[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":573},["ShallowReactive",2],{"publication-role-informal-networks-promoting-illegal-wildlife-trade-qualitative-analysis-uganda":3,"related-role-informal-networks-promoting-illegal-wildlife-trade-qualitative-analysis-uganda":148},[4],{"id":5,"status":6,"sort":7,"date_created":8,"date_updated":9,"nid":10,"slug":11,"title":12,"body":13,"citation":14,"language":15,"year":16,"publisher":17,"date_published":18,"external":19,"topic":20,"link_internal":23,"link_external":24,"featured":19,"topics":31,"languages":33,"type":34,"area":7,"programme":7,"websites":7,"summary":7,"pdf_text":7,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"image":36,"countries":46,"tags":74,"pdf":75,"authors":76},1790,"published",null,"2022-04-27T11:53:38.000Z","2026-05-29T22:23:17.000Z",2100,"role-informal-networks-promoting-illegal-wildlife-trade-qualitative-analysis-uganda","The role of informal networks in promoting illegal wildlife trade: a qualitative analysis from Uganda","Illegal wildlife trade (IWT) poses a threat to many countries in Africa, Asia, South and Central America. While the role of informal networks in sustaining wildlife trafficking is ever more on the radar of scholars and practitioners, their *modus operandi* remains largely understudied. The literature tells us that these informal networks play a role in sustaining this illicit cross-border trade.\n\nThis paper deep-dives into this and the roles and strategies used by informal networks of poachers, intermediaries, traffickers, and buyers to transport high volumes of wildlife products into, through and out of Uganda. This East African country is an essential entrepôt for wildlife trafficking in East Africa.\n\nThe analysis is informed by qualitative fieldwork conducted in Uganda between 2019 and 2020. It comprises 47 interviews with Ugandan-based and international anti-IWT experts and 8 focus group discussions (FGDs) with wildlife conservation and anti-corruption experts in Kampala, and members of reformed poachers’ networks in Western Uganda and individuals living around a wildlife habitat in Northern Uganda.\n\nThis research focuses on the types of actors, functions, and strategies significant for facilitating IWT in the country. The empirical findings confirm the role of informal networks in promoting the illegal wildlife trade in Uganda.\n\n\n- First, this paper differentiates between categories of actors depending on their key role in managing illegal wildlife trade in Uganda.\n- Second, it explores the mechanisms of coordination that these actors use to govern network relations for achieving various illicit goals.\n- Third, it analyses the type of informal governance system that enables such mechanisms of network coordination, as based on a mix of centralisation and decentralisation, and organized and opportunistic strategies.\n- Lastly, the empirical findings highlight these informal cross-border networks for being flexible structures that adapt to so-called patterns of ‘least resistance’.\n\n\n### Acknowledgement and citation\n\nThis publication arose out of a collaboration between the Basel Institute's \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fpublic-governance\">Public Governance\u003C\u002Fa> and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fgreen-corruption\">Green Corruption\u003C\u002Fa> teams. The research presented in this publication forms part of a two-year project aimed at stopping corruption from fuelling illegal wildlife trade between East Africa and Southeast Asia.\n\nThis research was funded by PMI IMPACT, a grant award initiative of Philip Morris International (PMI). In the performance of their research, the authors maintained full independence from PMI. The views and opinions expressed in this document are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of PMI. Neither PMI, nor any of its affiliates, nor any person acting on their behalf may be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained herein.\n\nCitation: Costa, J., Baez-Camargo, C., Kassa, S. *et al.* The role of informal networks in promoting illegal wildlife trade: a qualitative analysis from Uganda. *Trends Organ Crim* (2021). \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fs12117-021-09433-y\">https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fs12117-021-09433-y\u003C\u002Fa>","","English",2021,"Trends in Organized Crime","2021-09-17",false,[21,22],"Green Corruption","Public Governance",[],[25,28],{"url":26,"caption":27},"https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Fepdf\u002F10.1007\u002Fs12117-021-09433-y?sharing_token=ae_wKxBZowzOph2ObV4TH_e4RwlQNchNByi7wbcMAY5EyatSqOLQGho8-f15WWI7Wk7gbADR3d8ihNM3R_NmOc_GEdsANCKJRKkNaN9Ly81rO0iG72Gs_HkICnw5rMduu9YukoEbxTwWWEk4Fhvrw-cH5gcL912IUBFcaTRzZxg%3D","View article (full text, no download)",{"url":29,"caption":30},"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fs12117-021-09433-y"," Log in to Springer Link to download article",[21,32],"Corruption Prevention and Public