviction based forfeiture",{"tags_id":117},{"id":118,"name":119},843,"Asset recovery",{"tags_id":121},{"id":50,"name":51},{"tags_id":123},{"id":124,"name":125},1303,"Environment",[127],1790,[129,86],"Asset Recovery and Enforcement",[15],"2022-04-27T11:53:23.000Z","2026-06-01T22:47:37.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Ftargeting-profit-non-conviction-based-forfeiture-environmental-crime",{"id":135,"slug":136,"title":137,"status":6,"nid":138,"year":139,"body":140,"external":24,"topic":141,"language":15,"type":142,"date_published":144,"image":145,"citation":14,"publisher":146,"link_internal":147,"link_external":151,"authors":152,"countries":157,"tags":158,"pdf":163,"topics":165,"featured":24,"languages":7,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":35,"date_created":166,"user_updated":36,"date_updated":167,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":168},2423,"qg42","Quick Guide 42: Non-conviction based confiscation",2856,2025,"Criminals exploit legal loopholes, borders and other avenues to conceal the proceeds of their illegal activities and evade prosecution. Meanwhile, they use their illicit proceeds to buy luxury villas or increase their power and influence. Victims of crime – including communities affected by corruption – suffer the losses.\n\nOne tool to address this problem is non-conviction based confiscation: legal mechanisms that allow states to recover illicit assets even in the absence of a criminal conviction. It is also known as non-conviction based forfeiture or, in some jurisdictions, civil confiscation or civil forfeiture.\n\nThis Quick Guide outlines in simple terms how non-conviction based confiscation is used, the concerns and challenges it faces and how it can be implemented in line with established legal safeguards.\n\n### About this Quick Guide\n\nYou are free to share and republish this work under a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-nc-nd\u002F4.0\u002F\">Creative Commons BY-NC-ND 4.0 Licence\u003C\u002Fa>. It is part of the Basel Institute on Governance Quick Guide series, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.baselgovernance.org\u002Fpublications?type=2428\">ISSN 2673-5229\u003C\u002Fa>.",[85],[143],"Quick Guide","2025-10-16","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002Fa1e40d9b-26cb-4ffc-879f-d7edee80ecbb?width=600&height=840","Basel Institute on Governance",[148],{"url":149,"caption":150},"\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications?type=Quick%20Guide"," View all Quick Guides",[],[153],{"authors_id":154},{"id":155,"name":156},553,"Rita Simões",[],[159,161],{"tags_id":160},{"id":114,"name":115},{"tags_id":162},{"id":50,"name":51},[164],2479,[129],"2025-10-16T10:05:33.000Z","2026-06-02T14:08:55.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fqg42",{"id":170,"slug":171,"title":172,"status":6,"nid":173,"year":174,"body":175,"external":24,"topic":176,"language":15,"type":177,"date_published":179,"image":180,"citation":14,"publisher":146,"link_internal":181,"link_external":185,"authors":189,"countries":194,"tags":199,"pdf":218,"topics":220,"featured":19,"languages":221,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":35,"date_created":222,"user_updated":36,"date_updated":223,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":224},2366,"wp-54","Working Paper 54: Targeting illicit wealth through non-conviction based forfeiture: Identifying human rights and other standards for Latin America",2701,2024,"This Working Paper explores the wide variety of non-conviction based (NCB) forfeiture laws in Latin America, with a special focus on the region’s predominant model, *Extinción de dominio*.\n\nIt argues that NCB forfeiture legislation, which allows for the recovery of stolen assets outside of criminal proceedings, can contribute significantly to a state’s criminal policy response to rampant economic and organised crime.\n\nThe paper emphasises the importance of critically reviewing and harmonising domestic practices of NCB forfeiture around emerging standards, so that they can reach their large potential in asset recovery. Ensuring their alignment with international human rights and other recognised norms and procedural rules ultimately builds trust, lends legitimacy and fosters judicial cooperation in international NCB forfeiture cases.\n\n### About this report\n\nThe paper is based on experience gained through the Basel Institute’s \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fasset-recovery\">International Centre for Asset Recovery\u003C\u002Fa> (ICAR), which since 2006 has supported partner countries in investigating, prosecuting and recovering assets arising from grand corruption and other crimes.