[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":606},["ShallowReactive",2],{"publication-quick-guide-26-national-money-laundering-and-terrorist-financing-risk-assessments":3,"related-quick-guide-26-national-money-laundering-and-terrorist-financing-risk-assessments":150},[4],{"id":5,"status":6,"sort":7,"date_created":8,"date_updated":9,"nid":10,"slug":11,"title":12,"body":13,"citation":14,"language":15,"year":16,"publisher":17,"date_published":18,"external":19,"topic":20,"link_internal":23,"link_external":27,"featured":19,"topics":31,"languages":33,"type":34,"area":7,"programme":7,"websites":7,"summary":7,"pdf_text":7,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"image":36,"countries":47,"tags":48,"pdf":107,"authors":131},2200,"published",null,"2022-06-16T13:29:18.000Z","2026-06-02T14:08:59.000Z",2235,"quick-guide-26-national-money-laundering-and-terrorist-financing-risk-assessments","Quick Guide 26: National money laundering and terrorist financing risk assessments","This quick guide explains the role of national risk assessments in addressing money laundering and terrorist financing (ML\u002FTF) risks.\n\nIt explains how national risk assessments are conducted, challenges in terms of methodology and data availability, and how well countries are doing at performing them.\n\nNRAs are a critical element of the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) standards on ML\u002FTF. They also provide data in special reports of the Basel AML Index.\n\n### About this Quick Guide\n\nThis work is licensed under a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-nc-nd\u002F4.0\u002F\">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License\u003C\u002Fa>. It is part of the Basel Institute on Governance Quick Guide series, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.baselgovernance.org\u002Fpublications?type=2428\">ISSN 2673-5229\u003C\u002Fa>.","","English",2022,"Basel Institute on Governance","2022-06-16",false,[21,22],"Anti-Money Laundering","Asset Recovery",[24],{"url":25,"caption":26},"\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications?type=Quick%20Guide"," View all Quick Guides",[28],{"url":29,"caption":30},"https:\u002F\u002Flearn.baselgovernance.org\u002Fcourse\u002Fview.php?id=133"," View on Basel LEARN",[21,32],"Asset Recovery and Enforcement",[15],[35],"Quick Guide",{"id":37,"storage":38,"filename_disk":39,"filename_download":40,"title":41,"type":42,"created_on":8,"modified_on":8,"charset":7,"filesize":43,"width":44,"height":45,"duration":7,"embed":7,"description":7,"location":7,"tags":7,"metadata":46,"focal_point_x":7,"focal_point_y":7,"tus_id":7,"tus_data":7,"uploaded_on":8},"f9f605aa-1d2d-42eb-b4cd-b0a30afa87e4","local","f9f605aa-1d2d-42eb-b4cd-b0a30afa87e4.jpg?itok=FoquQtF-","Pages-from-quickguide-26-2.jpg?itok=FoquQtF-","Quick guide 26 cover page","image\u002Fjpeg",50230,500,707,{},[],[49,73,90],{"id":50,"publications_id":51,"tags_id":70},4326,{"id":5,"status":6,"sort":7,"user_created":52,"date_created":8,"user_updated":53,"date_updated":9,"nid":10,"slug":11,"image":37,"title":12,"body":13,"citation":14,"language":15,"year":16,"publisher":17,"date_published":18,"external":19,"topic":54,"link_internal":55,"link_external":57,"featured":19,"topics":59,"languages":60,"type":61,"area":7,"programme":7,"websites":7,"summary":7,"pdf_text":7,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"countries":62,"tags":63,"pdf":66,"authors":68},"03bebfd8-0b40-4a2a-820d-b9d9c13b9de6","3d9ff205-1640-4f34-b5b6-86977f51bbd6",[21,22],[56],{"url":25,"caption":26},[58],{"url":29,"caption":30},[21,32],[15],[35],[],[50,64,65],4822,4823,[67],2238,[69],2422,{"id":71,"name":72},818,"Anti-money laundering",{"id":64,"publications_id":74,"tags_id":87},{"id":5,"status":6,"sort":7,"user_created":52,"date_created":8,"user_updated":53,"date_updated":9,"nid":10,"slug":11,"image":37,"title":12,"body":13,"citation":14,"language":15,"year":16,"publisher":17,"date_published":18,"external":19,"topic":75,"link_internal":76,"link_external":78,"featured":19,"topics":80,"languages":81,"type":82,"area":7,"programme":7,"websites":7,"summary":7,"pdf_text":7,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"countries":83,"tags":84,"pdf":85,"authors":86},[21,22],[77],{"url":25,"caption":26},[79],{"url":29,"caption":30},[21,32],[15],[35],[],[50,64,65],[67],[69],{"id":88,"name":89},859,"Corruption risks",{"id":65,"publications_id":91,"tags_id":104},{"id":5,"status":6,"sort":7,"user_created":52,"date_created":8,"user_updated":53,"date_updated":9,"nid":10,"slug":11,"image":37,"title":12,"body":13,"citation":14,"language":15,"year":16,"publisher":17,"date_published":18,"external":19,"topic":92,"link_internal":93,"link_external":95,"featured":19,"topics":97,"languages":98,"type":99,"area":7,"programme":7,"websites":7,"summary":7,"pdf_text":7,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"countries":100,"tags":101,"pdf":102,"authors":103},[21,22],[94],{"url":25,"caption":26},[96],{"url":29,"caption":30},[21,32],[15],[35],[],[50,64,65],[67],[69],{"id":105,"name":106},867,"Financial crime",[108],{"id":67,"publications_id":109,"directus_files_id":122},{"id":5,"status":6,"sort":7,"user_created":52,"date_created":8,"user_updated":53,"date_updated":9,"nid":10,"slug":11,"image":37,"title":12,"body":13,"citation":14,"language":15,"year":16,"publisher":17,"date_published":18,"external":19,"topic":110,"link_internal":111,"link_external":113,"featured":19,"topics":115,"languages":116,"type":117,"area":7,"programme":7,"websites":7,"summary":7,"pdf_text":7,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"countries":118,"tags":119,"pdf":120,"authors":121},[21,22],[112],{"url":25,"caption":26},[114],{"url":29,"caption":30},[21,32],[15],[35],[],[50,64,65],[67],[69],{"id":123,"storage":38,"filename_disk":124,"filename_download":125,"title":125,"type":126,"folder":127,"uploaded_by":52,"created_on":128,"modified_by":7,"modified_on":128,"charset":7,"filesize":129,"width":7,"height":7,"duration":7,"embed":7,"description":130,"location":7,"tags":7,"metadata":7,"focal_point_x":7,"focal_point_y":7,"tus_id":7,"tus_data":7,"uploaded_on":128},"4f7f7b52-2dcc-46ba-a51e-fa8438fb1e65","4f7f7b52-2dcc-46ba-a51e-fa8438fb1e65.pdf","220616-quickguide-26-for-web.pdf","application\u002Fpdf","67f22e04-d26f-4baa-b91f-acc5f89d87f5","2022-06-16T13:29:19.000Z",515014,"PDF: