[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":632},["ShallowReactive",2],{"publication-research-case-3":3,"related-research-case-3":209},[4],{"id":5,"status":6,"sort":7,"date_created":8,"date_updated":9,"nid":10,"slug":11,"title":12,"body":13,"citation":14,"language":15,"year":16,"publisher":17,"date_published":18,"external":19,"topic":20,"link_internal":22,"link_external":29,"featured":19,"topics":30,"languages":32,"type":33,"area":7,"programme":7,"websites":7,"summary":7,"pdf_text":7,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"image":35,"countries":46,"tags":97,"pdf":166,"authors":190},2283,"published",null,"2023-05-31T10:04:29.000Z","2026-06-02T14:09:06.000Z",2454,"research-case-3","Research Case Study 3: Exposing the networks behind transnational corruption and money laundering schemes","Corruption is increasingly understood as a form of collective, social behaviour. It slips easily across borders and involves sophisticated financial strategies and transactions to launder the stolen money. \n\nYet the nexus between corruption and money laundering is poorly understood. So too are the structures, functions and mechanisms that enable these crimes.\n\nWe applied analytical tools to reveal the complex networks behind a corruption and money laundering scheme involving Odebrecht and Peru’s former president. The insights can support strategic approaches to fight transnational corruption.","","English",2023,"Basel Institute on Governance","2023-05-31",false,[21],"Public Governance",[23,26],{"url":24,"caption":25},"\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fworking-paper-36-revealing-networks-behind-corruption-and-money-laundering-schemes"," View related Working Paper",{"url":27,"caption":28},"\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications?type=Research%20Case%20Study"," View all research case studies",[],[31],"Corruption Prevention and Public Governance",[15],[34],"Research Case Study",{"id":36,"storage":37,"filename_disk":38,"filename_download":39,"title":40,"type":41,"created_on":8,"modified_on":8,"charset":7,"filesize":42,"width":43,"height":44,"duration":7,"embed":7,"description":7,"location":7,"tags":7,"metadata":45,"focal_point_x":7,"focal_point_y":7,"tus_id":7,"tus_data":7,"uploaded_on":8},"ca5d66b9-58f2-42fd-afa6-1d3224f01f9d","local","ca5d66b9-58f2-42fd-afa6-1d3224f01f9d.jpg?itok=aj4xmZHu","Pages-from-230511-Research-case-study-03.jpg?itok=aj4xmZHu","Cover page of Research Case Study 3","image\u002Fjpeg",48075,500,707,{},[47,77],{"id":48,"publications_id":49,"countries_id":71},1087,{"id":5,"status":6,"sort":7,"user_created":50,"date_created":8,"user_updated":51,"date_updated":9,"nid":10,"slug":11,"image":36,"title":12,"body":13,"citation":14,"language":15,"year":16,"publisher":17,"date_published":18,"external":19,"topic":52,"link_internal":53,"link_external":56,"featured":19,"topics":57,"languages":58,"type":59,"area":7,"programme":7,"websites":7,"summary":7,"pdf_text":7,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"countries":60,"tags":62,"pdf":67,"authors":69},"03bebfd8-0b40-4a2a-820d-b9d9c13b9de6","3d9ff205-1640-4f34-b5b6-86977f51bbd6",[21],[54,55],{"url":24,"caption":25},{"url":27,"caption":28},[],[31],[15],[34],[48,61],1088,[63,64,65,66],4464,4781,4782,4783,[68],2318,[70],2497,{"id":72,"name":73,"code":74,"latitude":75,"longitude":76},171,"Peru","PE",-9.18997,-75.01515,{"id":61,"publications_id":78,"countries_id":91},{"id":5,"status":6,"sort":7,"user_created":50,"date_created":8,"user_updated":51,"date_updated":9,"nid":10,"slug":11,"image":36,"title":12,"body":13,"citation":14,"language":15,"year":16,"publisher":17,"date_published":18,"external":19,"topic":79,"link_internal":80,"link_external":83,"featured":19,"topics":84,"languages":85,"type":86,"area":7,"programme":7,"websites":7,"summary":7,"pdf_text":7,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"countries":87,"tags":88,"pdf":89,"authors":90},[21],[81,82],{"url":24,"caption":25},{"url":27,"caption":28},[],[31],[15],[34],[48,61],[63,64,65,66],[68],[70],{"id":92,"name":93,"code":94,"latitude":95,"longitude":96},29,"Brazil","BR",-14.235,-51.92528,[98,115,132,149],{"id":63,"publications_id":99,"tags_id":112},{"id":5,"status":6,"sort":7,"user_created":50,"date_created":8,"user_updated":51,"date_updated":9,"nid":10,"slug":11,"image":36,"title":12,"body":13,"citation":14,"language":15,"year":16,"publisher":17,"date_published":18,"external":19,"topic":100,"link_internal":101,"link_external":104,"featured":19,"topics":105,"languages":106,"type":107,"area":7,"programme":7,"websites":7,"summary":7,"pdf_text":7,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"countries":108,"tags":109,"pdf":110,"authors":111},[21],[102,103],{"url":24,"caption":25},{"url":27,"caption":28},[],[31],[15],[34],[48,61],[63,64,65,66],[68],[70],{"id":113,"name":114},879,"Money