Governance",[15],[35],"Article",{"id":37,"storage":38,"filename_disk":39,"filename_download":40,"title":12,"type":41,"created_on":8,"modified_on":8,"charset":7,"filesize":42,"width":43,"height":44,"duration":7,"embed":7,"description":7,"location":7,"tags":7,"metadata":45,"focal_point_x":7,"focal_point_y":7,"tus_id":7,"tus_data":7,"uploaded_on":8},"776632a8-7b05-4949-893c-7b9708f51db0","local","776632a8-7b05-4949-893c-7b9708f51db0.png","Screenshot-2021-09-17-at-08.06.59.png","image\u002Fpng",294340,1000,1366,{},[47],{"id":48,"publications_id":49,"countries_id":68},787,{"id":5,"status":6,"sort":7,"user_created":50,"date_created":8,"user_updated":51,"date_updated":9,"nid":10,"slug":11,"image":37,"title":12,"body":13,"citation":14,"language":15,"year":16,"publisher":17,"date_published":18,"external":19,"topic":52,"link_internal":53,"link_external":54,"featured":19,"topics":57,"languages":58,"type":59,"area":7,"programme":7,"websites":7,"summary":7,"pdf_text":7,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"countries":60,"tags":61,"pdf":62,"authors":63},"03bebfd8-0b40-4a2a-820d-b9d9c13b9de6","3d9ff205-1640-4f34-b5b6-86977f51bbd6",[21,22],[],[55,56],{"url":26,"caption":27},{"url":29,"caption":30},[21,32],[15],[35],[48],[],[],[64,65,66,67],1977,1978,1979,1980,{"id":69,"name":70,"code":71,"latitude":72,"longitude":73},226,"Uganda","UG",1.37333,32.29028,[],[],[77,95,113,131],{"id":64,"publications_id":78,"authors_id":91},{"id":5,"status":6,"sort":7,"user_created":50,"date_created":8,"user_updated":51,"date_updated":9,"nid":10,"slug":11,"image":37,"title":12,"body":13,"citation":14,"language":15,"year":16,"publisher":17,"date_published":18,"external":19,"topic":79,"link_internal":80,"link_external":81,"featured":19,"topics":84,"languages":85,"type":86,"area":7,"programme":7,"websites":7,"summary":7,"pdf_text":7,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"countries":87,"tags":88,"pdf":89,"authors":90},[21,22],[],[82,83],{"url":26,"caption":27},{"url":29,"caption":30},[21,32],[15],[35],[48],[],[],[64,65,66,67],{"id":92,"name":93,"position":7,"image":94},304,"Jacopo Costa","90469998-3598-471d-9499-48b19f557c7d",{"id":65,"publications_id":96,"authors_id":109},{"id":5,"status":6,"sort":7,"user_created":50,"date_created":8,"user_updated":51,"date_updated":9,"nid":10,"slug":11,"image":37,"title":12,"body":13,"citation":14,"language":15,"year":16,"publisher":17,"date_published":18,"external":19,"topic":97,"link_internal":98,"link_external":99,"featured":19,"topics":102,"languages":103,"type":104,"area":7,"programme":7,"websites":7,"summary":7,"pdf_text":7,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"countries":105,"tags":106,"pdf":107,"authors":108},[21,22],[],[100,101],{"url":26,"caption":27},{"url":29,"caption":30},[21,32],[15],[35],[48],[],[],[64,65,66,67],{"id":110,"name":111,"position":7,"image":112},295,"Claudia Baez Camargo","efaca248-6b57-4e2e-af40-614056eb022c",{"id":66,"publications_id":114,"authors_id":127},{"id":5,"status":6,"sort":7,"user_created":50,"date_created":8,"user_updated":51,"date_updated":9,"nid":10,"slug":11,"image":37,"title":12,"body":13,"citation":14,"language":15,"year":16,"publisher":17,"date_published":18,"external":19,"topic":115,"link_internal":116,"link_external":117,"featured":19,"topics":120,"languages":121,"type":122,"area":7,"programme":7,"websites":7,"summary":7,"pdf_text":7,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"countries":123,"tags":124,"pdf":125,"authors":126},[21,22],[],[118,119],{"url":26,"caption":27},{"url":29,"caption":30},[21,32],[15],[35],[48],[],[],[64,65,66,67],{"id":128,"name":129,"position":7,"image":130},303,"Saba Kassa","a34de431-6c31-4ddd-8727-12c10dfed9ad",{"id":67,"publications_id":132,"authors_id":145},{"id":5,"status":6,"sort":7,"user_created":50,"date_created":8,"user_updated":51,"date_updated":9,"nid":10,"slug":11,"image":37,"title":12,"body":13,"citation":14,"language":15,"year":16,"publisher":17,"date_published":18,"external":19,"topic":133,"link_internal":134,"link_external":135,"featured":19,"topics":138,"languages":139,"type":140,"area":7,"programme":7,"websites":7,"summary":7,"pdf_text":7,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"countries":141,"tags":142,"pdf":143,"authors":144},[21,22],[],[136,137],{"url":26,"caption":27},{"url":29,"caption":30},[21,32],[15],[35],[48],[],[],[64,65,66,67],{"id":146,"name":147,"position":7,"image":7},358,"Robert Lugolobi",[149,195,238,272,306,341,375,431,493,543],{"id":150,"slug":151,"title":152,"status":6,"nid":153,"year":154,"body":155,"external":19,"topic":156,"language":15,"type":157,"date_published":159,"image":160,"citation":14,"publisher":161,"link_internal":162,"link_external":163,"authors":167,"countries":174,"tags":175,"pdf":188,"topics":190,"featured":19,"languages":191,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":50,"date_created":192,"user_updated":51,"date_updated":193,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":194},2195,"wp-39","Working Paper 39: Behavioural drivers of corruption facilitating illegal wildlife trade – Problem analysis and state of the field review",2210,2022,"This Problem Analysis is a review of the efficacy and opportunities for using social norm and behaviour change (SNBC) approaches to combat illegal wildlife trade (IWT) and other natural resource-related corruption.\n\nBehavioural science is a rich and expansive field that has received prominent coverage in recent years for the promise it offers as a foundational yet underutilised approach to achieving biodiversity conservation. Extensive literature shows how SNBC initiatives can help combat diverse corruption problems, although for those related to natural resource management the evidence for doing so is sparse.\n\nThis report synthesises the available information and suggests the next steps to redress this current lack of evidence. It seeks to:\n\n\n- Understand what SNBC approaches might or might not work in fighting corruption.\n- Identify entry points for designing SNBC interventions that can effectively reduce corruption related to IWT.\n\n\n### About and acknowledgements\n\nThis Analysis has been produced in association with the Targeting Natural Resource Corruption (TNRC) project. The TNRC project is working to improve biodiversity outcomes by helping practitioners to address the threats posed by corruption to wildlife, fisheries and forests. TNRC harnesses existing knowledge, generates new evidence, and supports innovative policy and practice for more effective anti-corruption programming. Learn more at \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftnrcproject.org\">tnrcproject.org\u003C\u002Fa>.