Quick Guide 26: National risk assessments",[132],{"id":69,"publications_id":133,"authors_id":146},{"id":5,"status":6,"sort":7,"user_created":52,"date_created":8,"user_updated":53,"date_updated":9,"nid":10,"slug":11,"image":37,"title":12,"body":13,"citation":14,"language":15,"year":16,"publisher":17,"date_published":18,"external":19,"topic":134,"link_internal":135,"link_external":137,"featured":19,"topics":139,"languages":140,"type":141,"area":7,"programme":7,"websites":7,"summary":7,"pdf_text":7,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"countries":142,"tags":143,"pdf":144,"authors":145},[21,22],[136],{"url":25,"caption":26},[138],{"url":29,"caption":30},[21,32],[15],[35],[],[50,64,65],[67],[69],{"id":147,"name":148,"position":7,"image":149},301,"Kateryna Boguslavska","24433c58-4115-4c6c-b220-142b5a1b135b",[151,188,232,299,332,374,428,475,519,569],{"id":152,"slug":153,"title":154,"status":6,"nid":155,"year":156,"body":157,"external":19,"topic":158,"language":15,"type":159,"date_published":160,"image":161,"citation":14,"publisher":17,"link_internal":162,"link_external":163,"authors":164,"countries":169,"tags":170,"pdf":181,"topics":183,"featured":19,"languages":184,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":52,"date_created":185,"user_updated":53,"date_updated":186,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":187},2378,"qg34","Quick Guide 34: Public-private partnerships for financial intelligence sharing",2724,2024,"Financial intelligence is the staple food of investigations into corruption, money laundering and other financial crimes.\n\nMuch financial intelligence is held by private-sector institutions such as banks and other financial service providers. How does that get into the hands of law enforcement, where it can trigger or inform investigations? And how can we improve the system?\n\nThis Quick Guide gives a brief introduction to public-private partnerships or platforms for financial intelligence sharing. It sets out how they work in practice, and how they can improve the sharing of targeted, useful information between law enforcement and financial institutions.\n\n### About this Quick Guide\n\nYou are free to share and republish this work under a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-nc-nd\u002F4.0\u002F\">Creative Commons BY-NC-ND 4.0 Licence\u003C\u002Fa>. It is part of the Basel Institute on Governance Quick Guide series, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.baselgovernance.org\u002Fpublications?type=2428\">ISSN 2673-5229\u003C\u002Fa>.",[21,22],[35],"2024-11-25","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002F01dea28f-22b8-47cd-bf86-ddee24683c2b?width=600&height=840",[],[],[165],{"authors_id":166},{"id":167,"name":168},327,"Simon Marsh",[],[171,175,177],{"tags_id":172},{"id":173,"name":174},1193,"Financial investigations",{"tags_id":176},{"id":71,"name":72},{"tags_id":178},{"id":179,"name":180},1374,"Law enforcement",[182],2416,[21,32],[15],"2024-12-05T14:06:47.000Z","2026-05-31T22:51:55.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fqg34",{"id":189,"slug":190,"title":191,"status":6,"nid":192,"year":193,"body":194,"external":19,"topic":195,"language":15,"type":196,"date_published":198,"image":199,"citation":14,"publisher":17,"link_internal":200,"link_external":204,"authors":208,"countries":211,"tags":212,"pdf":225,"topics":227,"featured":19,"languages":228,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":52,"date_created":229,"user_updated":53,"date_updated":230,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":231},2295,"pb-12","Policy Brief 12: De-risking of Russian clients: best intentions, unintended consequences",2480,2023,"After the Russian invasion of Ukraine and the wide-reaching sanctions which ensued, many Western financial institutions began to de-risk Russian clients. Dealing with Russian clients, in many cases, has become expensive from a compliance point of view and toxic from the reputational side.\n\nHowever, the de-risking of unsanctioned Russian individuals may have a significant impact on the fight against financial crime by potentially causing:\n\n\n- an increase in the use of shadow\u002Funregulated channels of moving money;\n- a withdrawal of funds away from the European zone to sanctioned countries or non-cooperative jurisdictions;\n- severe burdens on the investigation of financial crimes (especially in relation to Russian assets and investments) and on international cooperation in criminal matters;\n- increased opportunities for enablers, such as unscrupulous lawyers and accountants, to take advantage of the situation.\n\n\nThis Policy Brief outlines the current situation and suggests how to better manage risk without having a negative impact on the fight against financial crime.\n\n### About this Policy Brief\n\nThis publication is part of the Basel Institute on Governance Policy Brief series, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fpublications?type[]=257\">ISSN 2624-9669\u003C\u002Fa> and relates to the Basel AML Index of money laundering risk.\n\nYou may freely share or republish it under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-nc-nd\u002F4.0\u002F\">CC BY-NC-ND 4.0\u003C\u002Fa>). Suggested citation: Boguslavska, Kateryna. 