laundering",{"id":64,"publications_id":116,"tags_id":129},{"id":5,"status":6,"sort":7,"user_created":50,"date_created":8,"user_updated":51,"date_updated":9,"nid":10,"slug":11,"image":36,"title":12,"body":13,"citation":14,"language":15,"year":16,"publisher":17,"date_published":18,"external":19,"topic":117,"link_internal":118,"link_external":121,"featured":19,"topics":122,"languages":123,"type":124,"area":7,"programme":7,"websites":7,"summary":7,"pdf_text":7,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"countries":125,"tags":126,"pdf":127,"authors":128},[21],[119,120],{"url":24,"caption":25},{"url":27,"caption":28},[],[31],[15],[34],[48,61],[63,64,65,66],[68],[70],{"id":130,"name":131},1309,"Informality",{"id":65,"publications_id":133,"tags_id":146},{"id":5,"status":6,"sort":7,"user_created":50,"date_created":8,"user_updated":51,"date_updated":9,"nid":10,"slug":11,"image":36,"title":12,"body":13,"citation":14,"language":15,"year":16,"publisher":17,"date_published":18,"external":19,"topic":134,"link_internal":135,"link_external":138,"featured":19,"topics":139,"languages":140,"type":141,"area":7,"programme":7,"websites":7,"summary":7,"pdf_text":7,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"countries":142,"tags":143,"pdf":144,"authors":145},[21],[136,137],{"url":24,"caption":25},{"url":27,"caption":28},[],[31],[15],[34],[48,61],[63,64,65,66],[68],[70],{"id":147,"name":148},1373,"Corruption prevention",{"id":66,"publications_id":150,"tags_id":163},{"id":5,"status":6,"sort":7,"user_created":50,"date_created":8,"user_updated":51,"date_updated":9,"nid":10,"slug":11,"image":36,"title":12,"body":13,"citation":14,"language":15,"year":16,"publisher":17,"date_published":18,"external":19,"topic":151,"link_internal":152,"link_external":155,"featured":19,"topics":156,"languages":157,"type":158,"area":7,"programme":7,"websites":7,"summary":7,"pdf_text":7,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"countries":159,"tags":160,"pdf":161,"authors":162},[21],[153,154],{"url":24,"caption":25},{"url":27,"caption":28},[],[31],[15],[34],[48,61],[63,64,65,66],[68],[70],{"id":164,"name":165},818,"Anti-money laundering",[167],{"id":68,"publications_id":168,"directus_files_id":181},{"id":5,"status":6,"sort":7,"user_created":50,"date_created":8,"user_updated":51,"date_updated":9,"nid":10,"slug":11,"image":36,"title":12,"body":13,"citation":14,"language":15,"year":16,"publisher":17,"date_published":18,"external":19,"topic":169,"link_internal":170,"link_external":173,"featured":19,"topics":174,"languages":175,"type":176,"area":7,"programme":7,"websites":7,"summary":7,"pdf_text":7,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"countries":177,"tags":178,"pdf":179,"authors":180},[21],[171,172],{"url":24,"caption":25},{"url":27,"caption":28},[],[31],[15],[34],[48,61],[63,64,65,66],[68],[70],{"id":182,"storage":37,"filename_disk":183,"filename_download":184,"title":184,"type":185,"folder":186,"uploaded_by":50,"created_on":187,"modified_by":7,"modified_on":187,"charset":7,"filesize":188,"width":7,"height":7,"duration":7,"embed":7,"description":189,"location":7,"tags":7,"metadata":7,"focal_point_x":7,"focal_point_y":7,"tus_id":7,"tus_data":7,"uploaded_on":187},"1998aa5f-b66d-4cee-9777-9860d1a5c00c","1998aa5f-b66d-4cee-9777-9860d1a5c00c.pdf","230511-Research-case-study-03.pdf","application\u002Fpdf","67f22e04-d26f-4baa-b91f-acc5f89d87f5","2023-05-31T10:04:30.000Z",673745,"Download research case study",[191],{"id":70,"publications_id":192,"authors_id":205},{"id":5,"status":6,"sort":7,"user_created":50,"date_created":8,"user_updated":51,"date_updated":9,"nid":10,"slug":11,"image":36,"title":12,"body":13,"citation":14,"language":15,"year":16,"publisher":17,"date_published":18,"external":19,"topic":193,"link_internal":194,"link_external":197,"featured":19,"topics":198,"languages":199,"type":200,"area":7,"programme":7,"websites":7,"summary":7,"pdf_text":7,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"countries":201,"tags":202,"pdf":203,"authors":204},[21],[195,196],{"url":24,"caption":25},{"url":27,"caption":28},[],[31],[15],[34],[48,61],[63,64,65,66],[68],[70],{"id":206,"name":207,"position":7,"image":208},304,"Jacopo Costa","90469998-3598-471d-9499-48b19f557c7d",[210,248,287,331,377,409,446,492,544,593],{"id":211,"slug":212,"title":213,"status":6,"nid":214,"year":16,"body":215,"external":19,"topic":216,"language":15,"type":219,"date_published":221,"image":222,"citation":14,"publisher":17,"link_internal":223,"link_external":224,"authors":228,"countries":233,"tags":234,"pdf":239,"topics":242,"featured":19,"languages":244,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":50,"date_created":245,"user_updated":51,"date_updated":246,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":247},2276,"quick-guide-29-money-laundering-and-sanctions-evasion-using-art-market","Quick Guide 29: Money laundering and sanctions evasion using the art market",2428,"The art market is often described as ‘niche’. In reality, it is a significant trade industry: sales of art and antiques by dealers and auction houses reached an estimated USD 65.1 billion in 2021. And like many industries of this size, it attracts people seeking to abuse it to launder proceeds of crime or evade sanctions.