\n\nThis paper is published as part of the Basel Institute on Governance Working Paper series, ISSN: 2624-9650. You may share or republish the Working Paper under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-nc-nd\u002F4.0\u002Fdeed.en\">CC BY-NC-ND 4.0\u003C\u002Fa>).\n\nSuggested citation: Solórzano, Oscar. 2024. ‘Targeting illicit wealth through non-conviction based forfeiture: Identifying human rights and other standards for Latin America.’ Working Paper 54, Basel Institute on Governance. Available at: baselgovernance.org\u002Fpublications\u002Fwp-54.",[85],[178],"Working Paper","2024-09-30","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002F37616510-2f1f-4ab6-9405-845433d6fa3b?width=600&height=840",[182],{"url":183,"caption":184},"\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications?type=Working%20Paper"," View all Working Papers",[186],{"url":187,"caption":188},"route:\u003Cnolink>"," Download PDF (Spanish - forthcoming)",[190],{"authors_id":191},{"id":192,"name":193},294,"Oscar Solorzano",[195],{"countries_id":196},{"id":197,"name":198},171,"Peru",[200,202,206,210,214,216],{"tags_id":201},{"id":118,"name":119},{"tags_id":203},{"id":204,"name":205},932,"Human rights",{"tags_id":207},{"id":208,"name":209},867,"Financial crime",{"tags_id":211},{"id":212,"name":213},967,"Organised crime",{"tags_id":215},{"id":114,"name":115},{"tags_id":217},{"id":50,"name":51},[219],2404,[129],[15],"2024-10-03T16:05:11.000Z","2026-06-02T14:08:47.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fwp-54",{"id":226,"slug":227,"title":228,"status":6,"nid":229,"year":174,"body":230,"external":24,"topic":231,"language":15,"type":232,"date_published":233,"image":234,"citation":235,"publisher":236,"link_internal":237,"link_external":239,"authors":240,"countries":245,"tags":246,"pdf":255,"topics":257,"featured":24,"languages":258,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":35,"date_created":259,"user_updated":36,"date_updated":260,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":261},2340,"wp-51","Working Paper 51: Good practices in asset recovery legislation in selected OSCE participating States",2607,"Asset recovery tools are integral to combating corruption, organised crime, sanctions evasion and other profit-motivated crimes. However, in many participating States of the OSCE, the range of asset recovery tools available to law enforcement and criminal justice agencies is limited.\n\nThis Working Paper identifies legislative mechanisms in OSCE participating States that empower the state to confiscate suspected or proven proceeds of crime. The overall objective is to ascertain: \n\n\n- Established good practices with regard to the design of these legislative mechanisms.\n- Any unique approaches that particular countries have taken in this context that could be replicated and tested in other jurisdictions.\n\n\nIt covers:\n\n\n- Conviction-based asset recovery mechanisms.\n- Non-conviction based mechanisms including civil recovery.\n- Additional mechanisms such as illicit enrichment laws and other laws that reverse the burden of proof regarding the legitimacy of assets.\n- Considerations regarding the adoption of broader asset recovery laws.\n- Approaches to the disposal of confiscated assets.\n- Common challenges in the implementation of asset recovery mechanisms.\n\n\n### About this report\n\nThis comparative study was conducted and drafted by the International Centre for Asset Recovery at the Basel Institute on Governance for the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE). The paper was commissioned under the extra-budgetary project ‘Strengthening asset recovery efforts in the OSCE region’ implemented by the OSCE Secretariat’s Transnational Threats Department and the Office of the Co-ordinator of OSCE Economic and Environmental Activities.\n\nIt is published as part of the Basel Institute on Governance Working Paper series, ISSN: 2624-9650. You may share or republish it under a Creative Commons CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 licence.\n\n### Disclaimer\n\nThis Working Paper is intended for general informational purposes and does not constitute and\u002For substitute legal or other professional advice. The contents are the sole responsibility of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views and the official position of the Basel Institute on Governance, the OSCE and its participating States.",[85],[178],"2024-03-25","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002F874c9d29-7337-4e37-8b50-36a26d00bf28?width=600&height=840","Dornbierer, Andrew. 