[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":672},["ShallowReactive",2],{"publication-social-norms-and-attitudes-towards-corruption-comparative-insights-east-africa":3,"related-social-norms-and-attitudes-towards-corruption-comparative-insights-east-africa":265},[4],{"id":5,"status":6,"sort":7,"date_created":8,"date_updated":9,"nid":10,"slug":11,"title":12,"body":13,"citation":14,"language":15,"year":16,"publisher":17,"date_published":18,"external":19,"topic":20,"link_internal":22,"link_external":23,"featured":19,"topics":27,"languages":29,"type":30,"area":7,"programme":7,"websites":7,"summary":7,"pdf_text":7,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"image":33,"countries":44,"tags":116,"pdf":165,"authors":166},1899,"published",null,"2022-04-27T11:54:46.000Z","2026-05-29T22:23:00.000Z",905,"social-norms-and-attitudes-towards-corruption-comparative-insights-east-africa","Social Norms and Attitudes Towards Corruption: Comparative Insights from East Africa","This eye-opening exploration of social norms and attitudes towards corruption appears in Chapter 12 of Ellis, Jane (ed.) *Corruption, Social Sciences and the Law – Exploration across the disciplines*, published by Routledge on 15 May 2019 as part of a series entitled The Law of Financial Crime. See the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.baselgovernance.org\u002Fsites\u002Fdefault\u002Ffiles\u002F2019-05\u002FCorruption, Social Sciences and The Law Flyer (1).pdf\">publisher's flyer\u003C\u002Fa> with full details of the book and a 20% discount code.\n\nMuch of the original material for this chapter comes from a recent Basel Institute research project on \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.baselgovernance.org\u002Fpublic-governance\u002Fresearch-projects#3\">Corruption, Social Norms and Behaviours in East Africa\u003C\u002Fa>, commissioned by the UK Department for International Development (DFID) through its East Africa Research Fund (EARF).\n\n### Excerpt from the chapter introduction\n\nDespite more than two decades of concerted efforts by the international development community to address corruption, progress remains far from satisfactory, especially in those countries where corruption is endemic and pervasive. Such cases of seemingly entrenched corruption highlight the importance of increasing our understanding about context-specific drivers of corrupt behaviours.\n\nTraditionally, anti-corruption has focused on the incentives and constraints that impinge on individuals’ cost-benefit calculations and decision-making as determined by the law and associated regulatory frameworks. Nevertheless, a growing body of evidence suggests the relevance of more intuitive, automatic, quasi-rational and non-rational decision-making factors that take place in the subconscious mind  and which may be heavily influenced by contextual factors grounded in sociality, collective ways of thinking and culture. \n\nThis chapter presents empirical evidence from the application of a behavioural research perspective to shed light on how collective practices of petty corruption are experienced, understood, and ultimately justified from the perspective of those directly engaging in them.\n ","","English",2019,"Routledge","2019-05-15",false,[21],"Public Governance",[],[24],{"url":25,"caption":26},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.routledge.com\u002FCorruption-Social-Sciences-and-the-Law-Exploration-across-the-disciplines\u002FEllis\u002Fp\u002Fbook\u002F9780367186418","View book details",[28],"Corruption Prevention and Public Governance",[15],[31,32],"Article","Book",{"id":34,"storage":35,"filename_disk":36,"filename_download":37,"title":38,"type":39,"created_on":8,"modified_on":8,"charset":7,"filesize":40,"width":41,"height":42,"duration":7,"embed":7,"description":7,"location":7,"tags":7,"metadata":43,"focal_point_x":7,"focal_point_y":7,"tus_id":7,"tus_data":7,"uploaded_on":8},"31d70d89-ef9d-4a61-9089-ee853f831899","local","31d70d89-ef9d-4a61-9089-ee853f831899.png","Screenshot-2019-05-06-at-09.48.36.png","Corruption Social Sciences and the Law cover","image\u002Fpng",403650,415,634,{},[45,78,97],{"id":46,"publications_id":47,"countries_id":72},829,{"id":5,"status":6,"sort":7,"user_created":48,"date_created":8,"user_updated":49,"date_updated":9,"nid":10,"slug":11,"image":34,"title":12,"body":13,"citation":14,"language":15,"year":16,"publisher":17,"date_published":18,"external":19,"topic":50,"link_internal":51,"link_external":52,"featured":19,"topics":54,"languages":55,"type":56,"area":7,"programme":7,"websites":7,"summary":7,"pdf_text":7,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"countries":57,"tags":60,"pdf":64,"authors":65},"03bebfd8-0b40-4a2a-820d-b9d9c13b9de6","3d9ff205-1640-4f34-b5b6-86977f51bbd6",[21],[],[53],{"url":25,"caption":26},[28],[15],[31,32],[46,58,59],830,831,[61,62,63],4962,4963,4964,[],[66,67,68,69,70,71],2071,2072,2073,2074,2075,2076,{"id":73,"name":74,"code":75,"latitude":76,"longitude":77},189,"Rwanda","RW",-1.94028,29.87389,{"id":58,"publications_id":79,"countries_id":91},{"id":5,"status":6,"sort":7,"user_created":48,"date_created":8,"user_updated":49,"date_updated":9,"nid":10,"slug":11,"image":34,"title":12,"body":13,"citation":14,"language":15,"year":16,"publisher":17,"date_published":18,"external":19,"topic":80,"link_internal":81,"link_external":82,"featured":19,"topics":84,"languages":85,"type":86,"area":7,"programme":7,"websites":7,"summary":7,"pdf_text":7,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"countries":87,"tags":88,"pdf":89,"authors":90},[21],[],[83],{"url":25,"caption":26},[28],[15],[31,32],[46,58,59],[61,62,63],[],[66,67,68,69,70,71],{"id":92,"name":93,"code":94,"latitude":95,"longitude":96},224,"Tanzania","TZ",-6.36903,34.88882,{"id":59,"publications_id":98,"countries_id":110},{"id":5,"status":6,"sort":7,