2023. ‘De-risking of Russian clients: best intentions, unintended consequences.’ Policy Brief 12, Basel Institute on Governance, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fpublications\u002Fpb-12\">https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fpublications\u002Fpb-12\u003C\u002Fa>.",[21,22],[197],"Policy Brief","2023-06-30","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002F8013d7b0-82aa-46f8-bde7-a8790f71a59e?width=600&height=840",[201],{"url":202,"caption":203},"\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications?type=Policy%20Brief"," View all Policy Briefs",[205],{"url":206,"caption":207},"https:\u002F\u002Findex.baselgovernance.org\u002F"," Visit Basel AML Index website",[209],{"authors_id":210},{"id":147,"name":148},[],[213,215,219,223],{"tags_id":214},{"id":71,"name":72},{"tags_id":216},{"id":217,"name":218},1236,"Compliance",{"tags_id":220},{"id":221,"name":222},1227,"Sanctions",{"tags_id":224},{"id":179,"name":180},[226],2333,[21,32],[15],"2023-06-30T08:38:07.000Z","2026-06-02T14:09:08.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fpb-12",{"id":233,"slug":234,"title":235,"status":6,"nid":236,"year":237,"body":238,"external":19,"topic":7,"language":7,"type":239,"date_published":241,"image":242,"citation":243,"publisher":17,"link_internal":244,"link_external":251,"authors":258,"countries":267,"tags":272,"pdf":289,"topics":291,"featured":19,"languages":292,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":53,"date_created":293,"user_updated":294,"date_updated":295,"main_points":296,"short_version":7,"subtitle":297,"link":298},2441,"cs-13","Case Study 13: The Beauty Queen case: non-conviction based forfeiture across borders",2937,2026,"This Case Study analyses how Colombian authorities recovered assets linked to drug trafficking and held in a trust in Guernsey. It sets out the legal tools and procedures in Colombia and in Guernsey that enabled Colombia’s first international recovery under its non-conviction based forfeiture model _Extinción de dominio_. The Case Study highlights lessons for international cooperation between jurisdictions with different forfeiture systems or even legal traditions.\n\nThe International Centre for Asset Recovery (ICAR) at the Basel Institute on Governance provided technical assistance as part of a Memorandum of Understanding with the General Prosecutor’s Office of Colombia.\n\n[**Download Case Study here**](https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fsites\u002Fdefault\u002Ffiles\u002F2026-05\u002FCase-Study-13_Beauty-Queen.pdf)\n\nOn 30 November 2023, the Fourth Court of the Specialised Extinción de Dominio Circuit of Colombia ordered the non-conviction based forfeiture of a Guernsey trust account issued by Northern Trust Fiduciary Services (Guernsey) Limited. The beneficiary was María Marcela Serrano Camacho, a Colombian model and former beauty queen.\n\nThe Colombian forfeiture order extinguished property rights over the account – amounting to GBP 361,146 – on the grounds that the funds were the proceeds of drug trafficking offences committed by Efraín Antonio Hernández Ramírez (“Don Efra”), a well-known Colombian drug trafficker, and his former spouse María Serrano in the 1990s.\n\nOn 30 January 2025, following successful mutual legal assistance proceedings between Colombia and the Bailiwick of Guernsey, the two jurisdictions concluded an asset sharing agreement for the repatriation of the confiscated assets.\n\nThis marked Colombia’s first successful international recovery through non-conviction based forfeiture.\n\nThis Case Study examines how early and effective coordination between Colombia and Guernsey enabled the identification, freezing, forfeiture and repatriation of the assets. It analyses the legal framework underpinning Colombia's Extinción de dominio regime and how it was applied, leading to the forfeiture of the Guernsey acccount. It also describes the procedural mechanisms used in Guernsey to execute foreign non-conviction based forfeiture orders.\n\nThe interaction between the authorities in both jurisdictions offers valuable lessons and examples of good practices.\n\n**Main takeaways of the case:**\n\n- Early and trust-based international cooperation is decisive\n- Non-conviction based forfeiture is indispensable when criminal routes are closed\n- Identifying beneficial ownership is central to effective asset recovery\n- Direct enforcement of foreign forfeiture orders increases efficiency and legal certainty\n- Asset sharing agreements strengthen cooperation incentives\n\nThe Case Study can be read alongside [Policy Brief 16](https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fpublications\u002Fpb-16): \"Enforcing foreign non-conviction based forfeiture orders: FATF standards and asset recovery practice in Latin America and financial centres\".\n\n### About this Case Study\n\nThis publication is part of the Basel Institute on Governance Case Study series, [ISSN 2813-3900](https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fcase-studies). It is licensed for sharing under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License ([CC BYNC-ND 4.0](https:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-nc-nd\u002F4.0\u002F)).\n\nThe Case Study series offers practitioners insights into interesting and precedent-setting cases involving corruption and asset recovery.\n\nThis is a publication of the International Centre for Asset Recovery (ICAR) at the Basel Institute on Governance. ICAR receives core funding from the Governments of Jersey, Liechtenstein, Norway, Switzerland and the UK.