[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":568},["ShallowReactive",2],{"publication-role-of-ppps-in-south-africas-water-sector":3,"author-links-role-of-ppps-in-south-africas-water-sector":89,"related-role-of-ppps-in-south-africas-water-sector":90},[4],{"id":5,"status":6,"sort":7,"date_created":8,"date_updated":9,"nid":7,"slug":10,"title":11,"body":12,"citation":7,"language":7,"year":7,"publisher":13,"date_published":14,"external":15,"topic":7,"link_internal":7,"link_external":16,"featured":20,"topics":21,"languages":26,"type":28,"area":7,"programme":7,"websites":30,"summary":31,"pdf_text":7,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"image":32,"og_image":7,"countries":46,"tags":69,"pdf":86,"authors":87,"translations_publications":88},2462,"published",null,"2026-09-09T13:50:34.000Z","2026-09-09T14:37:36.000Z","role-of-ppps-in-south-africas-water-sector","The role of PPPs in South Africa’s water sector","South Africa’s water sector is at a critical juncture. Poor service delivery, weak governance and mounting ecological pressures are undermining water security. At the same time, government is streamlining regulatory and legislative frameworks to facilitate partnerships between municipalities and the private sector in support of service delivery and development objectives.\n\nAgainst this backdrop, this Intelligence Report examines the potential of public-private partnerships (PPPs) to address the water crisis through two South African case studies: the iLembe District Municipality – Siza Water Company partnership and the Emfuleni Development Partnership involving Sasol and GIZ. These examples highlight both the opportunities and challenges associated with PPPs in the water sector.\n\nThis Intelligence Report examines the role that the private sector could play to improve water security in South Africa, and it highlights how it can mitigate the associated risks. The aim of the report is not to advocate for the private sector to take over the responsibility of water services, but to highlight how such partnerships can be used to address the crisis that communities are facing using sustainable and long-term models. The report begins by providing an overview of the water sector in South Africa before highlighting key PPP case studies. It concludes by indicating what can be learnt from these case studies.\n\n**Author**: Stuart Morrison","Good  Governance Africa","2026-07-08",true,[17],{"url":18,"caption":19},"https:\u002F\u002Fgga.org\u002Fthe-role-of-ppps-in-south-africas-water-sector\u002F","Access the Intelligence Report via Good Governance Africa",false,[22,23,24,25],"HLRM","Integrity Pacts","Human rights","Collective Action",[27],"English",[29],"Report",[25],"This Intelligence Report examines the role that the private sector play to improve water security in South Africa, and it highlights how it can mitigate the associated risks. The report provides an overview of the water sector in South Africa, highlights key PPP case studies and indicates what can be learnt from these case studies.",{"id":33,"storage":34,"filename_disk":35,"filename_download":36,"title":37,"type":38,"created_on":39,"modified_on":9,"charset":7,"filesize":40,"width":41,"height":42,"duration":7,"embed":7,"description":43,"location":7,"tags":7,"metadata":44,"focal_point_x":7,"focal_point_y":7,"tus_id":7,"tus_data":7,"uploaded_on":45},"0300746e-3a8a-4cac-a41e-dc6bbd6b52e2","local","0300746e-3a8a-4cac-a41e-dc6bbd6b52e2.jpg","The-role-of-PPPs-in-South-Africas-Water-Sector_Cover.jpg","The Role of PPPs in South Africa's Water Sector Cover","image\u002Fjpeg","2026-09-09T13:38:43.000Z",155587,1654,2339,"Cover photo: Gates of the Vaal Dam are opened to reduce pressure as residents living around the Vaal River in South Africa are called for evacuation in April 2025. ",{},"2026-09-09T13:38:44.000Z",[47],{"id":48,"publications_id":49,"countries_id":63},1212,{"id":5,"status":6,"sort":7,"user_created":50,"date_created":8,"user_updated":50,"date_updated":9,"nid":7,"slug":10,"image":33,"title":11,"body":12,"citation":7,"language":7,"year":7,"publisher":13,"date_published":14,"external":15,"topic":7,"link_internal":7,"link_external":51,"featured":20,"topics":53,"languages":54,"type":55,"area":7,"programme":7,"websites":56,"summary":31,"pdf_text":7,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"og_image":7,"countries":57,"tags":58,"pdf":60,"authors":61,"translations_publications":62},"d22c72aa-896a-43ce-acca-4154ff70a25a",[52],{"url":18,"caption":19},[22,23,24,25],[27],[29],[25],[48],[59],5279,[],[],[],{"id":64,"name":65,"code":66,"latitude":67,"longitude":68},243,"South Africa","ZA",-30.55948,22.93751,[70],{"id":59,"publications_id":71,"tags_id":83},{"id":5,"status":6,"sort":7,"user_created":50,"date_created":8,"user_updated":50,"date_updated":9,"nid":7,"slug":10,"image":33,"title":11,"body":12,"citation":7,"language":7,"year":7,"publisher":13,"date_published":14,"external":15,"topic":7,"link_internal":7,"link_external":72,"featured":20,"topics":74,"languages":75,"type":76,"area":7,"programme":7,"websites":77,"summary":31,"pdf_text":7,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"og_image":7,"countries":78,"tags":79,"pdf":80,"authors":81,"translations_publications":82},[73],{"url":18,"caption":19},[22,23,24,25],[27],[29],[25],[48],[59],[],[],[],{"id":84,"name":85},1306,"Governance",[],[],[],{},[91,196,231,272,301,380,434,472,511,542],{"id":92,"slug":93,"title":94,"status":6,"nid":95,"year":96,"body":97,"external":20,"topic":98,"language":27,"type":99,"date_published":101,"image":102,"citation":103,"publisher":104,"link_internal":105,"link_external":106,"authors":110,"countries":119,"tags":186,"pdf":187,"topics":189,"featured":20,"languages":190,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":191,"date_created":192,"user_updated":193,"date_updated":194,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"og_image":7,"link":195},2280,"engaging-private-sector-collective-action-against-corruption-practical-guide-anti","Engaging the private sector in Collective Action against corruption: A practical guide for anti-corruption agencies in Africa",2443,2024,"This guidance seeks to capture and explore the innovative approaches that African governments have developed to address the demand and supply sides of corruption more effectively and sustainably. It is designed to help government institutions, in particular national anti-corruption agencies, engage with the private sector more effectively to prevent corruption.