\n\nThis publication is made possible by the generous support of the American people through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The contents are the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID, the United States Government, or individual TNRC consortium members.\n\nThe publication is part of the Basel Institute on Governance Working Paper Series, ISSN: 2624-9650. It is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0).\n\nSuggested citation: Baez Camargo, Claudia, and Gayle Burgess. 2022. “Behavioural drivers of corruption facilitating illegal wildlife trade: Problem analysis and state of the field review.” Working Paper 39, Basel Institute on Governance. Available at: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fpublications\u002Fwp-39\">https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fpublications\u002Fwp-39\u003C\u002Fa>",[21,22],[35,158],"Report","2022-06-01","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002F9f6e8d24-9468-43cb-949d-bdbd25d35adb?width=600&height=840","Basel Institute on Governance; TRAFFIC",[],[164],{"url":165,"caption":166},"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.zoom.us\u002Fwebinar\u002Fregister\u002FWN_VUh1-aisS-Su1Cuwc8vWlA"," Register for virtual event - 27 June 2022",[168,170],{"authors_id":169},{"id":110,"name":111},{"authors_id":171},{"id":172,"name":173},501,"Gayle Burgess",[],[176,180,184],{"tags_id":177},{"id":178,"name":179},804,"Natural resources",{"tags_id":181},{"id":182,"name":183},1303,"Environment",{"tags_id":185},{"id":186,"name":187},848,"Behavioural science",[189],2234,[21,32],[15],"2022-06-09T13:42:35.000Z","2026-05-31T22:52:04.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fwp-39",{"id":196,"slug":197,"title":198,"status":6,"nid":199,"year":154,"body":200,"external":19,"topic":201,"language":15,"type":202,"date_published":203,"image":204,"citation":14,"publisher":205,"link_internal":206,"link_external":213,"authors":217,"countries":226,"tags":227,"pdf":232,"topics":233,"featured":19,"languages":234,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":50,"date_created":235,"user_updated":51,"date_updated":236,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":237},1766,"determinants-and-drivers-wildlife-trafficking-qualitative-analysis-uganda","Determinants and drivers of wildlife trafficking: A qualitative analysis in Uganda",2163,"The article analyses drivers and determinants of illicit wildlife trade (IWT), targeting those factors that support the participation of individuals in poaching and transportation of wildlife goods.\n\nThese factors are often explained in economic and institutional terms. Recently, scholars have started to recognise the importance of socio-cultural and behavioural drivers in influencing the individual propensity to engage in wildlife trafficking. The goal is clarifying how behavioural drivers may spur individuals to engage in these phenomena. The research provides further understanding on why wildlife trafficking happens by focusing on the role of the socio-economic context, the broader governance environment, and behavioural drivers associated with sociality and stereotypes in spurring participation in IWT.\n\nThe research is based on fieldwork in Uganda, specifically on 47 interviews with Ugandan-based and international anti-IWT experts and eight focus group discussions with wildlife conservation and anti-corruption experts in Kampala, members of reformed poachers’ networks in Western Uganda, and individuals living around a wildlife habitat in northern Uganda.\n\nThe findings highlight that illicit wildlife trade is spurred by the wish for financial resources (economic factors) and weak governance (quality of governance), and it is justified by mental models, that is, the behavioural drivers such as socio-contextual and normative mechanisms. The research shows the importance of reflecting on the role that behavioural drivers, including sociality and shared understandings of IWT, play in influencing the propensity of individuals to engage in poaching and the early stages of wildlife trafficking.\n\n### Acknowledgement and citation\n\nThis publication arose out of a collaboration between the Basel Institute's \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fpublic-governance\">Public Governance\u003C\u002Fa> and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fgreen-corruption\">Green Corruption\u003C\u002Fa> teams. The research presented in this publication forms part of a two-year project aimed at stopping corruption from fuelling illegal wildlife trade between East Africa and Southeast Asia.\n\nThis research was funded by PMI IMPACT, a grant award initiative of Philip Morris International (PMI). In the performance of their research, the authors maintained full independence from PMI. The views and opinions expressed in this document are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of PMI. Neither PMI, nor any of its affiliates, nor any person acting on their behalf may be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained herein.