\n\n**Disclaimer**: This Case Study is intended for general informational purposes and does not constitute and\u002For substitute legal or other professional advice. The contents are the sole responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views or the official position of the Basel Institute on Governance, its donors and partners, or the University of Basel.\n",[240],"Case Study","2026-03-31","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002F6f1661b8-eab6-4ce0-902d-f6c97f85dd29?width=600&height=840","Solórzano, Oscar, and Diana Cordero. 2026. ‘The Beauty Queen case: non-conviction based forfeiture of criminal assets across borders. Lessons learned from Colombia–Guernsey cooperation.’ Case Study 13, Basel Institute on Governance. Available at: [baselgovernance.org\u002Fpublications\u002Fcs-13](https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fpublications\u002Fcs-13).",[245,248],{"url":246,"caption":247},"\u002Fresources\u002Fnews\u002Fcolombiaguernsey-cooperation-leads-to-successful-non-conviction-based-forfeiture-of-illicit-assets-2716","Read related blog",{"url":249,"caption":250},"\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications","Read related Policy Brief 16",[252,255],{"url":253,"caption":254},"https:\u002F\u002Flearn.baselgovernance.org\u002Fcourse\u002Fview.php?id=368","View online on Basel LEARN",{"url":256,"caption":257},"https:\u002F\u002Flearn.baselgovernance.org\u002Fcourse\u002Fview.php?id=72","eLearning course: International Cooperation and Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters",[259,263],{"authors_id":260},{"id":261,"name":262},294,"Oscar Solorzano",{"authors_id":264},{"id":265,"name":266},591,"Diana Cordero",[268],{"countries_id":269},{"id":270,"name":271},47,"Colombia",[273,277,281,283,285],{"tags_id":274},{"id":275,"name":276},1379,"Non-conviction based forfeiture",{"tags_id":278},{"id":279,"name":280},822,"International cooperation",{"tags_id":282},{"id":71,"name":72},{"tags_id":284},{"id":179,"name":180},{"tags_id":286},{"id":287,"name":288},843,"Asset recovery",[290],2495,[32],[15],"2026-06-01T22:10:26.000Z","b0662e2a-864d-4888-a1b7-4342b7570b30","2026-06-02T14:22:13.000Z","- Early and trust-based international cooperation is decisive\n- Non-conviction based forfeiture is indispensable when criminal routes are closed\n- Identifying beneficial ownership is central to effective asset recovery\n- Direct enforcement of foreign forfeiture orders increases efficiency and legal certainty\n- Asset sharing agreements strengthen cooperation incentives","Lessons learned from Colombia–Guernsey cooperation","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fcs-13",{"id":300,"slug":301,"title":302,"status":6,"nid":303,"year":237,"body":304,"external":19,"topic":7,"language":7,"type":305,"date_published":241,"image":306,"citation":7,"publisher":17,"link_internal":307,"link_external":310,"authors":312,"countries":315,"tags":316,"pdf":325,"topics":327,"featured":19,"languages":328,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":53,"date_created":293,"user_updated":53,"date_updated":329,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":330,"link":331},2442,"pb-16","Policy Brief 16: Enforcing foreign non-conviction based forfeiture orders",2947,"This Policy Brief analyses emerging international standards aimed at addressing recurring challenges in judicial practice with regard to the enforcement of non-conviction based forfeiture orders issued by foreign states. It focuses in particular on the historical absence of a binding obligation on requested states to cooperate in such cases and, where cooperation is available, on the structural tension between direct and indirect enforcement models.\n\n[**Download Policy Brief here**](https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fsites\u002Fdefault\u002Ffiles\u002F2026-03\u002FPolicy-Brief-16_Enforcing-foreign-NCBF-orders.pdf)\n\nRevisions in 2023 to the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) Recommendations 4 and 38 seek to clarify and strengthen states’ cooperation in the enforcement of foreign forfeiture orders. In this context, the recognition and execution of foreign non-conviction based forfeiture orders are central components of the evolving international asset recovery framework.\n\nThrough analysis and case studies involving Latin American states and international financial centres, this Policy Brief demonstrates that the choice of procedural model for enforcing foreign forfeiture orders – direct or indirect – has significant implications, while acknowledging the competing legal and institutional interests involved.\n\nIn line with FATF Recommendation 38, the Policy Brief argues in favour of direct enforcement in the requested state, based on the facts established by the foreign authority. This promotes efficiency, legal certainty and mutual trust. Indirect enforcement models that may require domestic investigations by the requested state, on the other hand, often lead to delays, duplication and increased costs, which hinders international asset recovery efforts.\n\nThe analysis provides empirical insight into how the revised FATF standards address practical deficiencies and the implications for judicial practice in requested states. For the Latin American context, the Policy Brief suggests to go beyond technical compliance of domestic non-conviction based forfeiture regimes with the FATF standards to strengthen the effectiveness of cross-border enforcement in practice.\n\nThis Policy Brief can be read alongside [Case Study 13](http:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fpublications\u002Fcs-13): “The Beauty Queen case: non-conviction based forfeiture across borders. Lessons learned from Colombia–Guernsey cooperation.”