\n\nThis quick guide briefly explains the unique characteristics of the art market that make it vulnerable to this type of abuse. It also outlines steps that jurisdictions can take to prevent and combat abuse of the sector for illicit purposes.\n\n### About this Quick Guide\n\nThis work is licensed under a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-nc-nd\u002F4.0\u002F\">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License\u003C\u002Fa>. It is part of the Basel Institute on Governance Quick Guide series, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.baselgovernance.org\u002Fpublications?type=2428\">ISSN 2673-5229\u003C\u002Fa>.",[217,218],"Anti-Money Laundering","Asset Recovery",[220],"Quick Guide","2023-04-12","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002F8029c862-8f97-4c17-8c3d-570ea42a1ba4?width=600&height=840",[],[225],{"url":226,"caption":227},"https:\u002F\u002Flearn.baselgovernance.org\u002Fcourse\u002Fview.php?id=176"," View on Basel LEARN",[229],{"authors_id":230},{"id":231,"name":232},306,"Andrew Dornbierer",[],[235,237],{"tags_id":236},{"id":113,"name":114},{"tags_id":238},{"id":164,"name":165},[240,241],2312,2313,[217,243],"Asset Recovery and Enforcement",[15],"2023-04-12T10:04:20.000Z","2026-05-31T22:52:11.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fquick-guide-29-money-laundering-and-sanctions-evasion-using-art-market",{"id":249,"slug":250,"title":251,"status":6,"nid":5,"year":252,"body":253,"external":19,"topic":254,"language":15,"type":255,"date_published":256,"image":257,"citation":14,"publisher":17,"link_internal":258,"link_external":262,"authors":266,"countries":273,"tags":274,"pdf":279,"topics":282,"featured":19,"languages":283,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":50,"date_created":284,"user_updated":51,"date_updated":285,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":286},2229,"quick-guide-28-money-laundering-through-gambling-industry","Quick Guide 28: Money laundering through the gambling industry",2022,"This quick guide sets out how criminals abuse the gambling industry to launder illicit funds. It includes numerous recent case studies to illustrate different ways of laundering money in casinos, online gambling websites, bars and clubs, as well as physical and online sports betting services.\n\nThe guide also looks at what gambling businesses and public authorities can do to better prevent and detect money laundering in this industry.\n\n### About this Quick Guide\n\nThis work is licensed under a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-nc-nd\u002F4.0\u002F\">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License\u003C\u002Fa>. It is part of the Basel Institute on Governance Quick Guide series, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.baselgovernance.org\u002Fpublications?type=2428\">ISSN 2673-5229\u003C\u002Fa>.",[218],[220],"2022-09-09","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002F99ab83e1-666d-4705-b8dc-6214b40274b9?width=600&height=840",[259],{"url":260,"caption":261},"\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications?type=Quick%20Guide"," View all Quick Guides",[263],{"url":264,"caption":265},"https:\u002F\u002Flearn.baselgovernance.org\u002Fcourse\u002Fview.php?id=150"," View on Basel LEARN (html)",[267,271],{"authors_id":268},{"id":269,"name":270},510,"Isys Lam",{"authors_id":272},{"id":231,"name":232},[],[275,277],{"tags_id":276},{"id":113,"name":114},{"tags_id":278},{"id":164,"name":165},[280,281],2269,2270,[243],[15],"2022-09-08T22:04:02.000Z","2026-06-02T14:09:01.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fquick-guide-28-money-laundering-through-gambling-industry",{"id":288,"slug":289,"title":290,"status":6,"nid":291,"year":252,"body":292,"external":19,"topic":293,"language":15,"type":294,"date_published":256,"image":296,"citation":14,"publisher":17,"link_internal":297,"link_external":301,"authors":302,"countries":307,"tags":312,"pdf":325,"topics":327,"featured":19,"languages":328,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":50,"date_created":329,"user_updated":51,"date_updated":285,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":330},2230,"case-study-8-windward-trading-charging-shelf-company-money-laundering-and-returning","Case Study 8: Windward Trading: Charging a shelf company with money laundering and returning confiscated funds to Kenyan citizens",2284,"This case study describes how authorities in Kenya and Jersey worked together to unlock progress in a long-running case involving around USD 3.7 million in corruptly acquired funds.