\n\nThe document highlights good practices identified through interviews, desk research and a 2021 Southern African Development Community (SADC) training on “Emerging anti-corruption issues and private-sector engagement for SADC anti-corruption agencies”.\n\nAfrica offers many examples of innovative, unique and context-sensitive approaches to engage the private sector in anti-corruption efforts. Ghana’s National Anti-Corruption Action Plan, for instance, offers an award scheme and is looking into providing tax benefits to companies that enforce anti-corruption measures and demonstrate leadership in the fight against corruption. Other agencies and governments in the region, such as Morocco, are currently discussing implementing a reward system for compliant companies that can be considered when companies bid for public tenders.\n\nThese examples demonstrate how African governments proactively seek to tackle corruption and collaborate with the private sector.\n\nFrom the initiatives captured, three common strategic approaches can be identified to underpin effective and impactful engagement:\n\n\n- **Raising awareness,** guiding and working with the private sector to more effectively address corruption risks.\n- **Identifying and providing incentives** to companies investing in their compliance programmes.\n- **Demonstrating leadership** by actively participating in Collective Action and public-private partnerships.\n\n\nThis document is a follow-up of a [practical global guide](https:\u002F\u002Fcollective-action.com\u002Fexplore\u002Fpublications\u002F2199) published in July 2022 and was produced with the support of the Siemens Integrity Initiative.\n\nIt is freely shareable under a Creative Commons [CC BY-NC-ND 4.0](https:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-nc-nd\u002F4.0\u002F) licence. Please credit the Basel Institute on Governance.",[25,22,23],[100,29],"Guidelines","2024-11-06","https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fcms\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002F4e5c3e4d-e346-47c7-ae6c-6516f36c0abd?format=webp&quality=90&width=600&height=840","","Basel Institute on Governance",[],[107],{"url":108,"caption":109},"https:\u002F\u002Fcollective-action.com\u002F"," Learn more about Collective Action",[111,115],{"authors_id":112},{"id":113,"name":114},293,"Scarlet Wannenwetsch",{"authors_id":116},{"id":117,"name":118},514,"Liza Young",[120,124,128,132,136,140,144,148,150,154,158,162,166,170,174,178,182],{"countries_id":121},{"id":122,"name":123},135,"Morocco",{"countries_id":125},{"id":126,"name":127},79,"Ghana",{"countries_id":129},{"id":130,"name":131},244,"Zambia",{"countries_id":133},{"id":134,"name":135},153,"Malawi",{"countries_id":137},{"id":138,"name":139},73,"Gabon",{"countries_id":141},{"id":142,"name":143},151,"Mauritius",{"countries_id":145},{"id":146,"name":147},156,"Mozambique",{"countries_id":149},{"id":64,"name":65},{"countries_id":151},{"id":152,"name":153},113,"Kenya",{"countries_id":155},{"id":156,"name":157},45,"Cameroon",{"countries_id":159},{"id":160,"name":161},157,"Namibia",{"countries_id":163},{"id":164,"name":165},161,"Nigeria",{"countries_id":167},{"id":168,"name":169},189,"Rwanda",{"countries_id":171},{"id":172,"name":173},192,"Seychelles",{"countries_id":175},{"id":176,"name":177},38,"Democratic Republic of Congo",{"countries_id":179},{"id":180,"name":181},130,"Lesotho",{"countries_id":183},{"id":184,"name":185},42,"Côte d'Ivoire",[],[188],2409,[25,22,23],[27],"03bebfd8-0b40-4a2a-820d-b9d9c13b9de6","2023-05-22T10:04:31.000Z","dfef11db-1bc6-47e9-a61d-93443995484b","2026-08-21T10:43:27.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fengaging-private-sector-collective-action-against-corruption-practical-guide-anti",{"id":197,"slug":198,"title":199,"status":6,"nid":200,"year":201,"body":202,"external":20,"topic":203,"language":27,"type":205,"date_published":207,"image":208,"citation":103,"publisher":104,"link_internal":209,"link_external":213,"authors":214,"countries":217,"tags":218,"pdf":223,"topics":225,"featured":20,"languages":227,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":191,"date_created":228,"user_updated":193,"date_updated":229,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"og_image":7,"link":230},1820,"g20s-responsiveness-b20-anti-corruption-recommendations-2010-2017-part-i-baseline","The G20’s responsiveness to B20 anti-corruption recommendations 2010–2017. Part I: Baseline report",1939,2020,"How effectively does the Business 20 (B20) process channel recommendations on anti-corruption from the business community up to the Group of Twenty (G20) leaders? Are there ways to increase the uptake of B20 recommendations by the G20 Anti-Corruption Working Group (ACWG) and in the final Communiqué at the G20 Summit?\n\nThis paper helps to answer the questions by analysing the responsiveness of the G20 leaders to the B20’s recommendations on anti-corruption from 2010 to 2017. The analysis uses three previous attempts to measure the impact of the B20 process on G20 outcomes, by the German and Russian presidencies and by the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC).\n\n### About this report\n\nThis report was funded by the [Siemens Integrity Initiative](https:\u002F\u002Fnew.siemens.com\u002Fglobal\u002Fen\u002Fcompany\u002Fsustainability\u002Fcompliance\u002Fcollective-action.html), which supports organisations in the fight against corruption and fraud through Collective Action, education and training. The views and opinions expressed in this report are those of the author and do not reflect the position of Siemens or the Siemens Integrity Initiative.",[25,22,23,204],"Compliance",[206,29],"Article","2020-12-09","https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fcms\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002F377e6c2e-8e4a-4236-b4c1-7e76578bda36?format=webp&quality=90&width=600&height=840",[210],{"url":211,"caption":212},"\u002Fresources\u002Fnews\u002Fnew-report-highlights-3-ways-to-enhance-b20g20-dialogue-on-anti-corruption-1938"," View blog and summary",[],[215],{"authors_id":216},{"id":113,"name":114},[],[219],{"tags_id":220},{"id":221,"name":222},982,"Anti-corruption",[224],1856,[25,22,23,226],"Business Integrity Ethics and Compliance",[27],"2022-04-27T11:53:57.000Z","2026-08-21T10:43:00.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fg20s-responsiveness-b20-anti-corruption-recommendations-2010-2017-part-i-baseline",{"id":232,"slug":233,"title":234,"status":6,"nid":235,"year":201,"body":236,"external":20,"topic":237,"language":27,"type":238,"date_published":239,"image":240,"citation":103,"publisher":104,"link_internal":241,"link_external":245,"authors":246,"countries":259,"tags":260,"pdf":263,"topics":266,"featured":20,"languages":267,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":191,"date_created":268,"user_updated":269,"date_updated":270,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"og_image":7,"link":271},1863,"mainstreaming-collective-action-establishing-baseline","Mainstreaming Collective Action: Establishing a baseline",1905,"This paper sets out why and how Collective Action needs to become a global \"norm\" in the fight against corruption and an integral part of mainstream anti-corruption efforts. The idea is to ensure that Collective Action is considered in companies' compliance programmes as a risk mitigation tool to analyse and address persistent problems of corruption. The pathway to achieving this is to embed Collective Action as recommendation in international, national and business-relevant standards.\n\nThe report: \n\n\n- Describes anti-corruption Collective Action. \n- Sets out what “mainstreaming” and “creating norms” mean in this context.\n- Presents detailed analysis on the current state of endorsements of anti-corruption Collective Action by relevant bodies, including a selection of national anti-corruption strategies in various countries. \n- Gives a brief description of the strategy to expand the take-up of Collective Action in such documents and standards.  \n",[25,22,23],[29],"2020-03-31","https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fcms\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002F9788499a-ea07-4693-8e32-610ed19b1965?format=webp&quality=90&width=600&height=840",[242],{"url":243,"caption":244},"\u002Fresources\u002Fcollective-action-hub"," Learn about Collective Action at the Basel Institute",[],[247,251,255],{"authors_id":248},{"id":249,"name":250},289,"Gemma Aiolfi",{"authors_id":252},{"id":253,"name":254},374,"Kyle Forness",{"authors_id":256},{"id":257,"name":258},296,"Monica Guy",[],[261],{"tags_id":262},{"id":221,"name":222},[264,265],1898,1897,[25,22,23],[27],"2022-04-27T11:54:22.000Z","3d9ff205-1640-4f34-b5b6-86977f51bbd6","2026-06-02T14:08:49.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fmainstreaming-collective-action-establishing-baseline",{"id":273,"slug":274,"title":275,"status":6,"nid":276,"year":277,"body":278,"external":20,"topic":279,"language":27,"type":280,"date_published":281,"image":282,"citation":103,"publisher":104,"link_internal":283,"link_external":284,"authors":285,"countries":288,"tags":289,"pdf":294,"topics":296,"featured":20,"languages":297,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":191,"date_created":298,"user_updated":193,"date_updated":299,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"og_image":7,"link":300},2199,"engaging-private-sector-collective-action-against-corruption","Engaging the private sector in Collective Action against corruption",2236,2022,"This practical guide is designed to help governments, and in particular National Anti-Corruption Agencies, engage with the private sector more effectively to prevent corruption.\n\nIt explains how governments can engage with the private sector to prevent corruption in three ways:\n\n\n- **Collaborate and consult on corruption prevention activities in the private sector** - by setting up events and platforms, providing advisory support and engaging the private sector in developing National Anti-Corruption Strategies.\n- **Support and incentivise the private sector to engage in corruption prevention activities and initiatives** - by creating tangible business benefits for companies investing in compliance, incentivising companies to externalise their compliance programmes, and supporting compliance certification.\n- **Demonstrate leadership by becoming an active participant in Collective Action** - by establishing Collective Action as the go-to approach for engaging with the private sector, by implementing integrity tools in public procurement, and by fostering compliance in state-owned enterprises.\n\n\nEach point is supported with examples of such actions around the world. Many of the examples were provided by a core group of members from the [Network of Corruption Prevention Authorities (NCPA)](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.coe.int\u002Fen\u002Fweb\u002Fcorruption\u002Fncpa-network), who worked together with the Basel Institute on Governance to develop this guidance. The Basel Institute’s participation in developing these guidelines is funded by the [Siemens Integrity Initiative](https:\u002F\u002Fsiemens.com\u002Fintegrity-initiative).\n\nThe guidance will be updated on a regular basis to continue the discussion around government and private-sector engagement on issues of corruption. \n\nThis document is freely shareable under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License ([CC BY-NC-ND 4.0](https:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-nc-nd\u002F4.0\u002F)). Please credit the Basel Institute on Governance and Network of Corruption Prevention Authorities (NCPA).",[25,22,23],[100],"2022-06-16","https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fcms\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002Fd1e59a3d-4f55-44c0-8202-0de5ff67f5ec?format=webp&quality=90&width=600&height=840",[],[],[286],{"authors_id":287},{"id":113,"name":114},[],[290],{"tags_id":291},{"id":292,"name":293},1373,"Corruption prevention",[295],2380,[25,22,23],[27],"2022-06-16T13:29:18.000Z","2026-08-21T10:43:16.