2024. ‘Good practices in asset recovery legislation in selected OSCE participating States.’ Working Paper 51, Basel Institute on Governance and Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE). Available at: baselgovernance.org\u002Fpublications\u002Fwp-51","Basel Institute on Governance; Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)",[238],{"url":183,"caption":184},[],[241],{"authors_id":242},{"id":243,"name":244},306,"Andrew Dornbierer",[],[247,249,251,253],{"tags_id":248},{"id":110,"name":111},{"tags_id":250},{"id":114,"name":115},{"tags_id":252},{"id":118,"name":119},{"tags_id":254},{"id":50,"name":51},[256],2377,[129],[15],"2024-03-25T11:04:47.000Z","2026-06-02T14:08:45.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fwp-51",{"id":263,"slug":264,"title":265,"status":6,"nid":266,"year":174,"body":267,"external":24,"topic":268,"language":15,"type":269,"date_published":271,"image":272,"citation":14,"publisher":146,"link_internal":273,"link_external":277,"authors":281,"countries":284,"tags":285,"pdf":294,"topics":296,"featured":24,"languages":297,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":35,"date_created":298,"user_updated":36,"date_updated":299,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":300},2383,"pb-14","Policy Brief 14: Targeting unexplained wealth: Implications of the EU’s 2024 Directive on asset recovery",2739,"The European Union’s 2024 \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fdata.europa.eu\u002Feli\u002Fdir\u002F2024\u002F1260\u002Foj\">Directive on Asset Recovery and Confiscation\u003C\u002Fa> obliges Member States to, among other things, introduce legislative measures to enable the confiscation of “unexplained wealth”.\n\nThis policy paper examines this Article and the powers and restrictions that Member States will need to include in such “unexplained wealth” measures to ensure compliance with the Directive.\n\nIn brief, the Directive gives legislators in EU Member States flexibility to decide the scope of their own unexplained wealth measures. At a minimum, they must introduce measures that can be used to target unexplained wealth linked to organised crime.\n\nMember States could, however, adopt broader measures target unexplained wealth relating to all criminal activity, including corruption.\n\n### About this Policy Brief\n\nThis publication is part of the Basel Institute on Governance Policy Brief series, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fpublications?type[]=257\">ISSN 2624-9669\u003C\u002Fa>.\n\nYou may freely share or republish it under a Creative Commons \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-nc-nd\u002F4.0\u002F\">BY-NC-ND 4.0\u003C\u002Fa> licence. Suggested citation: Dornbierer, Andrew. 2024. ‘Targeting unexplained wealth: Implications of the EU’s 2024 Directive on asset recovery.’ Policy Brief 14, Basel Institute on Governance. Available at: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fpb-14\">baselgovernance.org\u002Fpb-14\u003C\u002Fa>. \n\nThis is a publication of the International Centre for Asset Recovery (ICAR) at the Basel Institute on Governance. ICAR receives core funding from the Governments of Jersey, Liechtenstein, Norway, Switzerland and the UK.",[85],[270],"Policy Brief","2024-01-13","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002F9b9b6a62-6a97-4851-957f-1f36155e8f32?width=600&height=840",[274],{"url":275,"caption":276},"\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications?type=Policy%20Brief"," View all Policy Briefs",[278],{"url":279,"caption":280},"https:\u002F\u002Fillicitenrichment.baselgovernance.org\u002F"," Free book: Illicit Enrichment",[282],{"authors_id":283},{"id":243,"name":244},[],[286,288,290,292],{"tags_id":287},{"id":110,"name":111},{"tags_id":289},{"id":50,"name":51},{"tags_id":291},{"id":118,"name":119},{"tags_id":293},{"id":204,"name":205},[295],2419,[129],[15],"2025-01-13T11:05:26.000Z","2026-06-02T14:08:49.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fpb-14",{"id":302,"slug":303,"title":304,"status":6,"nid":305,"year":306,"body":307,"external":24,"topic":308,"language":15,"type":309,"date_published":310,"image":311,"citation":14,"publisher":146,"link_internal":312,"link_external":313,"authors":314,"countries":317,"tags":330,"pdf":343,"topics":344,"featured":24,"languages":345,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":35,"date_created":346,"user_updated":36,"date_updated":347,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":348},2266,"wp-42","[Forthcoming] Working Paper 42: Confiscating assets frozen under sanctions without undermining the rule of law",2338,2023,"This paper will be released on 21 February 2023.