\n\nThe money was held in the bank account of the shelf company Windward Trading, which was used to channel corrupt payments relating to power generation in Kenya.\n\nThe money had been seized in Jersey since 2011 following a money laundering investigation and subsequent criminal proceedings. Kenyan Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission (EACC) reasonable grounds to suspect the funds were proceeds of corruption. But the case had stalled due to issues with extraditing the two suspects to Jersey to stand trial.\n\nProactive informal cooperation was key to building trust between the parties. This helped to break the deadlock, find legal solutions to recover the funds and agree their safe return for the benefit of Kenyan citizens.\n\nThe parties mutually agreed that the recovered assets should be used for medical equipment and pandemic relief in Kenya. Crown agents and Amref Health Africa are responsible for disbursing and safeguarding the funds.\n\nA framework agreement signed by the Governments of Kenya, Jersey, Switzerland and the UK was used as a basis for negotiations on the return of the funds.\n\n### Open-access licence and acknowledgements\n\nThis publication is part of the Basel Institute on Governance Case Study series. It is licensed for sharing under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-nc-nd\u002F4.0\u002F\">CC BY-NC-ND 4.0\u003C\u002Fa>).\n\nThe Case Study series offers practitioners insights into interesting and precedent-setting cases involving corruption and asset recovery. Many such cases are drawn from partner countries of the Basel Institute's \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fasset-recovery\">International Centre for Asset Recovery\u003C\u002Fa>.\n\nSuggested citation: Marsh, Simon. 2022. “Windward Trading: Charging a shelf company with money laundering and returning confiscated funds to Kenyan citizens.\" *Case Study* 8, Basel Institute on Governance. Available at: baselgovernance.org\u002Fcase-studies.",[218],[295],"Case Study","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002F9f88325a-0128-4182-a6c9-e5ffc72165ab?width=600&height=840",[298],{"url":299,"caption":300},"\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications?type=Case%20Study"," View all Case Studies",[],[303],{"authors_id":304},{"id":305,"name":306},327,"Simon Marsh",[308],{"countries_id":309},{"id":310,"name":311},113,"Kenya",[313,315,319,321],{"tags_id":314},{"id":113,"name":114},{"tags_id":316},{"id":317,"name":318},822,"International cooperation",{"tags_id":320},{"id":164,"name":165},{"tags_id":322},{"id":323,"name":324},843,"Asset recovery",[326],2271,[243],[15],"2022-09-09T16:04:05.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fcase-study-8-windward-trading-charging-shelf-company-money-laundering-and-returning",{"id":332,"slug":333,"title":334,"status":6,"nid":335,"year":16,"body":336,"external":19,"topic":337,"language":15,"type":338,"date_published":339,"image":340,"citation":341,"publisher":17,"link_internal":342,"link_external":344,"authors":345,"countries":354,"tags":359,"pdf":370,"topics":372,"featured":19,"languages":373,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":50,"date_created":374,"user_updated":51,"date_updated":375,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":376},2324,"research-case-5","Research Case Study 5: Harnessing behavioural approaches against corruption",2550,"Social norms and behaviour change (SNBC) approaches are a promising complement to conventional anti-corruption strategies. Adopting a context-sensitive and nuanced approach is an essential ingredient for success.\n\nWe wanted to understand if and how behavioural approaches can promote anti-corruption outcomes, as well as conditions for success.\n\nTo do this we reviewed research from 2016–2022 on the use of behavioural approaches in anti-corruption practice. We also analysed our practical experience designing and piloting an intervention to tackle social norms of reciprocity which fuel bribery in health facilities in Tanzania.",[21],[34],"2023-12-05","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002Fa4b5e14a-9841-4feb-8411-335c9f972aba?width=600&height=840","Baez Camargo, Claudia, and Saba Kassa. 2023. ‘Harnessing behavioural approaches against corruption.’ Research Case Study 5, Basel Institute on Governance. Available at: baselgov- ernance.org\u002Fpublications\u002Fresearch-case-5.",[343],{"url":27,"caption":28},[],[346,350],{"authors_id":347},{"id":348,"name":349},295,"Claudia Baez Camargo",{"authors_id":351},{"id":352,"name":353},303,"Saba Kassa",[355],{"countries_id":356},{"id":357,"name":358},224,"Tanzania",[360,364,366],{"tags_id":361},{"id":362,"name":363},848,"Behavioural science",{"tags_id":365},{"id":130,"name":131},{"tags_id":367},{"id":368,"name":369},982,"Anti-corruption",[371],2360,[31],[15],"2023-12-06T11:04:47.000Z","2026-06-02T14:08:43.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fresearch-case-5",{"id":378,"slug":379,"title":380,"status":6,"nid":381,"year":16,"body":382,"external":19,"topic":383,"language":15,"type":385,"date_published":386,"image":387,"citation":14,"publisher":17,"link_internal":388,"link_external":390,"authors":391,"countries":394,"tags":395,"pdf":402,"topics":404,"featured":19,"languages":405,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":50,"date_created":406,"user_updated":51,"date_updated":407,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":408},2311,"research-case-4","Research case study 4: Deconstructing a criminal network involved in illegal wildlife trade between East Africa and Southeast Asia ",2518,"The illegal wildlife trade threatens biodiversity and security worldwide. Criminal networks pocket billions of dollars in illicit profits from stripping the world bare of endangered species and corrupting politicians and public officials in the process.\n\nYet there is very little empirical evidence on the role of both ordinary citizens and criminal networks in the illegal wildlife trade. Our research aims to fill this gap.\n\nWe used social network analysis and network ethnography techniques to study the criminal network of a wildlife trafficker based in East Africa. The insights can bolster law enforcement efforts aimed at identifying and dismantling wildlife trafficking networks.",[384,21],"Green Corruption",[34],"2023-10-11","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002F19e03984-8caf-4871-8d80-b7226ea6403c?width=600&height=840",[389],{"url":27,"caption":28},[],[392],{"authors_id":393},{"id":206,"name":207},[],[396,400],{"tags_id":397},{"id":398,"name":399},1303,"Environment",{"tags_id":401},{"id":130,"name":131},[403],2347,[384,31],[15],"2023-10-11T16:04:41.000Z","2026-06-02T14:08:41.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fresearch-case-4",{"id":410,"slug":411,"title":412,"status":6,"nid":413,"year":16,"body":414,"external":19,"topic":415,"language":15,"type":416,"date_published":417,"image":418,"citation":14,"publisher":17,"link_internal":419,"link_external":420,"authors":421,"countries":428,"tags":435,"pdf":440,"topics":442,"featured":19,"languages":443,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":50,"date_created":444,"user_updated":51,"date_updated":246,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":445},2278,"research-case-2","Research case study 2: Leveraging informal networks for anti-corruption in East Africa",2432,"Citizens and business people may invest significant time and money in building informal networks with public officials to overcome public service delivery shortcomings and access business opportunities. Understanding these networks better can strengthen anti-corruption efforts.\n\nThis research case study gives a brief overview of our Public Governance team's research in Uganda and Tanzania. Through interviews, the team explored when, how and why informal networks are built and used to access public services or business opportunities corruptly.\n\nThe research project described was carried out under the Global Integrity Anti-Corruption Evidence Programme (GI-ACE), funded with UK aid from the UK government. All results are freely shareable under a Creative Commons licence.",[21],[34],"2023-05-17","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002F7d1b37bc-c9a9-458b-9b5c-5e140061e6dd?width=600&height=840",[],[],[422,424,426],{"authors_id":423},{"id":348,"name":349},{"authors_id":425},{"id":352,"name":353},{"authors_id":427},{"id":206,"name":207},[429,433],{"countries_id":430},{"id":431,"name":432},226,"Uganda",{"countries_id":434},{"id":357,"name":358},[436,438],{"tags_id":437},{"id":362,"name":363},{"tags_id":439},{"id":130,"name":131},[441],2314,[31],[15],"2023-05-17T10:04:49.