\n\nCitation: Saba Kassa, Claudia Baez-Camargo, Jacopo Costa & Robert Lugolobi (2022) Determinants and Drivers of Wildlife Trafficking: A Qualitative Analysis in Uganda, *Journal of International Wildlife Law & Policy*, DOI: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1080\u002F13880292.2021.2019381\">10.1080\u002F13880292.2021.2019381\u003C\u002Fa>",[21,22],[35],"2022-01-13","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002F0f25db65-39c2-4fad-babd-d553fd271acc?width=600&height=840","Journal of International Wildlife Law & Policy",[207,210],{"url":208,"caption":209},"\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fworking-paper-33-worms-eye-view-wildlife-trafficking-uganda-path-least-resistance"," Related publication: Working Paper 33: A worm’s-eye view of wildlife trafficking in Uganda – the path of least resistance",{"url":211,"caption":212},"\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fpolicy-brief-5-curbing-wildlife-trafficking-uganda-lessons-practitioners"," Related publication: Policy Brief 5: Curbing wildlife trafficking in Uganda: lessons for practitioners",[214],{"url":215,"caption":216},"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1080\u002F13880292.2021.2019381","Access article via Taylor & Francis Online",[218,220,222,224],{"authors_id":219},{"id":128,"name":129},{"authors_id":221},{"id":110,"name":111},{"authors_id":223},{"id":92,"name":93},{"authors_id":225},{"id":146,"name":147},[],[228,230],{"tags_id":229},{"id":182,"name":183},{"tags_id":231},{"id":186,"name":187},[],[21,32],[15],"2022-04-27T11:53:21.000Z","2026-06-02T14:09:05.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fdeterminants-and-drivers-wildlife-trafficking-qualitative-analysis-uganda",{"id":239,"slug":240,"title":241,"status":6,"nid":242,"year":154,"body":243,"external":19,"topic":244,"language":15,"type":245,"date_published":246,"image":247,"citation":14,"publisher":248,"link_internal":249,"link_external":250,"authors":255,"countries":258,"tags":259,"pdf":266,"topics":267,"featured":19,"languages":268,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":50,"date_created":269,"user_updated":51,"date_updated":270,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":271},1769,"structures-functions-and-flows-iwt-deconstructing-criminal-network-between-east-africa","Structures, functions and flows of IWT: deconstructing a criminal network between East Africa and Southeast Asia",2156,"The paper investigates the role of criminal networks in fostering illegal wildlife trade (IWT), and how these relational structures interact with transnational organized crime. The paper frames these topics within the debate around the opportunistic or organized nature of IWT. The aim is to understand how chaotic behaviors can transform into an ordered and organized strategy.\n\nSocial network analysis (SNA) and network ethnography were conducted to explore the crime network surrounding a wildlife trafficker based in East Africa. The empirical results suggest that criminal networks operate as \"machine of order\" that transform opportunistic behaviors at the micro level into ordered strategies at the macro level.\n\nEmpirical results also suggest that organized crime has an important role in making the process of transforming opportunistic into organized behaviours more efficient and more effective.\n\n### Acknowledgement and citation\n\nThis publication arose out of a collaboration between the Basel Institute's \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fpublic-governance\">Public Governance\u003C\u002Fa> and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fgreen-corruption\">Green Corruption\u003C\u002Fa> teams. The research presented in this publication forms part of a two-year project aimed at stopping corruption from fuelling illegal wildlife trade between East Africa and Southeast Asia.\n\nThis research was funded by PMI IMPACT, a grant award initiative of Philip Morris International (PMI). In the performance of their research, the authors maintained full independence from PMI. The views and opinions expressed in this document are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of PMI. Neither PMI, nor any of its affiliates, nor any person acting on their behalf may be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained herein.\n\nCitation: Costa, J. Structures, functions and flows of IWT: deconstructing a criminal network between East Africa and Southeast Asia. *Crime Law Soc Change* (2022). \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fs10611-021-10009-8\">https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fs10611-021-10009-8\u003C\u002Fa>",[21,22],[35],"2022-01-08","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002F5363c185-1d3b-46af-a1ff-d0a28819f2b1?width=600&height=840","Crime, Law and Social Change",[],[251,253],{"url":252,"caption":27},"https:\u002F\u002Frdcu.be\u002FcEzfQ",{"url":254,"caption":30},"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fs10611-021-10009-8",[256],{"authors_id":257},{"id":92,"name":93},[],[260,262],{"tags_id":261},{"id":182,"name":183},{"tags_id":263},{"id":264,"name":265},967,"Organised crime",[],[21,32],[15],"2022-04-27T11:53:23.000Z","2026-05-29T22:23:13.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fstructures-functions-and-flows-iwt-deconstructing-criminal-network-between-east-africa",{"id":273,"slug":274,"title":275,"status":6,"nid":276,"year":277,"body":278,"external":19,"topic":279,"language":15,"type":280,"date_published":282,"image":283,"citation":14,"publisher":284,"link_internal":285,"link_external":286,"authors":290,"countries":297,"tags":298,"pdf":299,"topics":301,"featured":19,"languages":302,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":50,"date_created":303,"user_updated":51,"date_updated":304,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":305},2319,"translating-political-economy-insights-conservation-practice-six-step-guide","Translating political economy insights into conservation practice: a six-step guide",2540,2023,"This guide suggests six steps for bringing political economy analysis findings into a theory of change for a project or programme.\n\nIt aims to provide a practical means for conservationists to navigate political economy in contexts where they work. While a theory of change explains the logic of a project, a political economy analysis, which looks at the influence of power, helps get to the heart of what needs to change for a project to work. But practitioners often find it challenging to use political economy analysis in practice. \n\nThe aim of conservation is to safeguard people and nature. Theories of change articulate what needs to change to deliver on that aim, along with the kinds of things that need to happen to get to that change – *what needs to be different.