\n\nWritten in the light of Russia's war of aggression in Ukraine, the Working Paper explores whether it is justifiable to confiscate assets frozen under financial sanctions in order to redirect them to the victims of state aggression. \n\nThe paper first explores the concept of sanctions and financial sanctions (asset freezes) and what they mean in practice.\n\nUsing the example of Canada, which has introduced a legislative mechanism for this purpose, the paper analyses whether states should be able to confiscate sanctioned assets purely on the basis that they have been sanctioned.\n\nIt then looks at more established measures that states could adopt and apply to target sanctioned assets, including:\n\n\n- Traditional conviction based confiscation measures, including 'extended confiscation' mechanisms\n- Non-conviction based confiscation (forfeiture) measures\n- Unexplained wealth laws\n\n\nThe paper recommends ways to maximise the effectiveness of these alternative avenues for recovering assets, which are much less controversial and can arguably be applied without infringing on legal rights. \n\nOpting for mechanisms that abide by established legal rights will not only significantly increase the chance of recovering assets without subsequent legal challenges. It will also ensure that the very reason for targeting the assets in the first place – namely to seek justice and compensation for acts of aggression – is not undermined through the erosion of the rule of law. \n\n### About this Paper\n\nThis Working Paper was prepared by the Basel Institute on Governance.\n\nIt is part of the Basel Institute on Governance Working Paper Series, ISSN: 2624-9650. You may share or republish the Working Paper under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (\u003Ca href=\"mailto:https:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-nc-nd\u002F4.0\u002F\">CC BY-NC-ND 4.0\u003C\u002Fa>).\n\nSuggested citation: Dornbierer, Andrew. 2023. ‘Confiscating assets frozen under sanctions without undermining the rule of law.’ Working Paper 42, Basel Institute on Governance. Available at: \u003Ca href=\"mailto:https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fpublications\u002Fwp-42\">baselgovernance.org\u002Fpublications\u002Fwp-42\u003C\u002Fa>.\n\n### Acknowledgements\n\nThe Basel Institute would like to thank Isys Lam and the law firms of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbonifassi-avocats.com\u002Fen\u002F\">Bonifassi Avocats\u003C\u002Fa> (France), \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.hengeler.com\u002Fen\">Hengeler Mueller\u003C\u002Fa> (Germany), \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bennettjones.com\u002F\">Bennett Jones\u003C\u002Fa> (Canada) and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.raassociados.pt\u002F\">Rogério Alves & Associados\u003C\u002Fa> (Portugal) for their support in providing research for this paper.\n\nThe Basel Institute would also like to thank Stefan Lenz, Stefan Cassella, Maria Nizzero, Nicola Bonucci and Oscar Solórzano for their support in reviewing the content of the paper and recommending amendments.",[85],[178],"2023-02-20","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002Faaa4fae3-eea5-4be3-95b1-4de7e87fabb4?width=600&height=840",[],[],[315],{"authors_id":316},{"id":243,"name":244},[318,322,326],{"countries_id":319},{"id":320,"name":321},36,"Canada",{"countries_id":323},{"id":324,"name":325},188,"Russia",{"countries_id":327},{"id":328,"name":329},225,"Ukraine",[331,335,337,339,341],{"tags_id":332},{"id":333,"name":334},1227,"Sanctions",{"tags_id":336},{"id":110,"name":111},{"tags_id":338},{"id":118,"name":119},{"tags_id":340},{"id":114,"name":115},{"tags_id":342},{"id":50,"name":51},[],[129],[15],"2023-02-20T17:04:17.000Z","2026-05-31T22:52:10.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fwp-42",{"id":350,"slug":351,"title":352,"status":6,"nid":353,"year":82,"body":354,"external":24,"topic":355,"language":15,"type":356,"date_published":357,"image":358,"citation":14,"publisher":91,"link_internal":359,"link_external":360,"authors":364,"countries":365,"tags":366,"pdf":379,"topics":380,"featured":24,"languages":381,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":35,"date_created":382,"user_updated":383,"date_updated":384,"main_points":385,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":386},2239,"illicit-financial-flows-and-natural-resource-corruption-tnrc-guide","Illicit financial flows and natural resource corruption - a TNRC guide",2302,"This introductory guide for the Targeting Natural Resource Corruption (TNRC) project:\n\n\n- outlines the impact of illicit financial flows on conservation goals;\n- explains approaches that can help conservation and natural resource management practitioners to strengthen their programming and related responses;\n- offers guidance on risks and constraints to such financial approaches.