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fresearch-case-2",{"id":447,"slug":448,"title":449,"status":6,"nid":450,"year":16,"body":451,"external":19,"topic":452,"language":15,"type":453,"date_published":455,"image":456,"citation":457,"publisher":14,"link_internal":458,"link_external":464,"authors":468,"countries":475,"tags":480,"pdf":487,"topics":488,"featured":19,"languages":489,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":50,"date_created":490,"user_updated":51,"date_updated":407,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":491},2309,"organisational-forms-corruption-networks-odebrecht-toledo-case","Organisational forms of corruption networks: the Odebrecht-Toledo case",2514,"Actors in grand corruption schemes often conspire and deliberately create sophisticated networks to extract huge amounts of public resources from government systems. They hide such conspiracies behind hybrid formal\u002Finformal arrangements.\n\nUsing a mixed methods approach, this study investigates the corruption scheme initiated by former Peruvian President Alejandro Toledo and the Brazilian construction giant Odebrecht Group. We argue that separating the networks of the client (Odebrecht) and the agent (Toledo) sides provides analytical leverage for studying complex corrupt arrangements.\n\nWe found that the organisational forms designed by corrupt actors on either side were essential to ensuring the secret and safe operation of the network. Introducing the concept of organisational form into corruption research helps better understand the nature of these networks. We also found that different parts of the networks are shaped by different types of corruption. The article concludes with implications for practice.",[21],[454],"Article","2023-10-04","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002F1501db41-7465-47a0-848a-b3d22931d366?width=600&height=840","David Jancsics & Jacopo Costa (29 Sep 2023): Organizational forms of corruption networks: the Odebrecht-Toledo case, International Public Management Journal, DOI: 10.1080\u002F10967494.2023.2260368",[459,461],{"url":24,"caption":460}," See related paper: Revealing the networks behind corruption and money laundering schemes: an analysis of the Toledo–Odebrecht case using social network analysis and network ethnography",{"url":462,"caption":463},"\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fresearch-case-3"," See related paper: Exposing the networks behind transnational corruption and money laundering schemes",[465],{"url":466,"caption":467},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.tandfonline.com\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1080\u002F10967494.2023.2260368","View article at Taylor & Francis Online",[469,473],{"authors_id":470},{"id":471,"name":472},526,"David Jancsics",{"authors_id":474},{"id":206,"name":207},[476,478],{"countries_id":477},{"id":92,"name":93},{"countries_id":479},{"id":72,"name":73},[481,483],{"tags_id":482},{"id":113,"name":114},{"tags_id":484},{"id":485,"name":486},967,"Organised crime",[],[31],[15],"2023-10-04T10:04:39.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Forganisational-forms-corruption-networks-odebrecht-toledo-case",{"id":493,"slug":494,"title":495,"status":6,"nid":496,"year":252,"body":497,"external":19,"topic":498,"language":15,"type":499,"date_published":500,"image":501,"citation":14,"publisher":502,"link_internal":503,"link_external":513,"authors":517,"countries":526,"tags":531,"pdf":538,"topics":539,"featured":19,"languages":540,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":50,"date_created":541,"user_updated":51,"date_updated":542,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":543},2221,"informal-networks-investment-qualitative-analysis-uganda-and-tanzania","Informal networks as investment: A qualitative analysis from Uganda and Tanzania",2277,"Published in the peer-reviewed journal *Governance*, this paper interprets informal networks as investments made by citizens and business people to cope with the public sphere. Informal networks often orchestrate corruption, connecting public and private actors. The paper aims to understand their key characteristics, scopes, and functional roles.\n\nTen mini case studies from Tanzania and Uganda are studied. The research applies narrative analysis to explore the experiences of citizens, entrepreneurs, and low-level public officials, who built informal networks as a problem-solving mechanism. It uses a grounded theory approach. The findings serve as working hypotheses about variables and patterns emerging from the bottom-up analysis.\n\nThe paper outlines:\n\n\n- Whether there are distinct types of informal networks associated with particular types of corruption;\n- How, why and by whom these networks are built;\n- Whether different individuals play specific roles;\n- The unwritten expectations and norms that govern such networks.\n\n\nThe results highlight critical implications for anti-corruption practice, showing, for example, how this can be strengthened by shifting the intervention unit from individuals to networks.