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fengaging-private-sector-collective-action-against-corruption",{"id":302,"slug":303,"title":304,"status":6,"nid":7,"year":7,"body":305,"external":20,"topic":7,"language":7,"type":306,"date_published":308,"image":309,"citation":310,"publisher":104,"link_internal":311,"link_external":7,"authors":327,"countries":340,"tags":353,"pdf":366,"topics":368,"featured":20,"languages":371,"summary":372,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":373,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":50,"date_created":375,"user_updated":50,"date_updated":376,"main_points":103,"short_version":377,"subtitle":7,"og_image":378,"link":379},2452,"pb-17-border-corruption","Policy Brief 17: Protecting border spaces from risks of corruption and criminal behaviours","Border spaces are designed to regulate movement and stop illicit trade, yet corruption often allows smuggling and trafficking to continue alongside legitimate commerce. This Policy Brief compares research findings from the port of Rotterdam and the Kapitan Andreevo border checkpoint between Bulgaria and Türkiye to examine how corruption and cross-border crime interact in border spaces.\n\nIt finds that stronger border controls, enhanced technology and new regulations do not necessarily suppress crime. Such interventions can produce unintended consequences, including new opportunities and incentives for corruption. Criminal actors adapt by changing both corruption and concealment strategies to avoid detection and protect their profits.\n\nThe brief sets out five recommendations for designing anti-corruption and border security reforms that anticipate this adaptation and evolution rather than being undermined by it.\n\n### About this Policy Brief\n\nThis publication is part of the Basel Institute on Governance Policy Brief series [ISSN 2624-9669](https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002F?type=Policy+Brief). It is a Diamond Open Access publication, also hosted on the Basel University Library’s open publishing platform [eterna](https:\u002F\u002Feterna.unibas.ch\u002F) as part of our Basel Institute on Governance Policy Brief Journal, with DOI: [10.12685\u002Fbigpb.17.1-7](https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.12685\u002Fbigpb.17.1-7).\n\nYou may freely share or republish it under a Creative Commons [BY-NC-ND 4.0](https:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-nc-nd\u002F4.0\u002F) International licence.\n\nThis publication was written as part of the [FALCON](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.falcon-horizon.eu\u002F) (Fight Against Large-scale Corruption and Organised Crime Networks) project. FALCON is funded under the European Union’s Horizon Europe Framework Program Grant Agreement ID 101121281. The Basel Institute on Governance, as an associated partner without the right to receive funds directly from the European Research Executive Agency, has received funding from the Swiss State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation (SERI).\n\nThe contents of this document are the sole responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the European Union, the European Research Executive Agency or SERI.",[307],"Policy Brief","2026-08-25","https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fcms\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002Fcb511a30-f111-44d4-af53-1b6872f1a92d?format=webp&quality=90&width=600&height=840","Jäger, Noémi, Jacopo Costa and Saba Kassa. 2026. ‘Protecting border spaces from risks of corruption and criminal behaviours’. Policy Brief 17, Basel Institute on Governance. Available at: [baselgovernance.org\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fpb-17-border-corruption](https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fpb-17-border-corruption).",[312,315,318,321,324],{"url":313,"caption":314},"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fcms\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002F3cae3fc6-c1e7-4483-9fb8-f050c241c6fc\u002FPB17_Border-corruption.pdf?v=20260825143544000","Download PDF",{"url":316,"caption":317},"\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fwp-58","View related Working Paper 58 (port of Rotterdam)",{"url":319,"caption":320},"\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fevolution-corruption-and-crimes-kapitan-andreevo-border-checkpoint-impact-eu-accession","Read related article (Kapitan Andreevo)",{"url":322,"caption":323},"\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fwp-63-anticipatory-governance","View related Working Paper 63 (Anticipatory governance)",{"url":325,"caption":326},"\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications?type=Policy%20Brief","View all Policy Briefs",[328,332,336],{"authors_id":329},{"id":330,"name":331},584,"Noémi Jäger",{"authors_id":333},{"id":334,"name":335},304,"Dr Jacopo Costa",{"authors_id":337},{"id":338,"name":339},303,"Dr Saba Kassa",[341,345,349],{"countries_id":342},{"id":343,"name":344},163,"Netherlands",{"countries_id":346},{"id":347,"name":348},22,"Bulgaria",{"countries_id":350},{"id":351,"name":352},261,"European Union",[354,358,360,364],{"tags_id":355},{"id":356,"name":357},859,"Corruption risks",{"tags_id":359},{"id":221,"name":222},{"tags_id":361},{"id":362,"name":363},967,"Organised crime",{"tags_id":365},{"id":84,"name":85},[367],2561,[369,370],"Prevention Research and Innovation","Corruption Prevention and Public Governance",[27],"This Policy Brief compares findings of research on corruption at the port of Rotterdam and at the Kapitan Andreevo border checkpoint between Bulgaria and Türkiye. It examines how corruption and cross-border crime interact in border spaces and what this means for enforcement efforts.",[374],"Main page","2026-08-24T15:58:51.000Z","2026-09-03T09:12:55.000Z","Formal border areas are designed to regulate the movement of goods and people and protect territories from the harms of illicit trade. Yet smuggling, trafficking, sanctions evasion and tax offences continue to flow through the same channels as legitimate commerce, often facilitated by corruption.