\n\n\nIt leads the Illicit Financial Flows topic page of the TNRC Knowledge Hub and is designed to help practitioners find relevant resources.\n\nThe key takeaways are:\n\n\n- **Understanding the financial aspects** of natural resource crimes and corruption can reveal opportunities to **reduce the incentives** to illegally exploit and trade in natural resources, as well as to **strengthen law enforcement** against those who profit from environmental destruction.\n- **Targeting the financial aspects** of natural resource crimes, especially where money crosses borders, can help to **identify and break up corrupt and criminal networks** and lead to the **recovery of illicit proceeds.**\n- **\"Follow the money”** approaches vary according to context, but generally require **multi-stakeholder and cross-sector collaboration** and information sharing.\n\n\nThe Basel Institute's \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fgreen-corruption\">Green Corruption\u003C\u002Fa> team developed the guide in collaboration with TNRC consortium partners and external experts.",[86],[88],"2022-10-26","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002Fa4131d58-bd66-473b-8bdd-4be275aef858?width=600&height=840",[],[361],{"url":362,"caption":363},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.worldwildlife.org\u002Fpages\u002Ftnrc-guide-illicit-financial-flows","View on TNRC website",[],[],[367,369,371,375],{"tags_id":368},{"id":50,"name":51},{"tags_id":370},{"id":124,"name":125},{"tags_id":372},{"id":373,"name":374},1193,"Financial investigations",{"tags_id":376},{"id":377,"name":378},804,"Natural resources",[],[86],[15],"2022-10-27T16:04:08.000Z","b0662e2a-864d-4888-a1b7-4342b7570b30","2026-06-02T21:21:33.000Z","- **Understanding the financial aspects** of natural resource crimes and corruption can reveal opportunities to **reduce the incentives** to illegally exploit and trade in natural resources, as well as to **strengthen law enforcement** against those who profit from environmental destruction.\n- **Targeting the financial aspects** of natural resource crimes, especially where money crosses borders, can help to **identify and break up corrupt and criminal networks** and lead to the **recovery of illicit proceeds.**\n- **\"Follow the money”** approaches vary according to context, but generally require **multi-stakeholder and cross-sector collaboration** and information sharing.","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fillicit-financial-flows-and-natural-resource-corruption-tnrc-guide",{"id":388,"slug":389,"title":390,"status":6,"nid":391,"year":82,"body":392,"external":24,"topic":393,"language":15,"type":395,"date_published":396,"image":397,"citation":14,"publisher":146,"link_internal":398,"link_external":402,"authors":405,"countries":412,"tags":415,"pdf":424,"topics":426,"featured":24,"languages":427,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":35,"date_created":428,"user_updated":36,"date_updated":429,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":430},2232,"wp-41","Working Paper 41: Targeting unexplained wealth in British Columbia",2288,"The final recommendation of the Commission of Inquiry into Money Laundering in British Columbia (‘the Commission’) urged the government to legislate an unexplained wealth order (‘UWO’) as part of a wider approach to counter the prevalence of money laundering and proceeds of crime in the province.\n\nThis document analyses the feasibility of this recommendation. It:\n\n\n- **briefly explains the concept of unexplained wealth** and how it can be targeted through legislative instruments;\n- **outlines the reasons** for which the Commissioner proposed a UWO for British Columbia;\n- **explains how a UK-style UWO works** and assess the probability that a mechanism of this kind would successfully recover unexplained wealth in British Columbia; \n- **addresses the constitutional issues** that may arise if a UK-style UWO was introduced, as outlined by former Supreme Court Justice, the Honourable Thomas A. Cromwell C.C., in his annexed opinion to the report;\n- **explains other legislative options** that target unexplained wealth (including those in Western Australia and Ireland) and assess their constitutional compatibility and potential effectiveness as compared to a UK-style UWO;\n- **explores the legal rights issues** that may arise if either a UK-style UWO or a traditional UWO was introduced; and\n- **outlines the legislative safeguards** that could be put in place to reduce the risk that any such mechanisms would negatively impact on established legal rights.