"user_created":48,"date_created":8,"user_updated":49,"date_updated":9,"nid":10,"slug":11,"image":34,"title":12,"body":13,"citation":14,"language":15,"year":16,"publisher":17,"date_published":18,"external":19,"topic":99,"link_internal":100,"link_external":101,"featured":19,"topics":103,"languages":104,"type":105,"area":7,"programme":7,"websites":7,"summary":7,"pdf_text":7,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"countries":106,"tags":107,"pdf":108,"authors":109},[21],[],[102],{"url":25,"caption":26},[28],[15],[31,32],[46,58,59],[61,62,63],[],[66,67,68,69,70,71],{"id":111,"name":112,"code":113,"latitude":114,"longitude":115},226,"Uganda","UG",1.37333,32.29028,[117,133,149],{"id":61,"publications_id":118,"tags_id":130},{"id":5,"status":6,"sort":7,"user_created":48,"date_created":8,"user_updated":49,"date_updated":9,"nid":10,"slug":11,"image":34,"title":12,"body":13,"citation":14,"language":15,"year":16,"publisher":17,"date_published":18,"external":19,"topic":119,"link_internal":120,"link_external":121,"featured":19,"topics":123,"languages":124,"type":125,"area":7,"programme":7,"websites":7,"summary":7,"pdf_text":7,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"countries":126,"tags":127,"pdf":128,"authors":129},[21],[],[122],{"url":25,"caption":26},[28],[15],[31,32],[46,58,59],[61,62,63],[],[66,67,68,69,70,71],{"id":131,"name":132},848,"Behavioural science",{"id":62,"publications_id":134,"tags_id":146},{"id":5,"status":6,"sort":7,"user_created":48,"date_created":8,"user_updated":49,"date_updated":9,"nid":10,"slug":11,"image":34,"title":12,"body":13,"citation":14,"language":15,"year":16,"publisher":17,"date_published":18,"external":19,"topic":135,"link_internal":136,"link_external":137,"featured":19,"topics":139,"languages":140,"type":141,"area":7,"programme":7,"websites":7,"summary":7,"pdf_text":7,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"countries":142,"tags":143,"pdf":144,"authors":145},[21],[],[138],{"url":25,"caption":26},[28],[15],[31,32],[46,58,59],[61,62,63],[],[66,67,68,69,70,71],{"id":147,"name":148},1373,"Corruption prevention",{"id":63,"publications_id":150,"tags_id":162},{"id":5,"status":6,"sort":7,"user_created":48,"date_created":8,"user_updated":49,"date_updated":9,"nid":10,"slug":11,"image":34,"title":12,"body":13,"citation":14,"language":15,"year":16,"publisher":17,"date_published":18,"external":19,"topic":151,"link_internal":152,"link_external":153,"featured":19,"topics":155,"languages":156,"type":157,"area":7,"programme":7,"websites":7,"summary":7,"pdf_text":7,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"countries":158,"tags":159,"pdf":160,"authors":161},[21],[],[154],{"url":25,"caption":26},[28],[15],[31,32],[46,58,59],[61,62,63],[],[66,67,68,69,70,71],{"id":163,"name":164},982,"Anti-corruption",[],[167,184,200,216,233,249],{"id":66,"publications_id":168,"authors_id":180},{"id":5,"status":6,"sort":7,"user_created":48,"date_created":8,"user_updated":49,"date_updated":9,"nid":10,"slug":11,"image":34,"title":12,"body":13,"citation":14,"language":15,"year":16,"publisher":17,"date_published":18,"external":19,"topic":169,"link_internal":170,"link_external":171,"featured":19,"topics":173,"languages":174,"type":175,"area":7,"programme":7,"websites":7,"summary":7,"pdf_text":7,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"countries":176,"tags":177,"pdf":178,"authors":179},[21],[],[172],{"url":25,"caption":26},[28],[15],[31,32],[46,58,59],[61,62,63],[],[66,67,68,69,70,71],{"id":181,"name":182,"position":7,"image":183},295,"Claudia Baez Camargo","efaca248-6b57-4e2e-af40-614056eb022c",{"id":67,"publications_id":185,"authors_id":197},{"id":5,"status":6,"sort":7,"user_created":48,"date_created":8,"user_updated":49,"date_updated":9,"nid":10,"slug":11,"image":34,"title":12,"body":13,"citation":14,"language":15,"year":16,"publisher":17,"date_published":18,"external":19,"topic":186,"link_internal":187,"link_external":188,"featured":19,"topics":190,"languages":191,"type":192,"area":7,"programme":7,"websites":7,"summary":7,"pdf_text":7,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"countries":193,"tags":194,"pdf":195,"authors":196},[21],[],[189],{"url":25,"caption":26},[28],[15],[31,32],[46,58,59],[61,62,63],[],[66,67,68,69,70,71],{"id":198,"name":199,"position":7,"image":7},377,"Abel Dufitumukiza",{"id":68,"publications_id":201,"authors_id":213},{"id":5,"status":6,"sort":7,"user_created":48,"date_created":8,"user_updated":49,"date_updated":9,"nid":10,"slug":11,"image":34,"title":12,"body":13,"citation":14,"language":15,"year":16,"publisher":17,"date_published":18,"external":19,"topic":202,"link_internal":203,"link_external":204,"featured":19,"topics":206,"languages":207,"type":208,"area":7,"programme":7,"websites":7,"summary":7,"pdf_text":7,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"countries":209,"tags":210,"pdf":211,"authors":212},[21],[],[205],{"url":25,"caption":26},[28],[15],[31,32],[46,58,59],[61,62,63],[],[66,67,68,69,70,71],{"id":214,"name":215,"position":7,"image":7},378,"Egidius Kamanyi",{"id":69,"publications_id":217,"authors_id":229},{"id":5,"status":6,"sort":7,"user_created":48,"date_created":8,"user_updated":49,"date_updated":9,"nid":10,"slug":11,"image":34,"title":12,"body":13,"citation":14,"language":15,"year":16,"publisher":17,"date_published":18,"external":19,"topic":218,"link_internal":219,"link_external":220,"featured":19,"topics":222,"languages":223,"type":224,"area":7,"programme":7,"websites":7,"summary":7,"pdf_text":7,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"countries":225,"tags":226,"pdf":227,"authors":228},[21],[],[221],{"url":25,"caption":26},[28],[15],[31,32],[46,58,59],[61,62,63],[],[66,67,68,69,70,71],{"id":230,"name":231,"position":7,"image":232},303,"Saba