*\n\nUnderstanding more about who has power – to make change, to impede change – and how they get and use that power helps to clarify the conditions that need to change in order to achieve results.\n\n### About the TNRC project\n\nThe \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.worldwildlife.org\u002Fpages\u002Ftnrc-about-the-project\">TNRC project\u003C\u002Fa> seeks to improve biodiversity conservation outcomes by helping practitioners to address the threats posed by corruption to wildlife, fisheries and forests. TNRC harnesses existing knowledge, generates new evidence, and supports innovative policy and practice for more effective anti-corruption programming on the ground.\n\nA USAID-funded project, TNRC is implemented by a consortium of leading organisations in anti-corruption, natural resource management, and conservation: World Wildlife Fund (WWF), the U4 Anti-Corruption Resource Centre at the Chr. Michelsen Institute, TRAFFIC, and the Terrorism, Transnational Crime and Corruption Center (TraCCC) at George Mason University.\n\nThis publication is made possible by the generous support of the American people through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The contents are the responsibility of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID, the United States Government, or individual TNRC consortium members.",[21,22],[281],"Guidelines","2023-11-22","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002Fdd7c3fec-b214-4620-b4d7-e2ead8e0c17a?width=600&height=840","Targeting Natural Resource Corruption (TNRC) project",[],[287],{"url":288,"caption":289},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.worldwildlife.org\u002Fpages\u002Ftnrc-guide-translating-political-economy-insights-into-conservation-practice-a-six-step-guide-to-using-peas-to-design-and-test-theories-of-change-for-interventions-to-protect-and-defend-nature?p=2c9219&v=1&hours=1000","View on TNRC website",[291,295],{"authors_id":292},{"id":293,"name":294},530,"Micol Martini",{"authors_id":296},{"id":128,"name":129},[],[],[300],2358,[21,32],[15],"2023-11-22T11:04:41.000Z","2026-05-29T22:22:43.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Ftranslating-political-economy-insights-conservation-practice-six-step-guide",{"id":307,"slug":308,"title":309,"status":6,"nid":310,"year":277,"body":311,"external":19,"topic":312,"language":15,"type":313,"date_published":315,"image":316,"citation":14,"publisher":317,"link_internal":318,"link_external":322,"authors":323,"countries":326,"tags":327,"pdf":334,"topics":336,"featured":19,"languages":337,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":50,"date_created":338,"user_updated":51,"date_updated":339,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":340},2311,"research-case-4","Research case study 4: Deconstructing a criminal network involved in illegal wildlife trade between East Africa and Southeast Asia ",2518,"The illegal wildlife trade threatens biodiversity and security worldwide. Criminal networks pocket billions of dollars in illicit profits from stripping the world bare of endangered species and corrupting politicians and public officials in the process.\n\nYet there is very little empirical evidence on the role of both ordinary citizens and criminal networks in the illegal wildlife trade. Our research aims to fill this gap.\n\nWe used social network analysis and network ethnography techniques to study the criminal network of a wildlife trafficker based in East Africa. The insights can bolster law enforcement efforts aimed at identifying and dismantling wildlife trafficking networks.",[21,22],[314],"Research Case Study","2023-10-11","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002F19e03984-8caf-4871-8d80-b7226ea6403c?width=600&height=840","Basel Institute on Governance",[319],{"url":320,"caption":321},"\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications?type=Research%20Case%20Study"," View all research case studies",[],[324],{"authors_id":325},{"id":92,"name":93},[],[328,330],{"tags_id":329},{"id":182,"name":183},{"tags_id":331},{"id":332,"name":333},1309,"Informality",[335],2347,[21,32],[15],"2023-10-11T16:04:41.000Z","2026-06-02T14:08:41.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fresearch-case-4",{"id":342,"slug":343,"title":344,"status":6,"nid":345,"year":154,"body":346,"external":19,"topic":347,"language":15,"type":348,"date_published":349,"image":350,"citation":14,"publisher":284,"link_internal":351,"link_external":352,"authors":355,"countries":366,"tags":367,"pdf":368,"topics":370,"featured":19,"languages":371,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":50,"date_created":372,"user_updated":51,"date_updated":373,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":374},2253,"how-political-economy-analysis-can-support-corruption-risk-assessments-strengthen-law","How political economy analysis can support corruption risk assessments to strengthen law enforcement against wildlife crimes",2333,"As part of a collaboration with the \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Ftnrcproject.org\u002F\">Targeting Natural Resource Corruption\u003C\u002Fa> (TNRC) project, the Basel Institute on Governance undertook political economy analyses in three countries in Latin America and Africa.