\n\n\n### About and acknowledgements\n\nThis document has been prepared by experts working with the Basel Institute on Governance, an independent not-for-profit organisation dedicated to countering corruption and other financial crimes, and the Vancouver Anti-Corruption Institute, an organisation devoted to anti-corruption efforts and legislative change. The collaboration was facilitated by the International Academy of Financial Crime Litigators, an independent, non-partisan global centre that shapes and advances financial crime litigation practices for the future.\n\n### Open-access licence and citation\n\nThe publication is part of the Basel Institute on Governance Working Paper Series, ISSN: 2624-9650. It is licensed for sharing and republishing under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-nc-nd\u002F4.0\u002F\">CC BY-NC-ND 4.0\u003C\u002Fa>).\n\nSuggested citation: Dornbierer, Andrew, and Jeffrey Simser. 2022. “Targeting unexplained wealth in British Columbia: An analysis of Recommendation 101 of the Final Report of the Commission of Inquiry into Money Laundering in British Columbia.” Working Paper 41, Basel Institute on Governance. Available at: baselgovernance.org\u002Fpublications\u002Fwp-41",[394,85],"Anti-Money Laundering",[178],"2022-10-03","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002Fffb4289a-9a4b-434e-92bb-f85b8268c774?width=600&height=840",[399],{"url":400,"caption":401},"\u002Fresources\u002Fnews\u002Ftargeting-unexplained-wealth-in-british-columbia-and-beyond-new-analysis-2287"," See related blog: Targeting unexplained wealth in British Columbia and beyond – new analysis",[403],{"url":279,"caption":404}," See Illicit Enrichment, an open-access book and database on laws to target unexplained wealth",[406,408],{"authors_id":407},{"id":243,"name":244},{"authors_id":409},{"id":410,"name":411},511,"Jeffrey Simser",[413],{"countries_id":414},{"id":320,"name":321},[416,418,422],{"tags_id":417},{"id":110,"name":111},{"tags_id":419},{"id":420,"name":421},818,"Anti-money laundering",{"tags_id":423},{"id":50,"name":51},[425],2274,[394,129],[15],"2022-10-03T16:04:07.000Z","2026-06-02T14:09:02.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fwp-41",{"id":432,"slug":433,"title":434,"status":6,"nid":435,"year":436,"body":437,"external":24,"topic":438,"language":15,"type":439,"date_published":441,"image":442,"citation":14,"publisher":146,"link_internal":443,"link_external":450,"authors":451,"countries":458,"tags":463,"pdf":476,"topics":478,"featured":24,"languages":479,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":35,"date_created":480,"user_updated":36,"date_updated":481,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":482},2222,"case-study-7-upholding-unexplained-wealth-judgement-kenyas-anglo-leasing-affair","Case Study 7: Upholding an unexplained wealth judgement in Kenya’s Anglo Leasing affair",2281,2021,"This case study describes how Kenya’s civil illicit enrichment legislation enabled the recovery of corruptly acquired assets from a former Chief Accountant at the Treasury.\n\nIt examines a 2021 unexplained wealth (illicit enrichment) case in Kenya involving the former Chief Accountant Patrick Ochieno Abachi. The case is related to Kenya’s so-called Anglo Leasing scandal, in which 18 high-value government security contracts were allegedly awarded to fictitious companies in the early 2000s.\n\nIt illustrates one set of circumstances in which civil unexplained wealth (or civil illicit enrichment) legislation can be an extremely useful tool to target assets stolen through corruption.\n\nThe series of judgments has provided some valuable insights into Kenya’s law targeting unexplained assets, specifically:\n\n\n- its key features and how they are applied;\n- the evidentiary importance of asset declaration forms;\n- how to prove assets are “unexplained” through financial analysis of a suspect’s income and assets;\n- common legal challenges to illicit enrichment.\n\n\nFor this case study, Phillip Kagucia of Kenya’s Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission (EACC) spoke to Andrew Dornbierer, Senior Asset Recovery Specialist and author of the Basel Institute’s open-access book Illicit Enrichment: A Guide to Laws Targeting Unexplained Wealth.