\n\nAs part of the Horizon Europe [FALCON project](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.falcon-horizon.eu\u002F), the Basel Institute's Prevention, Research and Innovation team studied two major border spaces: the port of Rotterdam, the largest seaport in Europe, and the Kapitan Andreevo checkpoint between Bulgaria and Türkiye, one of the EU's key external land borders. Both have strengthened their control capacity through modernised infrastructure, new detection technologies, improved data sharing and better trained personnel.\n\nThis Policy Brief compares the findings from that research to examine how corruption and cross-border crime interact and evolve in response to strengthened enforcement.\n\nIn both cases, tighter controls did not suppress illicit activity so much as reshape it. When concealment stops working, corruption becomes more important for bypassing inspections. When corruption gets too risky, concealment methods grow more innovative. When collusive arrangements with officials break down, corruption may turn coercive, or criminals may seek out new insiders. They may even change trafficking routes altogether.\n\nThe brief concludes with five recommendations for policymakers and practitioners, centred on the need to anticipate how criminal and corrupt strategies evolve in response to reforms:\n- Develop a strong understanding of underlying criminal dynamics in border spaces by mapping the stakeholders and their relationships, interests and incentives.\n- Build an anti-corruption framework using data-driven red flags and risk indicators.\n- Incorporate anti-corruption measures into efforts against trafficking and other cross-border crimes.\n- Design reforms and interventions with attention to how criminals may respond to them.\n- Adopt foresight techniques and anticipatory governance approaches to anticipate how corruption may evolve.","693afaed-084c-4590-aafd-c2d51b28adf7","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fpb-17-border-corruption",{"id":381,"slug":382,"title":383,"status":6,"nid":7,"year":7,"body":384,"external":20,"topic":7,"language":7,"type":385,"date_published":387,"image":388,"citation":389,"publisher":104,"link_internal":390,"link_external":7,"authors":397,"countries":406,"tags":413,"pdf":422,"topics":425,"featured":20,"languages":426,"summary":427,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":428,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":50,"date_created":429,"user_updated":50,"date_updated":430,"main_points":7,"short_version":431,"subtitle":432,"og_image":433,"link":322},2451,"wp-63-anticipatory-governance","Working Paper 63: Anticipating future corruption","This Working Paper explores how insights from foresight and anticipatory governance can strengthen anti-corruption approaches and initiatives. It aims to:\n\n- explain why it is important to understand corruption as a challenge that arises in complex social systems and consider the implications of this for the fight against corruption;\n- present key approaches in foresight and anticipatory governance; and\n- show how insights from these approaches can help develop and implement more forward-looking and adaptive anti-corruption strategies by anticipating unintended consequences and identifying future risks and opportunities.\n\n### About this Working Paper\nThis paper is published as part of the Basel Institute on Governance Working Paper series, [ISSN: 2624-9650](\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002F?type=Working+Paper). It is a Diamond Open Access publication, also hosted on the Basel University Library’s open publishing platform [eterna](https:\u002F\u002Feterna.unibas.ch\u002F) as part of our Basel Institute on Governance Working Paper Journal, with DOI: [10.12685\u002Fbigwp.2026.63.1-31](https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.12685\u002Fbigwp.2026.63.1-31).\n\nYou may share or republish it under a Creative Commons [BY-NC-ND 4.0](https:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-nc-nd\u002F4.0\u002Fdeed.en) International Licence.\n\nThis Working Paper was written as part of the FALCON (Fight Against Largescale Corruption and Organised Crime Networks) project. FALCON is funded under the European Union’s Horizon Europe Framework Program Grant Agreement ID 101121281. The Basel Institute on Governance, as an associated partner without the right to receive funds directly from the European Research Executive Agency, has received funding from the Swiss State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation (SERI).\n\nThe contents of this document are the sole responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the European Union, the European Research Executive Agency or SERI.\n\nCover image: generated with Magnfic",[386],"Working Paper","2026-08-19","https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fcms\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002Fce72f4a9-81fa-4dae-a0a2-c9cdb8cc855d?format=webp&quality=90&width=600&height=840","Costa, Jacopo, Claudia Baez Camargo and Saba Kassa. 2026. 