Kassa","a34de431-6c31-4ddd-8727-12c10dfed9ad",{"id":70,"publications_id":234,"authors_id":246},{"id":5,"status":6,"sort":7,"user_created":48,"date_created":8,"user_updated":49,"date_updated":9,"nid":10,"slug":11,"image":34,"title":12,"body":13,"citation":14,"language":15,"year":16,"publisher":17,"date_published":18,"external":19,"topic":235,"link_internal":236,"link_external":237,"featured":19,"topics":239,"languages":240,"type":241,"area":7,"programme":7,"websites":7,"summary":7,"pdf_text":7,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"countries":242,"tags":243,"pdf":244,"authors":245},[21],[],[238],{"url":25,"caption":26},[28],[15],[31,32],[46,58,59],[61,62,63],[],[66,67,68,69,70,71],{"id":247,"name":248,"position":7,"image":7},358,"Robert Lugolobi",{"id":71,"publications_id":250,"authors_id":262},{"id":5,"status":6,"sort":7,"user_created":48,"date_created":8,"user_updated":49,"date_updated":9,"nid":10,"slug":11,"image":34,"title":12,"body":13,"citation":14,"language":15,"year":16,"publisher":17,"date_published":18,"external":19,"topic":251,"link_internal":252,"link_external":253,"featured":19,"topics":255,"languages":256,"type":257,"area":7,"programme":7,"websites":7,"summary":7,"pdf_text":7,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"countries":258,"tags":259,"pdf":260,"authors":261},[21],[],[254],{"url":25,"caption":26},[28],[15],[31,32],[46,58,59],[61,62,63],[],[66,67,68,69,70,71],{"id":263,"name":264,"position":7,"image":7},354,"Cosimo Stahl",[266,323,364,400,429,471,507,568,596,623],{"id":267,"slug":268,"title":269,"status":6,"nid":270,"year":271,"body":272,"external":19,"topic":273,"language":15,"type":274,"date_published":275,"image":276,"citation":14,"publisher":277,"link_internal":278,"link_external":288,"authors":292,"countries":303,"tags":308,"pdf":317,"topics":318,"featured":19,"languages":319,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":48,"date_created":320,"user_updated":49,"date_updated":321,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":322},2221,"informal-networks-investment-qualitative-analysis-uganda-and-tanzania","Informal networks as investment: A qualitative analysis from Uganda and Tanzania",2277,2022,"Published in the peer-reviewed journal *Governance*, this paper interprets informal networks as investments made by citizens and business people to cope with the public sphere. Informal networks often orchestrate corruption, connecting public and private actors. The paper aims to understand their key characteristics, scopes, and functional roles.\n\nTen mini case studies from Tanzania and Uganda are studied. The research applies narrative analysis to explore the experiences of citizens, entrepreneurs, and low-level public officials, who built informal networks as a problem-solving mechanism. It uses a grounded theory approach. The findings serve as working hypotheses about variables and patterns emerging from the bottom-up analysis.\n\nThe paper outlines:\n\n\n- Whether there are distinct types of informal networks associated with particular types of corruption;\n- How, why and by whom these networks are built;\n- Whether different individuals play specific roles;\n- The unwritten expectations and norms that govern such networks.\n\n\nThe results highlight critical implications for anti-corruption practice, showing, for example, how this can be strengthened by shifting the intervention unit from individuals to networks.\n\n### About this article\n\nThis peer-reviewed article is based on extensive field research and analysis conducted by the Basel Institute's Public Governance team in Tanzania and Uganda. The research was funded by UK Aid under the Global Integrity Anti-Corruption Evidence (GI-ACE) programme. See the links below for the open-access research outputs, including a full research report and two sets of case studies.",[21],[31],"2022-08-25","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002F1771fed4-0a6d-4050-88ce-494e877fab4e?width=600&height=840","Governance (Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of the IPSA Structure and Organization of Government Committee)",[279,282,285],{"url":280,"caption":281},"\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Finformal-networks-investment-east-africa"," View open access research report: Informal networks as investment in East Africa",{"url":283,"caption":284},"\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fcase-studies-tanzania-gi-ace-research-informal-networks-and-corruption"," View case studies from Tanzania",{"url":286,"caption":287},"\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fcase-studies-uganda-gi-ace-research-informal-networks-and-corruption"," View case studies from Uganda",[289],{"url":290,"caption":291},"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1111\u002Fgove.12726","View peer-reviewed article on Wiley Online Library",[293,295,299],{"authors_id":294},{"id":181,"name":182},{"authors_id":296},{"id":297,"name":298},304,"Jacopo Costa",{"authors_id":300},{"id":301,"name":302},359,"Lucy Koechlin",[304,306],{"countries_id":305},{"id":92,"name":93},{"countries_id":307},{"id":111,"name":112},[309,311,313],{"tags_id":310},{"id":163,"name":164},{"tags_id":312},{"id":131,"name":132},{"tags_id":314},{"id":315,"name":316},1309,"Informality",[],[28],[15],"2022-09-06T14:10:21.000Z","2026-06-02T14:08:59.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Finformal-networks-investment-qualitative-analysis-uganda-and-tanzania",{"id":324,"slug":325,"title":326,"status":6,"nid":327,"year":328,"body":329,"external":19,"topic":330,"language":15,"type":331,"date_published":333,"image":334,"citation":335,"publisher":336,"link_internal":337,"link_external":341,"authors":342,"countries":347,"tags":350,"pdf":357,"topics":359,"featured":19,"languages":360,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":48,"date_created":361,"user_updated":49,"date_updated":362,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":363},2324,"research-case-5","Research Case Study 5: Harnessing behavioural approaches against corruption",2550,2023,"Social norms and behaviour change (SNBC) approaches are a promising complement to conventional anti-corruption strategies. Adopting a context-sensitive and nuanced approach is an essential ingredient for success.