\n\n### Open-access licence and acknowledgements\n\nThis publication is part of the Basel Institute on Governance Case Study series. It is licensed for sharing under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0).\n\nSuggested citation: Solórzano, Oscar. 2022. “The Russian arms dealer case.” *Case Study* 4, Basel Institute on Governance. Available at: baselgovernance.org\u002Fcase-studies.",[85],[440],"Case Study","2021-08-31","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002F986a8600-9a38-427f-87c9-107efbdd20aa?width=600&height=840",[444,447],{"url":445,"caption":446},"\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications?type=Case%20Study"," View all Case Studies",{"url":448,"caption":449},"\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fillicit-enrichment-guide-laws-targeting-unexplained-wealth"," View book: Illicit Enrichment by Andrew Dornbierer",[],[452,456],{"authors_id":453},{"id":454,"name":455},504,"Phillip Kagucia",{"authors_id":457},{"id":243,"name":244},[459],{"countries_id":460},{"id":461,"name":462},113,"Kenya",[464,466,468,470,472],{"tags_id":465},{"id":110,"name":111},{"tags_id":467},{"id":50,"name":51},{"tags_id":469},{"id":114,"name":115},{"tags_id":471},{"id":118,"name":119},{"tags_id":473},{"id":474,"name":475},973,"Corruption",[477],2262,[129],[15],"2022-09-06T14:10:30.000Z","2026-06-02T14:09:00.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fcase-study-7-upholding-unexplained-wealth-judgement-kenyas-anglo-leasing-affair",{"id":484,"slug":485,"title":486,"status":6,"nid":487,"year":436,"body":488,"external":24,"topic":489,"language":15,"type":490,"date_published":493,"image":494,"citation":14,"publisher":146,"link_internal":495,"link_external":496,"authors":500,"countries":503,"tags":504,"pdf":511,"topics":513,"featured":24,"languages":514,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":35,"date_created":515,"user_updated":36,"date_updated":516,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":517},1803,"proving-illicit-enrichment-using-financial-investigation-and-source-and-application","Proving illicit enrichment using financial investigation and Source and Application of Funds analysis",2053,"This annex complements the book *Illicit Enrichment: A Guide to Laws Targeting Unexplained Wealth* by Andrew Dornbierer, published by the Basel Institute on Governance in June 2021.\n\nIt provides technical guidance to investigators and prosecutors on how to collect and analyse financial information and evidence to establish that a person has illicitly enriched themselves.\n\nThe guidance focuses on the Source and Application of Funds method of evidential analysis. It explains how this method can be used to assist investigators and prosecutors to clearly and fairly demonstrate that a person has acquired and\u002For used funds that cannot be explained by reference to their legal income.\n\nThis technical guidance addition also provides an outline of the common types of financial evidence that should be sought when conducting an investigation into illicit enrichment.\n\n### Open-access licence and acknowledgements\n\nThis publication is freely available as an open-access research publication under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International Licence (\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-nc-nd\u002F4.0\u002F\">CC BY-NC-ND 4.0\u003C\u002Fa>). \n\nSuggested citation: Dornbierer, A., 2021. *Proving illicit enrichment using financial investigation and Source and Application of Funds analysis*. Basel: Basel Institute on Governance. Available at: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fillicitenrichment.baselgovernance.org\">illicitenrichment.baselgovernance.org\u003C\u002Fa>\n\nISBN: 978-3-9525409-4-7",[85],[491,492],"Book","Guidelines","2021-06-09","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002Fabf28a8f-8439-450e-91ab-09d69138c8a9?width=600&height=840",[],[497],{"url":498,"caption":499},"https:\u002F\u002Flearn.baselgovernance.org\u002Fcourse\u002Fview.php?id=65"," View and download the full Illicit Enrichment book and annexes on Basel LEARN",[501],{"authors_id":502},{"id":243,"name":244},[],[505,507,509],{"tags_id":506},{"id":110,"name":111},{"tags_id":508},{"id":373,"name":374},{"tags_id":510},{"id":50,"name":51},[512],1837,[129],[15],"2022-04-27T11:53:47.000Z","2026-05-29T22:22:42.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fproving-illicit-enrichment-using-financial-investigation-and-source-and-application",1780676531429]