'Anticipating future corruption: Strengthening anti-corruption through foresight and anticipatory governance'. Working Paper 63, Basel Institute on Governance. Available at: https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fwp-63-anticipatory-governance.",[391,394],{"url":392,"caption":393},"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Flearning\u002Fevents\u002Fcorruption-2-0-3-0-4-0-what-s-next-2942","View related webinar",{"url":395,"caption":396},"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications?type=Working%20Paper","View all Working Papers",[398,400,404],{"authors_id":399},{"id":334,"name":335},{"authors_id":401},{"id":402,"name":403},295,"Dr Claudia Baez Camargo",{"authors_id":405},{"id":338,"name":339},[407,409,411],{"countries_id":408},{"id":343,"name":344},{"countries_id":410},{"id":347,"name":348},{"countries_id":412},{"id":351,"name":352},[414,416,418,420],{"tags_id":415},{"id":356,"name":357},{"tags_id":417},{"id":362,"name":363},{"tags_id":419},{"id":221,"name":222},{"tags_id":421},{"id":84,"name":85},[423,424],2560,2559,[369,370],[27],"This Working Paper explores how insights from foresight and anticipatory governance can inform anti-corruption efforts that are more forward-looking and adaptive.",[374],"2026-08-06T10:03:53.000Z","2026-09-03T07:23:52.000Z","### Executive summary\n\nCorruption is a complex problem. It emerges within broad political, economic and social contexts, and is sustained by the actors that are part of those systems. Corruption is not just an anomaly or the result of a few bad apples. It is a functional tool for achieving goals and is enacted through networks whose members and strategies change over time. Traditional anti-corruption approaches that aim to reduce isolated and individual corrupt behaviour are therefore increasingly seen as ineffective in addressing corruption as a dynamic and evolving phenomenon. What is needed are adaptive anti-corruption interventions.\n\nThis Working Paper explores how insights from foresight and anticipatory governance – approaches geared towards addressing complex problems – can inform the design and implementation of more forward-looking and adaptive anti-corruption strategies. Strategic foresight, i.e. the systematic exploration of multiple possible futures, and anticipatory governance, i.e. the institutional embedding of foresight in policy cycles, offer a suite of practical tools. Examples of such tools include:\n\n- Cross-impact analysis: assesses how different variables react to each other and how this could influence potential outcomes.\n- Horizon scanning: monitors emerging trends and signals of change.\n- Trend analysis: tracks macro-level changes.\n- Scenario building: projects plausible futures.\n\nApplying foresight and anticipatory governance methods can support more effective detection of corruption problems and inform how we respond to them. They help us better understand how actors within a system respond to each other and to changes in the environment, such as new enforcement efforts or major societal and political transformations.\n\nThese insights are critical for designing and implementing interventions that regularly review underlying assumptions, anticipate backlash or corruption displacement, and are more effective, resilient and responsive to their context. This is important because change is non-linear, meaning the outcomes of anti-corruption interventions may be uncertain.\n\nThe ways in which foresight and anticipatory governance can strengthen anti-corruption strategies are illustrated using real-life case studies of border corruption at the port of Rotterdam in the Netherlands and the Kapitan Andreevo land border checkpoint between Bulgaria and Türkiye.\n\nIn both settings, well-intentioned efforts to strengthen enforcement (for example, enhanced border controls and EU accession-related regulatory changes) inadvertently fuelled new corruption risks, higher bribes and more sophisticated criminal strategies. Yet, the examples also illustrate very practically how incorporating insights from foresight and anticipatory governance approaches can help anti-corruption practitioners anticipate these consequences, track behavioural signals and adapt interventions before harm occurs.\n\nThe paper proposes a three-step framework:\n\n- **Mapping the system**: Understand corruption as emerging from a complex system of actors, incentives and context.\n- **Anticipating actor responses and unintended consequences**: Use foresight tools to work out how actors may react to a reform, and to build indicators that catch both risks and progress early.\n- **Scanning the horizon for trends, new risks and opportunities**: Track macro-level (political, economic, legal, technological, societal) shifts that create new corruption risks or open windows for reform.\n\nAt the same time, the paper emphasises that artificial intelligence tools and other technological innovations can support all three steps, for instance by accelerating scenario generation, processing large volumes of data or modelling how actors might respond to an anti-corruption intervention.\n\nNevertheless, the paper underlines that foresight and anticipatory governance are not panaceas. Corruption thrives in conditions of irreducible uncertainty, and an element of unpredictability will always persist. Beyond the tools they offer, these approaches are valuable because they prompt us to ask different questions. Why does corruption persist here? Who benefits from the status quo? What signals would indicate changing behaviour? How might actors adapt to a new reform?\n\nThe following key recommendations for policymakers and anti-corruption practitioners emerge from the analysis:\n\n- Shift the focus of anti-corruption intervention design and implementation from linear to adaptive forms.\n- Adopt a complexity lens from the outset of an anti-corruption intervention.\n- Incorporate foresight and anticipatory thinking into the design of anti-corruption interventions.\n- Fine-tune the scale of foresight and anticipatory governance work according to the context, the knowledge of those involved and the resources available.\n- Consider how AI tools and other technological solutions can support foresight and anticipatory governance objectives, while also recognising their limitations.