\n\nThe purpose was to understand why corruption risks may emerge in investigations and prosecutions of illegal wildlife trade (IWT) cases. The analyses complemented the findings of \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fpublications\u002Fwhere-are-weakest-links-illegal-wildlife-trade-enforcement-chain-lessons-corruption\">corruption risks assessments\u003C\u002Fa> conducted in the three countries and focused on the IWT law enforcement process.\n\nThe experience showed that political economy analyses can help practitioners better understand corruption risks in a specific context. This understanding helps practitioners to design and implement corruption risk mitigation measures that take prevailing political and power dynamics into account. In particular, it helps to identify windows of opportunity for addressing corruption risks and highlight strategically important stakeholders that may support or oppose the intervention.\n\nBased on the research, this Practice Note:\n\n\n- summarises the value added and key insights gained by complementing the corruption risk assessments with political economy analyses;\n- explains the lessons learned from the experience of implementing the analyses;\n- offers practical guidance to natural resource management and conservation practitioners interested in incorporating a similar approach in the design of corruption risk mitigation measures.\n\n\nThe paper was developed by the Basel Institute's \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fpublic-governance\">Public Governance\u003C\u002Fa> team together with the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fgreen-corruption\">Green Corruption programme\u003C\u002Fa> as part of a wider research collaboration between the Basel Institute and TNRC project consortium. \n\n### About the TNRC project\n\nThe TNRC project seeks to improve biodiversity conservation outcomes by helping practitioners to address the threats posed by corruption to wildlife, fisheries and forests. TNRC harnesses existing knowledge, generates new evidence, and supports innovative policy and practice for more effective anti-corruption programming on the ground.\n\nA USAID-funded project, TNRC is implemented by a consortium of leading organizations in anti-corruption, natural resource management, and conservation: World Wildlife Fund (WWF), the U4 Anti-Corruption Resource Centre at the Chr. Michelsen Institute, TRAFFIC, and the Terrorism, Transnational Crime and Corruption Center (TraCCC) at George Mason University.",[21,22],[],"2022-12-15","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002F72d4cda9-af95-421b-bb64-782e1e010fea?width=600&height=840",[],[353],{"url":354,"caption":289},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.worldwildlife.org\u002Fpages\u002Ftnrc-practice-note-how-political-economy-analysis-can-support-corruption-risk-assessments-to-strengthen-law-enforcement-against-wildlife-crimes",[356,358,360,364],{"authors_id":357},{"id":128,"name":129},{"authors_id":359},{"id":92,"name":93},{"authors_id":361},{"id":362,"name":363},354,"Cosimo Stahl",{"authors_id":365},{"id":110,"name":111},[],[],[369],2295,[21,32],[15],"2022-12-15T11:04:13.000Z","2026-05-29T22:23:10.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fhow-political-economy-analysis-can-support-corruption-risk-assessments-strengthen-law",{"id":376,"slug":377,"title":378,"status":6,"nid":379,"year":154,"body":380,"external":19,"topic":381,"language":15,"type":382,"date_published":383,"image":384,"citation":14,"publisher":385,"link_internal":386,"link_external":396,"authors":400,"countries":409,"tags":416,"pdf":425,"topics":426,"featured":19,"languages":427,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":50,"date_created":428,"user_updated":51,"date_updated":429,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":430},2221,"informal-networks-investment-qualitative-analysis-uganda-and-tanzania","Informal networks as investment: A qualitative analysis from Uganda and Tanzania",2277,"Published in the peer-reviewed journal *Governance*, this paper interprets informal networks as investments made by citizens and business people to cope with the public sphere. Informal networks often orchestrate corruption, connecting public and private actors. The paper aims to understand their key characteristics, scopes, and functional roles.\n\nTen mini case studies from Tanzania and Uganda are studied. The research applies narrative analysis to explore the experiences of citizens, entrepreneurs, and low-level public officials, who built informal networks as a problem-solving mechanism. It uses a grounded theory approach. The findings serve as working hypotheses about variables and patterns emerging from the bottom-up analysis.\n\nThe paper outlines:\n\n\n- Whether there are distinct types of informal networks associated with particular types of corruption;\n- How, why and by whom these networks are built;\n- Whether different individuals play specific roles;\n- The unwritten expectations and norms that govern such networks.\n\n\nThe results highlight critical implications for anti-corruption practice, showing, for example, how this can be strengthened by shifting the intervention unit from individuals to networks.