\n\nWe wanted to understand if and how behavioural approaches can promote anti-corruption outcomes, as well as conditions for success.\n\nTo do this we reviewed research from 2016–2022 on the use of behavioural approaches in anti-corruption practice. We also analysed our practical experience designing and piloting an intervention to tackle social norms of reciprocity which fuel bribery in health facilities in Tanzania.",[21],[332],"Research Case Study","2023-12-05","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002Fa4b5e14a-9841-4feb-8411-335c9f972aba?width=600&height=840","Baez Camargo, Claudia, and Saba Kassa. 2023. ‘Harnessing behavioural approaches against corruption.’ Research Case Study 5, Basel Institute on Governance. Available at: baselgov- ernance.org\u002Fpublications\u002Fresearch-case-5.","Basel Institute on Governance",[338],{"url":339,"caption":340},"\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications?type=Research%20Case%20Study"," View all research case studies",[],[343,345],{"authors_id":344},{"id":181,"name":182},{"authors_id":346},{"id":230,"name":231},[348],{"countries_id":349},{"id":92,"name":93},[351,353,355],{"tags_id":352},{"id":131,"name":132},{"tags_id":354},{"id":315,"name":316},{"tags_id":356},{"id":163,"name":164},[358],2360,[28],[15],"2023-12-06T11:04:47.000Z","2026-06-02T14:08:43.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fresearch-case-5",{"id":365,"slug":366,"title":367,"status":6,"nid":368,"year":328,"body":369,"external":19,"topic":370,"language":15,"type":371,"date_published":373,"image":374,"citation":14,"publisher":336,"link_internal":375,"link_external":379,"authors":380,"countries":387,"tags":388,"pdf":393,"topics":395,"featured":19,"languages":396,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":48,"date_created":397,"user_updated":49,"date_updated":398,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":399},2291,"wp-45","Working Paper 45: Strategic anti-corruption communications – Guidance for behaviour change interventions",2462,"This Working Paper is intended to guide practitioners who are seeking to complement conventional anti-corruption measures by adopting a behavioural communications approach.\n\nIt aims to connect a typology of anti-corruption messages with behavioural change theories, and discuss their impact.\n\nSubsequently, it suggests practical implications for designing anti-corruption communication as part of behaviour change interventions. This includes outlining how to develop a robust Theory of Change as a means to enhance the success of such efforts.  \n\nThe guidance is based on a review of seven key topically pertinent studies that have been recently published. \n\n### About this paper\n\nThis publication is prepared as guidance for the USAID Indonesia Integrity Initiative (USAID INTEGRITAS).\n\nThis study is made possible by the support of the American people through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The contents are the sole responsibility of the Basel Institute on Governance and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States Government.\n\n### Open-access licence and citation\n\nThe publication is part of the Basel Institute on Governance Working Paper Series, ISSN: 2624-9650. You may share or republish the Working Paper under a Creative Commons \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-nc-nd\u002F4.0\u002F\">CC BY-NC-ND 4.0\u003C\u002Fa> licence.\n\nSuggested citation: Baez-Camargo, Claudia, and Johanna Schönberg. 2023. ‘Strategic anti-corruption communications: a resource for practitioners.’ Working Paper 45, Basel Institute on Governance. Available at: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fpublications\u002Fwp-45\">https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fpublications\u002Fwp-45\u003C\u002Fa>",[21],[372],"Working Paper","2023-06-13","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002F9472f8db-b06d-4af5-94ef-68380ff513f7?width=600&height=840",[376],{"url":377,"caption":378},"\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications?type=Working%20Paper"," View all Working Papers",[],[381,383],{"authors_id":382},{"id":181,"name":182},{"authors_id":384},{"id":385,"name":386},524,"Johanna Schönberg",[],[389,391],{"tags_id":390},{"id":131,"name":132},{"tags_id":392},{"id":163,"name":164},[394],2328,[28],[15],"2023-06-19T09:56:33.000Z","2026-06-02T14:09:07.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fwp-45",{"id":401,"slug":402,"title":403,"status":6,"nid":404,"year":271,"body":405,"external":19,"topic":406,"language":15,"type":407,"date_published":409,"image":410,"citation":14,"publisher":336,"link_internal":411,"link_external":412,"authors":413,"countries":416,"tags":417,"pdf":422,"topics":424,"featured":19,"languages":425,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":48,"date_created":426,"user_updated":49,"date_updated":427,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":428},2234,"behavioural-insights-and-anti-corruption","Behavioural insights and anti-corruption: Executive summary of a practitioner-tailored review of the latest evidence (2016–2022)",2267,"Donors, governments and anti-corruption practitioners seeking alternative tools to address systemic corruption are increasingly turning to behavioural science. Behavioural anti-corruption approaches appear promising because they respond to a growing body of descriptive evidence on how certain social norms and mental models drive corruption, particularly in fragile contexts. Interventions that target social norms and seek to shift people’s behaviours away from corrupt practices could be more effective and long-lasting than ones that, for example, simply add more regulations and controls.