\n","Strengthening anti-corruption through foresight and anticipatory governance","c1e2e61c-1ee5-4d6a-a747-3684a5fcd7c7",{"id":435,"slug":436,"title":437,"status":6,"nid":438,"year":439,"body":440,"external":20,"topic":441,"language":27,"type":443,"date_published":444,"image":445,"citation":446,"publisher":104,"link_internal":447,"link_external":450,"authors":454,"countries":457,"tags":458,"pdf":464,"topics":466,"featured":20,"languages":467,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":468,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":191,"date_created":469,"user_updated":50,"date_updated":470,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"og_image":7,"link":471},2418,"anti-corruption-collective-action-g20b20-process-charting-progress-2020-2024","Anti-corruption Collective Action in the G20\u002FB20 process: Charting progress 2020–2024",2845,2025,"This report analyses the approaches of the previous five B20 presidencies to addressing anti-corruption Collective Action. It captures lessons learned and provides recommendations for future B20\u002FG20 cycles. It is primarily intended for upcoming B20\u002FG20 presidencies, B20 Integrity & Compliance Task Force members and organisations engaging with the B20\u002FG20.\n\n### About this report\n\nYou may share or republish this report under a Creative Commons [CC BY-NC-ND 4.0](https:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-nc-nd\u002F4.0\u002Fdeed.en) licence.\n\nThe report was funded by the Siemens Integrity Initiative, which supports organisations in the fight against corruption and fraud through Collective Action, education and training. The views and opinions expressed in this report are those of the author and do not reflect the position of Siemens or the Siemens Integrity Initiative.",[25,442],"Private Sector",[29],"2025-08-29","https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fcms\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002F7f5abe00-7eca-48f7-a600-067f05b7871a?format=webp&quality=90&width=600&height=840","Scarlet Wannenwetsch. 2025. 'Anti-corruption Collective Action in the G20\u002FB20 process: Charting progress 2020–2024.' Basel Institute on Governance. Available at: https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fanti-corruption-collective-action-g20b20-process-charting-progress-2020-2024\u002F",[448],{"url":449,"caption":314},"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fcms\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002F23052fa1-63b7-4579-bc7c-e3e44900b648\u002F202508-B20-CA-report-2020-2024-1.pdf?v=20250908211714000",[451],{"url":452,"caption":453},"https:\u002F\u002Fcollective-action.com\u002Fexplore\u002Fpublications\u002F1820"," Read related baseline report",[455],{"authors_id":456},{"id":113,"name":114},[],[459,461],{"tags_id":460},{"id":221,"name":222},{"tags_id":462},{"id":463,"name":25},909,[465],2475,[25,226],[27],[374,25],"2025-09-08T21:17:14.000Z","2026-09-03T07:53:13.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fanti-corruption-collective-action-g20b20-process-charting-progress-2020-2024",{"id":473,"slug":474,"title":475,"status":6,"nid":476,"year":439,"body":477,"external":20,"topic":478,"language":27,"type":479,"date_published":480,"image":481,"citation":482,"publisher":483,"link_internal":484,"link_external":488,"authors":492,"countries":493,"tags":494,"pdf":504,"topics":505,"featured":20,"languages":506,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":191,"date_created":507,"user_updated":508,"date_updated":509,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"og_image":7,"link":510},2404,"companies-assessments-anti-corruption-compliance","Companies’ assessments of anti-corruption compliance",2814,"In the last decade, companies around the globe have significantly invested in the development of anti-corruption compliance programmes. Assessing the effectiveness of these programmes has proven challenging and requires that companies go beyond a box-checking approach, set clear objectives, measure progress and impact and foster a culture of integrity.\n\nThis paper published by the OECD aims to support companies in their assessment efforts by taking stock of methodologies and tools − such as key performance indicators, culture surveys, data analytics, audits and peer learning − that companies use to assess and enhance the effectiveness of their anti-corruption programmes.\n\nDrawing on desk research and data collected by the OECD and the Basel Institute on Governance including in months of consultations with the private sector, this paper contributes to promoting strong anti-corruption norms and standards within the public and private sector.",[25,442],[29],"2025-03-25","https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fcms\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002Fb6411703-5835-482b-94c9-8a0c50e97a03?format=webp&quality=90&width=600&height=840","OECD (2025), Companies’ assessments of anti-corruption compliance, OECD Publishing, Paris, https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1787\u002F977ed5a8-en.","OECD",[485],{"url":486,"caption":487},"\u002Fresources\u002Fnews\u002Fwhy-ethical-business-and-behaviour-are-key-to-resilience-in-volatile-times-2808"," Read our related blog",[489],{"url":490,"caption":491},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.oecd.org\u002Fen\u002Fpublications\u002Fcompanies-assessments-of-anti-corruption-compliance_977ed5a8-en.html","View report on OECD website",[],[],[495,497,500],{"tags_id":496},{"id":221,"name":222},{"tags_id":498},{"id":499,"name":204},1236,{"tags_id":501},{"id":502,"name":503},830,"Business integrity",[],[25,226],[27],"2025-06-03T16:05:34.000Z","97125d77-553b-478d-8c59-7064ee23cd96","2026-08-11T12:50:02.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fcompanies-assessments-anti-corruption-compliance",{"id":512,"slug":513,"title":514,"status":6,"nid":515,"year":96,"body":516,"external":20,"topic":517,"language":27,"type":518,"date_published":519,"image":520,"citation":103,"publisher":104,"link_internal":521,"link_external":522,"authors":526,"countries":527,"tags":528,"pdf":535,"topics":537,"featured":20,"languages":538,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":191,"date_created":539,"user_updated":193,"date_updated":540,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"og_image":7,"link":541},2377,"putting-business-integrity-global-agenda-report-5th-international-collective-action","Putting business integrity on the global agenda: Report from the 5th International Collective Action Conference",2725,"The 5th International Collective Action Conference represented another significant milestone in the development of responsible and ethical business practices through anti-corruption Collective Action. \n\nThe conference, hosted by the Basel Institute with the support of the Siemens Integrity Initiative, took place on 24 and 25 June 2024 in Basel, Switzerland. This short conference report presents main insights, quotes as well as infographics and graphic recordings from the two-day event, which welcomed around 200 people from around the world and across all sectors.