\n\n### About this Policy Brief\n\nThis publication is part of the Basel Institute on Governance Policy Brief series [ISSN 2624-9669](https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fpublications?type\\[]=257). You may freely share or republish it under a Creative Commons [BY-NC-ND 4.0](https:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-nc-nd\u002F4.0\u002F) licence.\n\nIt is a publication of the International Centre for Asset Recovery (ICAR) at the Basel Institute on Governance. ICAR receives core funding from the Governments of Jersey, Liechtenstein, Norway, Switzerland and the UK.\n\n**Disclaimer**: This Policy Brief is intended for general informational purposes and does not constitute and\u002For substitute legal or other professional advice. The contents are the sole responsibility of the author and do not necessarily reflect the official position of the Basel Institute on Governance, its donors and partners, or the University of Basel.\n\n**Suggested citation**: Solórzano, Oscar. 2026. \"Enforcing foreign non-conviction based forfeiture orders: FATF standards and asset recovery practice in Latin America and financial centres.\" Policy Brief 16, Basel Institute on Governance. Available at: [baselgovernance.org\u002Fpublications\u002Fpb-16](https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fpublications\u002Fpb-16).",[197],"https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002Ff866220c-dddd-41b3-a45e-c2d7992d39e1?width=600&height=840",[308],{"url":249,"caption":309},"Read related Case Study 13",[311],{"url":256,"caption":257},[313],{"authors_id":314},{"id":261,"name":262},[],[317,319,321,323],{"tags_id":318},{"id":275,"name":276},{"tags_id":320},{"id":279,"name":280},{"tags_id":322},{"id":71,"name":72},{"tags_id":324},{"id":179,"name":180},[326],2496,[32],[15],"2026-06-02T14:16:22.000Z","FATF standards and asset recovery practice in Latin America and financial centres","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fpb-16",{"id":333,"slug":334,"title":335,"status":6,"nid":336,"year":337,"body":338,"external":19,"topic":339,"language":15,"type":340,"date_published":342,"image":343,"citation":14,"publisher":344,"link_internal":345,"link_external":346,"authors":350,"countries":355,"tags":360,"pdf":369,"topics":370,"featured":19,"languages":7,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":52,"date_created":371,"user_updated":53,"date_updated":372,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":373},2424,"back-action-how-uk-reviving-unexplained-wealth-orders-academy-bulletin","Back in Action: How the UK is reviving unexplained wealth orders (The Academy Bulletin)",2864,2025,"In an article published in the Fall 2025 issue of the Bulletin of the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ffinancialcrimelitigators.org\u002F\">International Academy of Financial Crime Litigators\u003C\u002Fa>, Andrew Dornbierer explores the revival of unexplained wealth orders (UWOs) in the United Kingdom.\n\nIntroduced in 2017 as a tool to combat the abuse of UK's markets to launder criminal proceeds, the UWO mechanism suffered a severe setback in 2020. After only a handful of attempts to use it, a decision by the High Court effectively left it sprawled on the canvas.\n\nIn the last year or so, however, the mechanism has slowly started to prove itself. Most recently, the UK's Serious Fraud Office – in its first use of the UK's UWO mechanism – secured GBP 1.1 million from the sale of a property belonging to the ex-wife of a convicted fraudster.\n\nThis article offers a short history of UWOs in the UK. It examines how, after a turbulent start and subsequent amendments to the mechanism, UWOs are now back to being used by UK authorities to tackle illicit financial flows. If applied responsibly, proportionately and in harmony with established legal rights, unexplained wealth orders promise to be a powerful tool in the UK’s fight to recover criminal assets.\n\nThis is the fifth issue of The Academy's Bulletin. It has been established to transmit the work of Academy Fellows, draw attention to matters of importance to the legal community and provide high-level analysis of cutting-edge issues in global financial crime investigations and litigation. The Basel Institute on Governance acts as Secretariat to the Academy.",[22],[341],"Article","2025-11-03","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002Fc313d2fa-3e1c-43ab-b40e-3e418d819df1?width=600&height=840","International Academy of Financial Crime Litigators",[],[347],{"url":348,"caption":349},"https:\u002F\u002Fedit.financialcrimelitigators.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002Fb401d6c9-b0e4-4ab9-ad1f-948c567c6ab3.pdf","Fall 2025 Bulletin of the International Academy of Financial Crime Litigators",[351],{"authors_id":352},{"id":353,"name":354},306,"Andrew Dornbierer",[356],{"countries_id":357},{"id":358,"name":359},225,"Ukraine",[361,363,365],{"tags_id":362},{"id":287,"name":288},{"tags_id":364},{"id":71,"name":72},{"tags_id":366},{"id":367,"name":368},821,"Unexplained wealth",[],[32],"2025-11-03T11:05:50.000Z","2026-05-29T22:23:01.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fback-action-how-uk-reviving-unexplained-wealth-orders-academy-bulletin",{"id":375,"slug":376,"title":377,"status":6,"nid":378,"year":156,"body":379,"external":19,"topic":380,"language":15,"type":381,"date_published":383,"image":384,"citation":14,"publisher":17,"link_internal":385,"link_external":389,"authors":393,"countries":396,"tags":401,"pdf":420,"topics":422,"featured":423,"languages":424,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":52,"date_created":425,"user_updated":53,"date_updated":426,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":427},2366,"wp-54","Working Paper 54: Targeting illicit wealth through non-conviction based forfeiture: Identifying human rights and other standards for Latin America",2701,"This Working Paper explores the wide variety of non-conviction based (NCB) forfeiture laws in Latin America, with a special focus on the region’s predominant model, *Extinción de dominio*.