\n\nYet few large-scale anti-corruption programmes have so far been informed by behavioural insights – in part due to a lack of evidence on where such an approach would be appropriate, what works and what doesn’t. \n\nThat evidence is slowly becoming available, thanks to an increase in the past five years in what can be called Social Norms and Behaviour Change (SNBC) intervention studies. Many have yielded positive effects and demonstrate the potential of SNBC interventions to tackle systemic corruption, but some studies have encountered counterproductive effects of anti-corruption messaging. \n\nBased on a synthesis of the evidence, this brief paper summarises a set of behavioural explanations (i.e. insights and pitfalls) for why some of these SNBC approaches have failed, while others have been effective. The aim is to provide practitioners designing SNBC interventions with evidence to help them develop effective programmes and avoid common pitfalls.\n\nThe full research paper and analysis tables are available to practitioners upon request. Please email \u003Ca href=\"mailto:info@baselgovernance.org\">info@baselgovernance.org\u003C\u002Fa>.\n\n### Acknowledgements and open-access licence\n\nThe publication is a technical report published by the Basel Institute on Governance. It is free to share under a Creative Commons AttributionNonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-nc-nd\u002F4.0\u002F\">CC BY-NC-ND 4.0\u003C\u002Fa>) licence.\n\nThis is a short version of a substantial in-depth review of the latest evidence (2016-21) on how SNBC approaches can inform anti-corruption practice. The publication was supported by the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH on behalf of the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ). The contents of this publication do not represent the official position of either BMZ or GIZ.",[21],[408],"Report","2022-10-10","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002Fbebee1ea-a781-4771-8ec0-b9e473e302c8?width=600&height=840",[],[],[414],{"authors_id":415},{"id":263,"name":264},[],[418,420],{"tags_id":419},{"id":163,"name":164},{"tags_id":421},{"id":131,"name":132},[423],2276,[28],[15],"2022-10-10T16:04:11.000Z","2026-05-31T22:52:08.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fbehavioural-insights-and-anti-corruption",{"id":430,"slug":431,"title":432,"status":6,"nid":433,"year":271,"body":434,"external":19,"topic":435,"language":15,"type":437,"date_published":438,"image":439,"citation":14,"publisher":440,"link_internal":441,"link_external":442,"authors":446,"countries":453,"tags":454,"pdf":465,"topics":466,"featured":19,"languages":467,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":48,"date_created":468,"user_updated":49,"date_updated":469,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":470},2195,"wp-39","Working Paper 39: Behavioural drivers of corruption facilitating illegal wildlife trade – Problem analysis and state of the field review",2210,"This Problem Analysis is a review of the efficacy and opportunities for using social norm and behaviour change (SNBC) approaches to combat illegal wildlife trade (IWT) and other natural resource-related corruption.\n\nBehavioural science is a rich and expansive field that has received prominent coverage in recent years for the promise it offers as a foundational yet underutilised approach to achieving biodiversity conservation. Extensive literature shows how SNBC initiatives can help combat diverse corruption problems, although for those related to natural resource management the evidence for doing so is sparse.\n\nThis report synthesises the available information and suggests the next steps to redress this current lack of evidence. It seeks to:\n\n\n- Understand what SNBC approaches might or might not work in fighting corruption.\n- Identify entry points for designing SNBC interventions that can effectively reduce corruption related to IWT.\n\n\n### About and acknowledgements\n\nThis Analysis has been produced in association with the Targeting Natural Resource Corruption (TNRC) project. The TNRC project is working to improve biodiversity outcomes by helping practitioners to address the threats posed by corruption to wildlife, fisheries and forests. TNRC harnesses existing knowledge, generates new evidence, and supports innovative policy and practice for more effective anti-corruption programming. Learn more at \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftnrcproject.org\">tnrcproject.org\u003C\u002Fa>.\n\nThis publication is made possible by the generous support of the American people through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The contents are the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID, the United States Government, or individual TNRC consortium members.\n\nThe publication is part of the Basel Institute on Governance Working Paper Series, ISSN: 2624-9650. It is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0).\n\nSuggested citation: Baez Camargo, Claudia, and Gayle Burgess. 2022. “Behavioural drivers of corruption facilitating illegal wildlife trade: Problem analysis and state of the field review.” Working Paper 39, Basel Institute on Governance. Available at: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fpublications\u002Fwp-39\">https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fpublications\u002Fwp-39\u003C\u002Fa>",[436,21],"Green Corruption",[31,408],"2022-06-01","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002F9f6e8d24-9468-43cb-949d-bdbd25d35adb?width=600&height=840","Basel Institute on Governance; TRAFFIC",[],[443],{"url":444,"caption":445},"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.zoom.us\u002Fwebinar\u002Fregister\u002FWN_VUh1-aisS-Su1Cuwc8vWlA"," Register for virtual event - 27 June 2022",[447,449],{"authors_id":448},{"id":181,"name":182},{"authors_id":450},{"id":451,"name":452},501,"Gayle Burgess",[],[455,459,463],{"tags_id":456},{"id":457,"name":458},804,"Natural resources",{"tags_id":460},{"id":461,"name":462},1303,"Environment",{"tags_id":464},{"id":131,"name":132},[401],[436,28],[15],"2022-06-09T13:42:35.000Z","2026-05-31T22:52:04.