\n\n### About this article\n\nThis peer-reviewed article is based on extensive field research and analysis conducted by the Basel Institute's Public Governance team in Tanzania and Uganda. The research was funded by UK Aid under the Global Integrity Anti-Corruption Evidence (GI-ACE) programme. See the links below for the open-access research outputs, including a full research report and two sets of case studies.",[22],[35],"2022-08-25","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002F1771fed4-0a6d-4050-88ce-494e877fab4e?width=600&height=840","Governance (Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of the IPSA Structure and Organization of Government Committee)",[387,390,393],{"url":388,"caption":389},"\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Finformal-networks-investment-east-africa"," View open access research report: Informal networks as investment in East Africa",{"url":391,"caption":392},"\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fcase-studies-tanzania-gi-ace-research-informal-networks-and-corruption"," View case studies from Tanzania",{"url":394,"caption":395},"\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fcase-studies-uganda-gi-ace-research-informal-networks-and-corruption"," View case studies from Uganda",[397],{"url":398,"caption":399},"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1111\u002Fgove.12726","View peer-reviewed article on Wiley Online Library",[401,403,405],{"authors_id":402},{"id":110,"name":111},{"authors_id":404},{"id":92,"name":93},{"authors_id":406},{"id":407,"name":408},359,"Lucy Koechlin",[410,414],{"countries_id":411},{"id":412,"name":413},224,"Tanzania",{"countries_id":415},{"id":69,"name":70},[417,421,423],{"tags_id":418},{"id":419,"name":420},982,"Anti-corruption",{"tags_id":422},{"id":186,"name":187},{"tags_id":424},{"id":332,"name":333},[],[32],[15],"2022-09-06T14:10:21.000Z","2026-06-02T14:08:59.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Finformal-networks-investment-qualitative-analysis-uganda-and-tanzania",{"id":432,"slug":433,"title":434,"status":6,"nid":435,"year":436,"body":437,"external":19,"topic":438,"language":15,"type":441,"date_published":442,"image":443,"citation":14,"publisher":444,"link_internal":445,"link_external":449,"authors":453,"countries":482,"tags":485,"pdf":486,"topics":487,"featured":19,"languages":489,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":50,"date_created":490,"user_updated":51,"date_updated":491,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":492},2382,"addressing-bribery-and-associated-social-norms-healthcare-results-behaviour-change","Addressing Bribery and Associated Social Norms in Healthcare: Results of a Behaviour Change Intervention in Tanzania",2740,2025,"This open-access, peer-reviewed journal article examines the results of a pilot behavioural intervention in Tanzania. The project tested a behavioural anti-corruption intervention to reduce bribery in a hospital. It targeted deeply ingrained social norms while also leveraging the social networks and influence of key staff members.\n\nThe research was funded by the Global Integrity Anti-Corruption Evidence Programme of the UK Foreign Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO). It was a collaboration between the Basel Institute on Governance, the UK Behavioural Insights Team, the University of Dar es Salam and the University of Utrecht.\n\n### Abstract\n\nPractices of bribery in the delivery of public services become entrenched when they are driven by social norms of reciprocity.\n\nThe resulting economies of favours, which are common across diverse geographical regions, are resilient to conventional anti-corruption measures because they are underpinned by strong social pressures.\n\nThis article describes the results of a behaviour change intervention to address gift-giving as a form of bribery in a Tanzanian hospital. The intervention utilised environmental cues and a peer-led network approach to deliver messages aimed at disincentivising bribery.\n\nAn exit survey of hospital users indicates a reduction of the ‘gift-offering propensity score’, capturing self-declared behaviour, from 23% before implementation of the intervention to 13% afterwards. We find similar changes in the enabling norms score.\n\nSemi-structured interviews with hospital users and health workers further support these findings.\n\nThese results suggest that practices and norms around bribery might be changed through a multi-pronged approach that addresses both the ‘supply’ and ‘demand’ side of bribery.",[439,440],"Prevention","Research and Innovation",[35],"2025-01-09","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002Fcfaba3e7-52ad-42b4-b9e1-1542534afed9?width=600&height=840","European Journal of Social Psychology",[446],{"url":447,"caption":448},"\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fresearch-case-1"," View project summary",[450],{"url":451,"caption":452},"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1002\u002Fejsp.3140","View open-access article",[454,458,462,466,470,474,478],{"authors_id":455},{"id":456,"name":457},554,"Dr Claudia Baez Camargo",{"authors_id":459},{"id":460,"name":461},505,"Violette Gadenne",{"authors_id":463},{"id":464,"name":465},506,"Veronica Mkoji",{"authors_id":467},{"id":468,"name":469},507,"Dilhan Perera",{"authors_id":471},{"id":472,"name":473},508,"Ruth Persian",{"authors_id":475},{"id":476,"name":477},370,"Richard Sambaiga",{"authors_id":479},{"id":480,"name":481},509,"Tobias Stark",[483],{"countries_id":484},{"id":412,"name":413},[],[],[32,488],"Prevention Research and Innovation",[15],"2025-01-10T17:05:22.000Z","2026-06-02T14:08:49.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Faddressing-bribery-and-associated-social-norms-healthcare-results-behaviour-change",{"id":494,"slug":495,"title":496,"status":6,"nid":497,"year":277,"body":498,"external":19,"topic":499,"language":15,"type":500,"date_published":501,"image":502,"citation":503,"publisher":14,"link_internal":504,"link_external":511,"authors":515,"countries":522,"tags":531,"pdf":538,"topics":539,"featured":19,"languages":540,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":50,"date_created":541,"user_updated":51,"date_updated":339,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":542},2309,"organisational-forms-corruption-networks-odebrecht-toledo-case","Organisational forms of corruption networks: the Odebrecht-Toledo case",2514,"Actors in grand corruption schemes often conspire and deliberately create sophisticated networks to extract huge amounts of public resources from government systems. They hide such conspiracies behind hybrid formal\u002Finformal arrangements.