\n\n### About this article\n\nThis peer-reviewed article is based on extensive field research and analysis conducted by the Basel Institute's Public Governance team in Tanzania and Uganda. The research was funded by UK Aid under the Global Integrity Anti-Corruption Evidence (GI-ACE) programme. See the links below for the open-access research outputs, including a full research report and two sets of case studies.",[21],[454],"2022-08-25","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002F1771fed4-0a6d-4050-88ce-494e877fab4e?width=600&height=840","Governance (Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of the IPSA Structure and Organization of Government Committee)",[504,507,510],{"url":505,"caption":506},"\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Finformal-networks-investment-east-africa"," View open access research report: Informal networks as investment in East Africa",{"url":508,"caption":509},"\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fcase-studies-tanzania-gi-ace-research-informal-networks-and-corruption"," View case studies from Tanzania",{"url":511,"caption":512},"\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fcase-studies-uganda-gi-ace-research-informal-networks-and-corruption"," View case studies from Uganda",[514],{"url":515,"caption":516},"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1111\u002Fgove.12726","View peer-reviewed article on Wiley Online Library",[518,520,522],{"authors_id":519},{"id":348,"name":349},{"authors_id":521},{"id":206,"name":207},{"authors_id":523},{"id":524,"name":525},359,"Lucy Koechlin",[527,529],{"countries_id":528},{"id":357,"name":358},{"countries_id":530},{"id":431,"name":432},[532,534,536],{"tags_id":533},{"id":368,"name":369},{"tags_id":535},{"id":362,"name":363},{"tags_id":537},{"id":130,"name":131},[],[31],[15],"2022-09-06T14:10:21.000Z","2026-06-02T14:08:59.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Finformal-networks-investment-qualitative-analysis-uganda-and-tanzania",{"id":545,"slug":546,"title":547,"status":6,"nid":548,"year":252,"body":549,"external":19,"topic":550,"language":15,"type":551,"date_published":553,"image":554,"citation":555,"publisher":17,"link_internal":556,"link_external":560,"authors":561,"countries":568,"tags":573,"pdf":586,"topics":588,"featured":19,"languages":589,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":50,"date_created":590,"user_updated":51,"date_updated":591,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":592},1760,"policy-brief-9-informal-networks-and-what-they-mean-anti-corruption-practice","Policy Brief 9: Informal networks and what they mean for anti-corruption practice",2166,"Corruption is frequently associated with money alone and the behaviours of a few individual “bad apples” operating in otherwise healthy governance systems. This is too simplistic. As the latest research shows, including research in Tanzania and Uganda on which this Policy Brief is based, corruption is a networked phenomenon. This Policy Brief explains what this means and its implications for anti-corruption practice.\n\nWhen ordinary citizens and business people face problems, like constrained access to public services or an uneven playing field, they invest time, effort and resources in building informal networks.\n\nHeld together by personal connections and corrupt payments, these informal networks are a problem-solving mechanism. They allow members – such as business people, other citizens and public officials – to pursue a variety of goals. The networks aid in easing access to public services, for example, or helping a business to run smoothly, or securing business opportunities with the government. Informal networks can be leveraged to speed up long and complicated permit processes or exploit weaknesses in formal tender processes to obtain undue access to contracts. When red tape is used by public officials to extort bribes from service users, informal networks can help manage and overcome these demands. \n\nIn contexts in which these informal networks are widespread, the research shows that conventional anti-corruption measures, such as introducing more regulations, policies and controls, can actually backfire and increase corruption. \n\nBreaking this self-reinforcing cycle of networked corruption requires a shift in thinking and approaches:\n\n\n- **Focusing on networked corruption** as opposed to individual corrupt behaviours.\n- **Tackling corruption both from the demand and the supply side** by addressing inefficiencies and weaknesses in public systems that cause problems for ordinary citizens and business people. This may make it less likely that they will resort to corruption through informal networks to overcome the public service weaknesses.\n- **Harnessing informal networks for anti-corruption objectives.