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fwp-39",{"id":472,"slug":473,"title":474,"status":6,"nid":475,"year":328,"body":476,"external":19,"topic":477,"language":15,"type":478,"date_published":479,"image":480,"citation":14,"publisher":336,"link_internal":481,"link_external":482,"authors":483,"countries":490,"tags":495,"pdf":500,"topics":502,"featured":19,"languages":503,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":48,"date_created":504,"user_updated":49,"date_updated":505,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":506},2278,"research-case-2","Research case study 2: Leveraging informal networks for anti-corruption in East Africa",2432,"Citizens and business people may invest significant time and money in building informal networks with public officials to overcome public service delivery shortcomings and access business opportunities. Understanding these networks better can strengthen anti-corruption efforts.\n\nThis research case study gives a brief overview of our Public Governance team's research in Uganda and Tanzania. Through interviews, the team explored when, how and why informal networks are built and used to access public services or business opportunities corruptly.\n\nThe research project described was carried out under the Global Integrity Anti-Corruption Evidence Programme (GI-ACE), funded with UK aid from the UK government. All results are freely shareable under a Creative Commons licence.",[21],[332],"2023-05-17","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002F7d1b37bc-c9a9-458b-9b5c-5e140061e6dd?width=600&height=840",[],[],[484,486,488],{"authors_id":485},{"id":181,"name":182},{"authors_id":487},{"id":230,"name":231},{"authors_id":489},{"id":297,"name":298},[491,493],{"countries_id":492},{"id":111,"name":112},{"countries_id":494},{"id":92,"name":93},[496,498],{"tags_id":497},{"id":131,"name":132},{"tags_id":499},{"id":315,"name":316},[501],2314,[28],[15],"2023-05-17T10:04:49.000Z","2026-05-31T22:52:11.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fresearch-case-2",{"id":508,"slug":509,"title":510,"status":6,"nid":511,"year":271,"body":512,"external":19,"topic":513,"language":15,"type":514,"date_published":515,"image":516,"citation":14,"publisher":336,"link_internal":517,"link_external":524,"authors":525,"countries":552,"tags":555,"pdf":562,"topics":563,"featured":19,"languages":564,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":48,"date_created":565,"user_updated":49,"date_updated":566,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":567},2227,"TZ-giftgiving","Using behavioural insights to reduce gift giving in a Tanzanian public hospital: Findings from a mixed-methods evaluation",2251,"This is the final technical report of the research project \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Face.globalintegrity.org\u002Fprojects\u002Ftanzhealth\u002F\">Addressing bribery in the Tanzanian health sector: A behavioural approach\u003C\u002Fa>.\n\nPrevious research has shown that social norms of gift-giving and reciprocity are linked to patterns of bribery in the Tanzanian health sector. Health facility staff that do not accept a gift or reciprocate a favour are often punished by means of gossip, criticism, and even social isolation, further enforcing the norms. On the other hand, gift-giving and bribery exacerbate inequality in access to healthcare, as patients who are able and willing to give gifts might receive preferential treatment at the expense of those who cannot afford them. At the extreme, gifts and other unofficial payments become a requirement for access to services, with life threatening consequences for the most vulnerable groups.\n\nIn this mixed-methods evaluation we aimed to understand the feasibility and potential impact of a multi-component behavioural intervention on rates of gift exchange between users and staff of a public regional referral hospital in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. The intervention aimed to shift users’ (i.e. patients and individuals accompanying them to the health facility) and health providers’ attitudes and perceived social norms around gift-giving, and to reduce actual exchange of gifts (i.e. the behaviour).\n\nThis research project was funded by the Global Integrity Anti-Corruption Evidence Programme (GI-ACE), funded with UK aid from the UK government. The project implementation was a collaboration between the Basel Institute on Governance, the UK Behavioural Insights Team, the University of Dar es Salam and the University of Utrecht.\n\nThe technical report is free to share under a Creative Commons AttributionNonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) licence.",[21],[408],"2022-09-08","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002Fda338e5c-b31c-467a-bf3a-6af8e465fdec?width=600&height=840",[518,521],{"url":519,"caption":520},"\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fwp-40"," See related Working Paper: Developing anti-corruption interventions addressing social norms: Lessons from a field pilot in Tanzania",{"url":522,"caption":523},"\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fadopting-peer-led-approach-disseminate-anti-corruption-messages-results-network-survey"," See related paper: Results of the network survey",[],[526,528,532,536,540,544,548],{"authors_id":527},{"id":181,"name":182},{"authors_id":529},{"id":530,"name":531},505,"Violette Gadenne",{"authors_id":533},{"id":534,"name":535},506,"Veronica Mkoji",{"authors_id":537},{"id":538,"name":539},507,"Dilhan Perera",{"authors_id":541},{"id":542,"name":543},508,"Ruth Persian",{"authors_id":545},{"id":546,"name":547},370,"Richard Sambaiga",{"authors_id":549},{"id":550,"name":551},509,"Tobias Stark",[553],{"countries_id":554},{"id":92,"name":93},[556,558],{"tags_id":557},{"id":163,"name":164},{"tags_id":559},{"id":560,"name":561},1381,"Health",[404],[28],[15],"2022-09-08T10:04:05.000Z","2026-06-02T14:09:01.