\n\nA key theme of this year’s conference was the importance of building local, regional and international communities of practice. These communities bring together different constellations of people and organisations interested in the Collective Action approach to improve skills, develop joint solutions and advance knowledge about how to make initiatives effective in different contexts. \n\nFive panel discussions, three interactive breakout sessions and multiple networking opportunities, including an exhibition, offered many occasions for sharing experiences and best practices in anti-corruption Collective Action and breaking down silos.\n\n### About this report and acknowledgements\n\nThe Basel Institute on Governance thanks the Siemens Integrity Initiative for supporting and providing funding for the conference’s 5th edition, as well as all speakers and breakout session facilitating organisations. The full list of presenters and sessions can be found on conference pages of the [B20 Collective Action Hub](https:\u002F\u002Fcollective-action.com\u002Fget-involved\u002Fevents\u002Ficac-2024\u002Fagenda).\n\nGraphic recording illustrations: Tetyana Kalyuzhna, Basel Institute on Governance.\nPhoto and video credit: David Borter, LEO MEDIA GmbH \u002F BBM PRODUCTIONS AG.\n\nThe report is free to share or republish under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International licence ([CC BY-NC-ND 4.0](https:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-nc-nd\u002F4.0\u002Fdeed.en)). Please credit the Basel Institute on Governance and link to: [https:\u002F\u002Fcollective-action.com](https:\u002F\u002Fcollective-action.com).",[25,442],[29],"2024-11-28","https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fcms\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002F02044130-66da-43f7-8ee2-ef45cc33cc96?format=webp&quality=90&width=600&height=840",[],[523],{"url":524,"caption":525},"https:\u002F\u002Fcollective-action.com\u002Fget-involved\u002Fevents\u002Ficac-2024\u002F"," See Conference web page",[],[],[529,531,533],{"tags_id":530},{"id":463,"name":25},{"tags_id":532},{"id":502,"name":503},{"tags_id":534},{"id":221,"name":222},[536],2415,[25,226],[27],"2024-12-05T14:06:46.000Z","2026-08-21T10:43:07.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fputting-business-integrity-global-agenda-report-5th-international-collective-action",{"id":543,"slug":544,"title":545,"status":6,"nid":546,"year":96,"body":547,"external":20,"topic":548,"language":27,"type":549,"date_published":550,"image":551,"citation":103,"publisher":552,"link_internal":553,"link_external":557,"authors":558,"countries":559,"tags":560,"pdf":561,"topics":563,"featured":20,"languages":564,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":191,"date_created":565,"user_updated":193,"date_updated":566,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"og_image":7,"link":567},2354,"integrated-mindset-practice-professional-accountants-business-and-anti-corruption","Integrated Mindset in Practice: Professional Accountants in Business and Anti-Corruption Compliance",2652,"This joint report from the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC), the Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales (ICAEW) and the Basel Institute on Governance explores the concept of the \"integrated mindset\" – i.e. considering financial and sustainability-related information about a company holistically and in an integrated way. \n\nThe \"integrated mindset\" is an approach within companies and by company leadership that considers financial and sustainability-related information about the company as a whole, in an integrated way. This integrated approach to financial and sustainability-related information empowers better-informed decisions that deliver long-term value creation. This delivers financial returns to investors while taking account of value to customers, employees, suppliers, and societal interests.\n\nAn integrated mindset extends to all environmental, social, and governance (ESG) issues. This report will help companies — in particular, their professional accountants in business — apply an integrated mindset to anti-corruption oversight and compliance programs, a crucial component of the governance “G” in ESG.\n\nMoreover, it highlights that a commitment to an ethical culture is fundamental to an integrated mindset. Corruption evolves and changes constantly, creating risks that go beyond what companies can address internally, such as distorting competition and creating an uneven playing field between competitors.\n\nWorking toward developing more integrated industry approaches that lift the standards of business integrity at the sectoral or country level through Collective Action can be an effective way for companies to work toward future-proofing their compliance programs. “whole of business” approach to anti-corruption compliance.",[25,442],[29],"2024-07-04","https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fcms\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002F706ca471-599d-4f99-a38a-7f9bc6e2180b?format=webp&quality=90&width=600&height=840","IFAC, ICAEW, Basel Institute on Governance",[554],{"url":555,"caption":556},"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fnode\u002F2650\u002F"," View related event",[],[],[],[],[562],2392,[25,226],[27],"2024-07-05T10:05:01.000Z","2026-08-06T10:05:16.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fintegrated-mindset-practice-professional-accountants-business-and-anti-corruption",1788966239223]