\n\nUsing a mixed methods approach, this study investigates the corruption scheme initiated by former Peruvian President Alejandro Toledo and the Brazilian construction giant Odebrecht Group. We argue that separating the networks of the client (Odebrecht) and the agent (Toledo) sides provides analytical leverage for studying complex corrupt arrangements.\n\nWe found that the organisational forms designed by corrupt actors on either side were essential to ensuring the secret and safe operation of the network. Introducing the concept of organisational form into corruption research helps better understand the nature of these networks. We also found that different parts of the networks are shaped by different types of corruption. The article concludes with implications for practice.",[22],[35],"2023-10-04","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002F1501db41-7465-47a0-848a-b3d22931d366?width=600&height=840","David Jancsics & Jacopo Costa (29 Sep 2023): Organizational forms of corruption networks: the Odebrecht-Toledo case, International Public Management Journal, DOI: 10.1080\u002F10967494.2023.2260368",[505,508],{"url":506,"caption":507},"\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fworking-paper-36-revealing-networks-behind-corruption-and-money-laundering-schemes"," See related paper: Revealing the networks behind corruption and money laundering schemes: an analysis of the Toledo–Odebrecht case using social network analysis and network ethnography",{"url":509,"caption":510},"\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fresearch-case-3"," See related paper: Exposing the networks behind transnational corruption and money laundering schemes",[512],{"url":513,"caption":514},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.tandfonline.com\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1080\u002F10967494.2023.2260368","View article at Taylor & Francis Online",[516,520],{"authors_id":517},{"id":518,"name":519},526,"David Jancsics",{"authors_id":521},{"id":92,"name":93},[523,527],{"countries_id":524},{"id":525,"name":526},29,"Brazil",{"countries_id":528},{"id":529,"name":530},171,"Peru",[532,536],{"tags_id":533},{"id":534,"name":535},879,"Money laundering",{"tags_id":537},{"id":264,"name":265},[],[32],[15],"2023-10-04T10:04:39.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Forganisational-forms-corruption-networks-odebrecht-toledo-case",{"id":544,"slug":545,"title":546,"status":6,"nid":547,"year":277,"body":548,"external":19,"topic":549,"language":15,"type":550,"date_published":551,"image":552,"citation":14,"publisher":284,"link_internal":553,"link_external":557,"authors":560,"countries":561,"tags":562,"pdf":567,"topics":569,"featured":19,"languages":570,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":50,"date_created":571,"user_updated":51,"date_updated":236,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":572},2281,"guide-conducting-corruption-risk-assessments-wildlife-law-enforcement-context","Guide to conducting corruption risk assessments in a wildlife law enforcement context",2447,"This guide is a high-level “how-to” for carrying out a corruption risk assessment in a conservation\u002Fenvironmental law enforcement context, using the Map, Characterize, Assess, and Recommend (MCAR) approach designed by the Basel Institute on Governance. \n\n\n- The first section covers planning: the resources, timing, and other considerations for setting up the assessment. \n- The second section lays out each step of the assessment, with tips, basic instructions, and implementation recommendations for each stage. \n- Finally, the annexes provide sample supporting materials, including a simplified process diagram and map, a sample questionnaire for interviews, and a basic confidentiality agreement.\n\n\nIt was developed under the Basel Institute's \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fgreen-corruption\">Green Corruption programme\u003C\u002Fa> as part of a wider research collaboration between the Basel Institute and Targeting Natural Resource Corruption (\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Ftnrcproject.org\u002F\">TNRC\u003C\u002Fa>) project consortium. \n\n### About the TNRC project\n\nThe TNRC project seeks to improve biodiversity conservation outcomes by helping practitioners to address the threats posed by corruption to wildlife, fisheries and forests. TNRC harnesses existing knowledge, generates new evidence, and supports innovative policy and practice for more effective anti-corruption programming on the ground.\n\nA USAID-funded project, TNRC is implemented by a consortium of leading organizations in anti-corruption, natural resource management, and conservation: World Wildlife Fund (WWF), the U4 Anti-Corruption Resource Centre at the Chr. Michelsen Institute, TRAFFIC, and the Terrorism, Transnational Crime and Corruption Center (TraCCC) at George Mason University.",[21],[35],"2023-05-23","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002F39153f88-1965-485c-8560-d82fb410d6c5?width=600&height=840",[554],{"url":555,"caption":556},"\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fwhere-are-weakest-links-illegal-wildlife-trade-enforcement-chain-lessons-corruption"," View related topic brief",[558],{"url":559,"caption":289},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.worldwildlife.org\u002Fpages\u002Ftnrc-guide-to-conducting-corruption-risk-assessments-in-a-wildlife-law-enforcement-context",[],[],[563],{"tags_id":564},{"id":565,"name":566},859,"Corruption risks",[568],2316,[21],[15],"2023-05-23T10:04:36.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fguide-conducting-corruption-risk-assessments-wildlife-law-enforcement-context",1780676605800]