\n\nIt argues that NCB forfeiture legislation, which allows for the recovery of stolen assets outside of criminal proceedings, can contribute significantly to a state’s criminal policy response to rampant economic and organised crime.\n\nThe paper emphasises the importance of critically reviewing and harmonising domestic practices of NCB forfeiture around emerging standards, so that they can reach their large potential in asset recovery. Ensuring their alignment with international human rights and other recognised norms and procedural rules ultimately builds trust, lends legitimacy and fosters judicial cooperation in international NCB forfeiture cases.\n\n### About this report\n\nThe paper is based on experience gained through the Basel Institute’s \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fasset-recovery\">International Centre for Asset Recovery\u003C\u002Fa> (ICAR), which since 2006 has supported partner countries in investigating, prosecuting and recovering assets arising from grand corruption and other crimes.\n\nThis paper is published as part of the Basel Institute on Governance Working Paper series, ISSN: 2624-9650. You may share or republish the Working Paper under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-nc-nd\u002F4.0\u002Fdeed.en\">CC BY-NC-ND 4.0\u003C\u002Fa>).\n\nSuggested citation: Solórzano, Oscar. 2024. ‘Targeting illicit wealth through non-conviction based forfeiture: Identifying human rights and other standards for Latin America.’ Working Paper 54, Basel Institute on Governance. Available at: baselgovernance.org\u002Fpublications\u002Fwp-54.",[22],[382],"Working Paper","2024-09-30","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002F37616510-2f1f-4ab6-9405-845433d6fa3b?width=600&height=840",[386],{"url":387,"caption":388},"\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications?type=Working%20Paper"," View all Working Papers",[390],{"url":391,"caption":392},"route:\u003Cnolink>"," Download PDF (Spanish - forthcoming)",[394],{"authors_id":395},{"id":261,"name":262},[397],{"countries_id":398},{"id":399,"name":400},171,"Peru",[402,404,408,410,414,416],{"tags_id":403},{"id":287,"name":288},{"tags_id":405},{"id":406,"name":407},932,"Human rights",{"tags_id":409},{"id":105,"name":106},{"tags_id":411},{"id":412,"name":413},967,"Organised crime",{"tags_id":415},{"id":275,"name":276},{"tags_id":417},{"id":418,"name":419},1215,"Illicit financial flows",[421],2404,[32],true,[15],"2024-10-03T16:05:11.000Z","2026-06-02T14:08:47.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fwp-54",{"id":429,"slug":430,"title":431,"status":6,"nid":432,"year":337,"body":433,"external":19,"topic":434,"language":15,"type":437,"date_published":438,"image":439,"citation":14,"publisher":17,"link_internal":440,"link_external":442,"authors":443,"countries":452,"tags":453,"pdf":468,"topics":470,"featured":19,"languages":7,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":52,"date_created":472,"user_updated":53,"date_updated":473,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":474},2395,"quick-guide-39-business-integrity-and-ethics","Quick Guide 39: Business integrity and ethics",2785,"The changing landscape of anti-corruption regulation and enforcement has triggered important discussions around the role of ethics and compliance in business strategies and in the economy as a whole. It has also given impetus to the narrative that anti-corruption compliance programmes are inevitably costly, potentially ineffective and bureaucratic. \n\nThis ignores many of the positive advances in compliance that have been made in recent years, as well as the growing body of evidence supporting the business case for compliance.\n\nThis Quick Guide covers five broad areas in which mature and well-constructed ethics and compliance systems can benefit businesses even in the face of an uncertain regulatory and enforcement framework. It is based on a roundtable convened by the Basel Institute on Governance and bilateral discussions with key figures in the business and anti-corruption community.\n\n### About this Quick Guide\n\nYou are free to share and republish this work under a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-nc-nd\u002F4.0\u002F\">Creative Commons BY-NC-ND 4.0 Licence\u003C\u002Fa>. It is part of the Basel Institute on Governance Quick Guide series, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.baselgovernance.org\u002Fpublications?type=2428\">ISSN 2673-5229\u003C\u002Fa>.",[435,436],"Collective Action","Private Sector",[35],"2025-03-25","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002F9a75cbfc-a56c-4739-b683-d2122f94d9bc?width=600&height=840",[441],{"url":25,"caption":26},[],[444,448],{"authors_id":445},{"id":446,"name":447},298,"Vanessa Hans",{"authors_id":449},{"id":450,"name":451},296,"Monica Guy",[],[454,458,462,466],{"tags_id":455},{"id":456,"name":457},830,"Business integrity",{"tags_id":459},{"id":460,"name":461},1274,"Ethics",{"tags_id":463},{"id":464,"name":465},1380,"Sustainability",{"tags_id":467},{"id":88,"name":89},[469],2436,[435,436,471],"Business Integrity Ethics and Compliance","2025-03-25T17:05:22.000Z","2026-06-02T14:08:52.