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002FTZ-giftgiving",{"id":569,"slug":570,"title":571,"status":6,"nid":572,"year":271,"body":573,"external":19,"topic":574,"language":15,"type":575,"date_published":515,"image":576,"citation":14,"publisher":336,"link_internal":577,"link_external":581,"authors":582,"countries":585,"tags":588,"pdf":591,"topics":593,"featured":19,"languages":594,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":48,"date_created":595,"user_updated":49,"date_updated":566,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":522},2228,"adopting-peer-led-approach-disseminate-anti-corruption-messages-results-network-survey","Adopting a peer-led approach to disseminate anti-corruption messages: Results of the network survey",2266,"This report relates to the research project \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Face.globalintegrity.org\u002Fprojects\u002Ftanzhealth\u002F\">Addressing bribery in the Tanzanian health sector: A behavioural approach\u003C\u002Fa>. As part of the project, a pilot behavioural intervention was implemented at a Tanzanian hospital that aimed to shift hospital users’ and health providers’ attitudes and perceived social norms around gift-giving. It also aimed to reduce actual exchanges of gifts.\n\nThe report complements the final technical report from the project, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fpublications\u002FTZ-giftgiving\">Using behavioural insights to reduce gift giving in a Tanzanian public hospital\u003C\u002Fa>, by providing details about the use of social network analysis (SNA) to assess how the information about the intervention was disseminated through the hospital. \n\nIt provides a breakdown of results, the questionnaire used in the surveys, and methodological notes for future studies.\n\nThe research project as a whole was funded by the Global Integrity Anti-Corruption Evidence Programme (GI-ACE), funded with UK aid from the UK government. The project implementation was a collaboration between the Basel Institute on Governance, the UK Behavioural Insights Team, the University of Dar es Salam and the University of Utrecht.\n\nThe technical report is free to share under a Creative Commons AttributionNonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) licence.",[21],[408],"https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002F1362ac97-afa2-498c-8376-88b4f37a6818?width=600&height=840",[578,580],{"url":567,"caption":579}," See related technical report: Using behavioural insights to reduce gift giving in a Tanzanian public hospital: Findings from a mixed-methods evaluation",{"url":519,"caption":520},[],[583],{"authors_id":584},{"id":550,"name":551},[586],{"countries_id":587},{"id":92,"name":93},[589],{"tags_id":590},{"id":131,"name":132},[592],2268,[28],[15],"2022-09-08T10:04:07.000Z",{"id":597,"slug":598,"title":599,"status":6,"nid":600,"year":271,"body":601,"external":19,"topic":602,"language":15,"type":603,"date_published":604,"image":605,"citation":14,"publisher":336,"link_internal":606,"link_external":607,"authors":608,"countries":611,"tags":614,"pdf":617,"topics":619,"featured":19,"languages":620,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":48,"date_created":621,"user_updated":49,"date_updated":622,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":519},2217,"wp-40","Working Paper 40: Developing anti-corruption interventions addressing social norms: Lessons from a field pilot in Tanzania",2249,"This Working Paper provides guidance on developing anti-corruption interventions based on a Social Norms and Behaviour Change (SNBC) approach. Still a relatively nascent field, SNBC interventions typically address social norms that make corruption acceptable or expected, and attempt to influence behaviours away from corrupt practices. \n\nThe guidance is based on lessons learned from a largely successful pilot project in Tanzania that targeted social norms fuelling bribery (\"gift giving\") in health facilities and attempted to change the behaviours of both health care providers and users away from exchanging gifts. Survey results showed a 14–44% decrease in gift-giving intentions, attitudes and positive beliefs among hospital users following the pilot intervention.\n\nThe guidance covers:\n\n\n- How to identify when a SNBC approach is suitable\n- Essential background research needed to design anti-corruption SNBC interventions\n- Frameworks to formulate theories of change\n- Specific elements to build into SNBC interventions\n- What practitioners should expect when embarking on an SNBC intervention\n- Ways they can help build evidence and understanding of SNBC approaches in the anti-corruption field.\n\n\n### About and acknowledgements\n\nThis publication was supported by the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH on behalf of the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ). The contents of this publication do not represent the official position of either BMZ or GIZ.\n\nThe pilot intervention that serves as the basis for most of the reflections included in this document was funded by the Global Integrity Anti-Corruption Evidence Programme (GI-ACE), funded with UK aid from the UK government.