** This includes leveraging new insights into social norms and networks and establishing Collective Action initiatives to better target the underlying drivers of corruption.\n\n\n## About this Policy Brief\n\nThis publication is part of the Basel Institute on Governance Policy Brief series, ISSN 2624-9669. It presents findings from a research project entitled “\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Face.globalintegrity.org\u002Fprojects\u002Finformality\u002F\">Harnessing informality: Designing anti-corruption network interventions and strategic use of legal instruments\u003C\u002Fa>”, funded by UK Aid as part of the Global Integrity Anti-Corruption Evidence Programme (GI-ACE).\n\nIt is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). ",[21],[552],"Policy Brief","2022-02-21","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002Fc9f50b43-2246-4e39-a1b1-052b0e9829f1?width=600&height=840","Baez Camargo, Claudia, Jacopo Costa, and Saba Kassa. 2022. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fpublications\u002Fpolicy-brief-9-informal-networks-and-what-they-mean-anti-corruption-practice\">Informal networks and what they mean for anti-corruption practice.\u003C\u002Fa> *Policy Brief* 9, Basel Institute on Governance.",[557],{"url":558,"caption":559},"\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications?type=Policy%20Brief"," View all Policy Briefs",[],[562,564,566],{"authors_id":563},{"id":348,"name":349},{"authors_id":565},{"id":206,"name":207},{"authors_id":567},{"id":352,"name":353},[569,571],{"countries_id":570},{"id":357,"name":358},{"countries_id":572},{"id":431,"name":432},[574,576,580,584],{"tags_id":575},{"id":368,"name":369},{"tags_id":577},{"id":578,"name":579},909,"Collective Action",{"tags_id":581},{"id":582,"name":583},973,"Corruption",{"tags_id":585},{"id":130,"name":131},[587],1786,[31],[15],"2022-04-27T11:53:17.000Z","2026-06-02T14:09:04.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fpolicy-brief-9-informal-networks-and-what-they-mean-anti-corruption-practice",{"id":594,"slug":595,"title":596,"status":6,"nid":597,"year":252,"body":598,"external":19,"topic":599,"language":15,"type":600,"date_published":601,"image":602,"citation":14,"publisher":17,"link_internal":603,"link_external":605,"authors":608,"countries":619,"tags":620,"pdf":625,"topics":627,"featured":19,"languages":628,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":50,"date_created":629,"user_updated":51,"date_updated":630,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":631},1761,"quick-guide-23-informal-networks-and-anti-corruption","Quick Guide 23: Informal networks and anti-corruption",2183,"Why do many countries still struggle with high levels of corruption, in spite of years of investment in anti-corruption programmes and even where the right laws, rules and institutions are in place?\n\nWe believe one reason is that anti-corruption laws and policies are too often focused narrowly on individuals, rather than *networks* of individuals.\n\nIn our research, we see repeatedly how high levels of corruption are rarely the result of individual behaviour – some isolated rotten apples transgressing the formal legal order and leading others astray. Rather, corruption more frequently springs from the social norms and group dynamics of well-articulated and resilient informal networks.\n\nAnd it’s those networks that have much to lose from integrity and ethics. Their behaviour as a group entrenches corruption, and they block attempts at reforms. This quick guide takes a look at what this means and the implications for anti-corruption programming.\n\n### About this Quick Guide\n\nThis work is licensed under a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-nc-nd\u002F4.0\u002F\">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License\u003C\u002Fa>. It is part of the Basel Institute on Governance Quick Guide series, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.baselgovernance.org\u002Fpublications?type=2428\">ISSN 2673-5229\u003C\u002Fa>.",[21],[220],"2022-02-15","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002F80db1c22-07e0-4e16-9a68-312b1d223e82?width=600&height=840",[604],{"url":260,"caption":261},[606],{"url":607,"caption":227},"https:\u002F\u002Flearn.baselgovernance.org\u002Fcourse\u002Fview.php?id=118",[609,611,613,615],{"authors_id":610},{"id":206,"name":207},{"authors_id":612},{"id":348,"name":349},{"authors_id":614},{"id":352,"name":353},{"authors_id":616},{"id":617,"name":618},354,"Cosimo Stahl",[],[621,623],{"tags_id":622},{"id":130,"name":131},{"tags_id":624},{"id":362,"name":363},[626],1787,[31],[15],"2022-04-27T11:53:18.000Z","2026-06-02T14:09:05.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fquick-guide-23-informal-networks-and-anti-corruption",1780676598850]