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fquick-guide-39-business-integrity-and-ethics",{"id":476,"slug":477,"title":478,"status":6,"nid":479,"year":337,"body":480,"external":19,"topic":481,"language":15,"type":484,"date_published":485,"image":486,"citation":14,"publisher":17,"link_internal":487,"link_external":489,"authors":490,"countries":499,"tags":500,"pdf":511,"topics":513,"featured":423,"languages":515,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":52,"date_created":516,"user_updated":53,"date_updated":517,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":518},2393,"qg38","Quick Guide 38: Border corruption",2766,"Border corruption – defined simply as an illegal exchange between border officials and private actors – is a complex phenomenon with serious impacts on safety, health and security. And stopping it isn’t as easy as just stepping up enforcement.\n\nThis Quick Guide covers the what, who and why of border corruption. It is based on deep research for the EU-funded \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fnews\u002Ffalcon-takes-basel-institute-contribute-anti-corruption-expertise-eu-research-project\">FALCON project\u003C\u002Fa>. More such research is needed to help design effective strategies to prevent corruption from undermining border security.\n\n### About this Quick Guide\n\nYou are free to share and republish this work under a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-nc-nd\u002F4.0\u002F\">Creative Commons BY-NC-ND 4.0 Licence\u003C\u002Fa>. It is part of the Basel Institute on Governance Quick Guide series, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.baselgovernance.org\u002Fpublications?type=2428\">ISSN 2673-5229\u003C\u002Fa>.",[482,483],"Prevention","Research and Innovation",[35],"2025-02-27","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002F527d8fca-b273-4fce-aa2f-d58c09b6f41b?width=600&height=840",[488],{"url":25,"caption":26},[],[491,495],{"authors_id":492},{"id":493,"name":494},550,"Dr Jacopo Costa",{"authors_id":496},{"id":497,"name":498},559,"Dr Saba Kassa",[],[501,503,505,509],{"tags_id":502},{"id":88,"name":89},{"tags_id":504},{"id":412,"name":413},{"tags_id":506},{"id":507,"name":508},973,"Corruption",{"tags_id":510},{"id":179,"name":180},[512],2434,[514],"Prevention Research and Innovation",[15],"2025-02-27T11:05:31.000Z","2026-06-02T14:08:51.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fqg38",{"id":520,"slug":521,"title":522,"status":6,"nid":523,"year":237,"body":524,"external":19,"topic":7,"language":7,"type":525,"date_published":526,"image":527,"citation":7,"publisher":7,"link_internal":528,"link_external":529,"authors":533,"countries":550,"tags":555,"pdf":562,"topics":564,"featured":19,"languages":565,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":53,"date_created":566,"user_updated":53,"date_updated":567,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":568},2437,"evolution-corruption-and-crimes-kapitan-andreevo-border-checkpoint-impact-eu-accession","The Evolution of Corruption and Crimes at Kapitan Andreevo Border Checkpoint: The Impact of EU Accession",2960,"Published in the _Journal of Illicit Trade, Financial Crime, and Compliance_, this article examines how Bulgaria’s 2007 accession to the European Union transformed illegal activities and corruption at the Kapitan Andreevo border checkpoint.\n\nWhile the introduction of stricter EU regulations and advanced surveillance technology aimed to secure the border, these measures had the effect of transforming criminal strategies and corruption. The authors detail a shift from blatant smuggling to more sophisticated financial frauds, VAT carousel schemes and the illicit privatisation of public border functions.\n\nThe article highlights that in some cases, it was the bribery schemes that evolved to bypass new standards. In other cases – particularly involving drug trafficking and the smuggling of human beings – it was the criminal strategies that transformed, including advanced concealment methods or new smuggling routes.\n\nThe study also offers a nuanced perspective on the relationship between corruption and criminal activites at border checkpoints: stronger capacity to counter criminal activities could lead to an increase in the risk of corruption, while a more coherent anti corruption framework could trigger criminal activities to evolve. Ultimately, the article argues that anti-crime and anti-corruption policies must account for this evolutionary nature.",[341],"2026-05-01","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002F2a662dae-21a7-4e84-971d-1c8a70f4754b?width=600&height=840",[],[530],{"url":531,"caption":532},"https:\u002F\u002Fjitfccjournal.com\u002Findex.php\u002Fjitfcc\u002Farticle\u002Fview\u002F16","View on Journal website",[534,538,542,546],{"authors_id":535},{"id":536,"name":537},304,"Jacopo Costa",{"authors_id":539},{"id":540,"name":541},295,"Claudia Baez Camargo",{"authors_id":543},{"id":544,"name":545},584,"Noémi Jäger",{"authors_id":547},{"id":548,"name":549},303,"Saba Kassa",[551],{"countries_id":552},{"id":553,"name":554},22,"Bulgaria",[556,558],{"tags_id":557},{"id":88,"name":89},{"tags_id":559},{"id":560,"name":561},982,"Anti-corruption",[563],2492,[514],[15],"2026-06-01T22:10:25.000Z","2026-06-01T22:34:25.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fevolution-corruption-and-crimes-kapitan-andreevo-border-checkpoint-impact-eu-accession",{"id":570,"slug":571,"title":572,"status":6,"nid":573,"year":237,"body":574,"external":19,"topic":7,"language":7,"type":575,"date_published":577,"image":578,"citation":579,"publisher":17,"link_internal":580,"link_external":583,"authors":584,"countries":591,"tags":592,"pdf":599,"topics":601,"featured":19,"languages":602,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":53,"date_created":566,"user_updated":53,"date_updated":603,"main_points":7,"short_version":604,"subtitle":7,"link":605},2438,"how-technology-can-support-border-corruption-investigations","Tackling the complexity of border corruption: How technological tools such as the project FALCON dashboard can support investigations",2953,"Corruption at land and sea borders facilitates smuggling, sanctions evasion, tax offences and the entry of counterfeit, substandard or unsafe goods into countries including EU member states. This report conceptualises border corruption as a complex system of actors, events and illicit exchanges that is difficult to detect and investigate.