\n\n### Open-access licence and citation\n\nThe publication is part of the Basel Institute on Governance Working Paper Series, ISSN: 2624-9650. It is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0).\n\nSuggested citation: Baez Camargo, Claudia. 2022. “Developing anti-corruption interventions addressing social norms: Lessons from a field pilot in Tanzania.” *Working Paper *40, Basel Institute on Governance. Available at: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fpublications\u002Fwp-40\">https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fpublications\u002Fwp-40\u003C\u002Fa>",[21],[372],"2022-07-27","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002Ff47a13f2-602b-40cd-878e-7c73305990a7?width=600&height=840",[],[],[609],{"authors_id":610},{"id":181,"name":182},[612],{"countries_id":613},{"id":92,"name":93},[615],{"tags_id":616},{"id":131,"name":132},[618],2256,[28],[15],"2022-08-14T19:40:44.000Z","2026-05-31T22:52:05.000Z",{"id":624,"slug":625,"title":626,"status":6,"nid":627,"year":271,"body":628,"external":19,"topic":629,"language":15,"type":630,"date_published":632,"image":633,"citation":634,"publisher":336,"link_internal":635,"link_external":639,"authors":640,"countries":647,"tags":652,"pdf":665,"topics":667,"featured":19,"languages":668,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":48,"date_created":669,"user_updated":49,"date_updated":670,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":671},1760,"policy-brief-9-informal-networks-and-what-they-mean-anti-corruption-practice","Policy Brief 9: Informal networks and what they mean for anti-corruption practice",2166,"Corruption is frequently associated with money alone and the behaviours of a few individual “bad apples” operating in otherwise healthy governance systems. This is too simplistic. As the latest research shows, including research in Tanzania and Uganda on which this Policy Brief is based, corruption is a networked phenomenon. This Policy Brief explains what this means and its implications for anti-corruption practice.\n\nWhen ordinary citizens and business people face problems, like constrained access to public services or an uneven playing field, they invest time, effort and resources in building informal networks.\n\nHeld together by personal connections and corrupt payments, these informal networks are a problem-solving mechanism. They allow members – such as business people, other citizens and public officials – to pursue a variety of goals. The networks aid in easing access to public services, for example, or helping a business to run smoothly, or securing business opportunities with the government. Informal networks can be leveraged to speed up long and complicated permit processes or exploit weaknesses in formal tender processes to obtain undue access to contracts. When red tape is used by public officials to extort bribes from service users, informal networks can help manage and overcome these demands. \n\nIn contexts in which these informal networks are widespread, the research shows that conventional anti-corruption measures, such as introducing more regulations, policies and controls, can actually backfire and increase corruption. \n\nBreaking this self-reinforcing cycle of networked corruption requires a shift in thinking and approaches:\n\n\n- **Focusing on networked corruption** as opposed to individual corrupt behaviours.\n- **Tackling corruption both from the demand and the supply side** by addressing inefficiencies and weaknesses in public systems that cause problems for ordinary citizens and business people. This may make it less likely that they will resort to corruption through informal networks to overcome the public service weaknesses.\n- **Harnessing informal networks for anti-corruption objectives.** This includes leveraging new insights into social norms and networks and establishing Collective Action initiatives to better target the underlying drivers of corruption.\n\n\n## About this Policy Brief\n\nThis publication is part of the Basel Institute on Governance Policy Brief series, ISSN 2624-9669. It presents findings from a research project entitled “\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Face.globalintegrity.org\u002Fprojects\u002Finformality\u002F\">Harnessing informality: Designing anti-corruption network interventions and strategic use of legal instruments\u003C\u002Fa>”, funded by UK Aid as part of the Global Integrity Anti-Corruption Evidence Programme (GI-ACE).\n\nIt is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). ",[21],[631],"Policy Brief","2022-02-21","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002Fc9f50b43-2246-4e39-a1b1-052b0e9829f1?width=600&height=840","Baez Camargo, Claudia, Jacopo Costa, and Saba Kassa. 2022. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fpublications\u002Fpolicy-brief-9-informal-networks-and-what-they-mean-anti-corruption-practice\">Informal networks and what they mean for anti-corruption practice.\u003C\u002Fa> *Policy Brief* 9, Basel Institute on Governance.",[636],{"url":637,"caption":638},"\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications?type=Policy%20Brief"," View all Policy Briefs",[],[641,643,645],{"authors_id":642},{"id":181,"name":182},{"authors_id":644},{"id":297,"name":298},{"authors_id":646},{"id":230,"name":231},[648,650],{"countries_id":649},{"id":92,"name":93},{"countries_id":651},{"id":111,"name":112},[653,655,659,663],{"tags_id":654},{"id":163,"name":164},{"tags_id":656},{"id":657,"name":658},909,"Collective Action",{"tags_id":660},{"id":661,"name":662},973,"Corruption",{"tags_id":664},{"id":315,"name":316},[666],1786,[28],[15],"2022-04-27T11:53:17.000Z","2026-06-02T14:09:04.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fpolicy-brief-9-informal-networks-and-what-they-mean-anti-corruption-practice",1780676561451]