\n\nDrawing on research from the Horizon Europe FALCON (Fight Against Large-scale Corruption and Organised Crime Networks) project, it explores how innovative technological tools – illustrated by the “FALCON dashboard” – can help investigators manage, visualise, interpret and report large volumes of heterogeneous data in support of more effective investigations.\n\n### About this report\n\nYou may share or republish this report under a Creative Commons [CC BY-NC-ND 4.0](https:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-nc-nd\u002F4.0\u002Fdeed.en) licence.\n\nThis report was written as part of the FALCON project. FALCON is funded under the European Union’s Horizon Europe Framework Program Grant Agreement ID 101121281. The Basel Institute on Governance, as an associated partner without the right to receive funds directly from the European Research Executive Agency, has received funding from the Swiss State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation (SERI).\n\nThe contents of this document are the sole responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the European Union, the European Research Executive Agency or SERI.",[576],"Report","2026-04-20","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002F83e615dd-a58e-4dec-a3d3-40b0cfe4cd32?width=600&height=840","Costa, Jacopo, and Marco San Biagio. 2026. “Tackling the complexity of border corruption: How technological tools such as the project FALCON dashboard can support investigations”. Basel Institute on Governance. Available at: https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fpublications\u002Fhow-technology-can-support-border-corruption-investigations",[581],{"url":518,"caption":582},"Read Quick Guide to border corruption",[],[585,587],{"authors_id":586},{"id":536,"name":537},{"authors_id":588},{"id":589,"name":590},585,"Marco San Biagio",[],[593,595],{"tags_id":594},{"id":88,"name":89},{"tags_id":596},{"id":597,"name":598},1377,"Technology",[600],2493,[514],[15],"2026-06-02T14:08:57.000Z","Corruption at land and sea borders facilitates smuggling, sanctions evasion, tax offences and\nthe entry of counterfeit, substandard or unsafe goods into countries including EU member\nstates. It is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon that poses significant challenges to law\nenforcement. Based on a literature review and empirical research including interviews and\ncase studies, this report conceptualises border corruption as a dynamic system of actors,\nevents and illicit exchanges. It also assesses how new technologies and innovations can\nstrengthen investigations.\n\nBorder areas are spaces that bring together a variety of public and private actors, regulatory\nfunctions and illicit activities. Corruption is structurally embedded, making it difficult to detect\nand investigate. Investigations in this context require the integration and interpretation of large\nvolumes of heterogeneous data spanning administrative records, financial transactions,\ncorporate structures, border crossing data and information from social media.\n\nThis level of complexity can result in information overload, fragmented analysis and limited\ncapacity to extract actionable insights for planning law enforcement operations. Additionally,\nissues with reporting and information sharing can hinder collaboration between field operatives\nand their line managers and superiors, who have critical responsibilities in terms of case\nmanagement and financial planning.\n\nBuilding on research conducted within the Horizon Europe FALCON (Fight Against Largescale Corruption and Organised Crime Networks) project, the report presents one of the\nproject’s technological outputs as an example of how technology can be leveraged: the\nFALCON dashboard. Currently in the piloting phase, this innovative tool has been designed to\nsupport investigations into border corruption and related offences by enabling the systematic\ncollection, integration, visualisation and analysis of investigative information and evidence.\nThis report demonstrates how the FALCON dashboard can assist investigators in managing\nhybrid data sources (manual and automated), constructing and navigating evidence graphs,\nand identifying key actors and relational patterns. The tool also lets investigators track the\nevolution of their investigations over time. Particular attention is paid to the dashboard’s\ncapacity to reduce visual saturation, enable multi-level analysis and facilitate targeted queries,\nthereby enhancing sense-making and investigative prioritisation.\n\nAlthough the FALCON dashboard itself is not yet publicly available, its presentation in this\nreport provides inspiration for similar technological innovation. The report argues that tools\nsuch as the FALCON dashboard can bolster investigative capabilities by enhancing analytical\nclarity, operational efficiency and communication between investigators, supervisors,\nprosecutors and other relevant stakeholders. However, it also prompts the need for further  reflection on broader challenges relating to data quality, interoperability, institutional\ncoordination and data protection.\n\nOverall, the study provides a conceptual and practical framework for understanding how\ntechnological platforms can support evidence-based, adaptive responses to border corruption.","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fhow-technology-can-support-border-corruption-investigations",1780676576519]