[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":509},["ShallowReactive",2],{"publication-quick-guide-10-social-norms-and-corruption":3,"related-quick-guide-10-social-norms-and-corruption":112},[4],{"id":5,"status":6,"sort":7,"date_created":8,"date_updated":9,"nid":10,"slug":11,"title":12,"body":13,"citation":14,"language":15,"year":16,"publisher":17,"date_published":18,"external":19,"topic":20,"link_internal":22,"link_external":29,"featured":19,"topics":30,"languages":32,"type":33,"area":7,"programme":7,"websites":7,"summary":7,"pdf_text":7,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"image":35,"countries":46,"tags":47,"pdf":70,"authors":93},1884,"published",null,"2022-04-27T11:54:36.000Z","2026-06-02T14:10:28.000Z",1085,"quick-guide-10-social-norms-and-corruption","Quick Guide 10: Social norms and corruption","This quick guide by Claudia Baez Camargo, Head of Governance Research, draws on Ms Baez Camargo's decades of research on social norms and their implications for anti-corruption practice. She explores:\n\n\n- What is a social norm?\n- How do social norms drive and perpetuate corrupt behaviour?\n- The case of health facilities in East Africa\n- How to identify social norms that drive corrupt behaviour\n- What are the implications for anti-corruption practice?\n\n\nAnd finally:\n\n\n- The million-dollar question: how to design anti-corruption interventions to identify social norms that fuel and perpetuate corruption, measure them and tackle them.\n\n\nThe guide draws on a more comprehensive blog published on the website of the Global Integrity Anti-Corruption Evidence (GI-ACE) research programme.\n\n### About this Quick Guide\n\nThis work is licensed under a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-nc-nd\u002F4.0\u002F\">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License\u003C\u002Fa>. It is part of the Basel Institute on Governance Quick Guide series, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.baselgovernance.org\u002Fpublications?type=2428\">ISSN 2673-5229\u003C\u002Fa>.","","English",2019,"Basel Institute on Governance","2019-09-04",false,[21],"Public Governance",[23,26],{"url":24,"caption":25},"\u002Fresources\u002Fnews\u002Fclaudia-baez-camargos-quick-guide-to-social-norms-and-corruption-996","View online",{"url":27,"caption":28},"\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications?type=Quick%20Guide"," View all Quick Guides",[],[31],"Corruption Prevention and Public Governance",[15],[34],"Quick Guide",{"id":36,"storage":37,"filename_disk":38,"filename_download":39,"title":40,"type":41,"created_on":8,"modified_on":8,"charset":7,"filesize":42,"width":43,"height":44,"duration":7,"embed":7,"description":7,"location":7,"tags":7,"metadata":45,"focal_point_x":7,"focal_point_y":7,"tus_id":7,"tus_data":7,"uploaded_on":8},"71912fb7-c69a-46e6-9136-1421a29b1326","local","71912fb7-c69a-46e6-9136-1421a29b1326.jpg","QG-cover-Page-10.jpg","QG cover_Page_10.jpg","image\u002Fjpeg",425505,2481,3508,{},[],[48],{"id":49,"publications_id":50,"tags_id":67},4949,{"id":5,"status":6,"sort":7,"user_created":51,"date_created":8,"user_updated":52,"date_updated":9,"nid":10,"slug":11,"image":36,"title":12,"body":13,"citation":14,"language":15,"year":16,"publisher":17,"date_published":18,"external":19,"topic":53,"link_internal":54,"link_external":57,"featured":19,"topics":58,"languages":59,"type":60,"area":7,"programme":7,"websites":7,"summary":7,"pdf_text":7,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"countries":61,"tags":62,"pdf":63,"authors":65},"03bebfd8-0b40-4a2a-820d-b9d9c13b9de6","3d9ff205-1640-4f34-b5b6-86977f51bbd6",[21],[55,56],{"url":24,"caption":25},{"url":27,"caption":28},[],[31],[15],[34],[],[49],[64],1924,[66],2058,{"id":68,"name":69},848,"Behavioural science",[71],{"id":64,"publications_id":72,"directus_files_id":85},{"id":5,"status":6,"sort":7,"user_created":51,"date_created":8,"user_updated":52,"date_updated":9,"nid":10,"slug":11,"image":36,"title":12,"body":13,"citation":14,"language":15,"year":16,"publisher":17,"date_published":18,"external":19,"topic":73,"link_internal":74,"link_external":77,"featured":19,"topics":78,"languages":79,"type":80,"area":7,"programme":7,"websites":7,"summary":7,"pdf_text":7,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"countries":81,"tags":82,"pdf":83,"authors":84},[21],[75,76],{"url":24,"caption":25},{"url":27,"caption":28},[],[31],[15],[34],[],[49],[64],[66],{"id":86,"storage":37,"filename_disk":87,"filename_download":88,"title":88,"type":89,"folder":90,"uploaded_by":51,"created_on":8,"modified_by":7,"modified_on":8,"charset":7,"filesize":91,"width":7,"height":7,"duration":7,"embed":7,"description":92,"location":7,"tags":7,"metadata":7,"focal_point_x":7,"focal_point_y":7,"tus_id":7,"tus_data":7,"uploaded_on":8},"f324cce3-97d3-4d16-bada-d384f6242273","f324cce3-97d3-4d16-bada-d384f6242273.pdf","qg10-social-norms.pdf","application\u002Fpdf","67f22e04-d26f-4baa-b91f-acc5f89d87f5",606626," Download PDF",[94],{"id":66,"publications_id":95,"authors_id":108},{"id":5,"status":6,"sort":7,"user_created":51,"date_created":8,"user_updated":52,"date_updated":9,"nid":10,"slug":11,"image":36,"title":12,"body":13,"citation":14,"language":15,"year":16,"publisher":17,"date_published":18,"external":19,"topic":96,"link_internal":97,"link_external":100,"featured":19,"topics":101,"languages":102,"type":103,"area":7,"programme":7,"websites":7,"summary":7,"pdf_text":7,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"countries":104,"tags":105,"pdf":106,"authors":107},[21],[98,99],{"url":24,"caption":25},{"url":27,"caption":28},[],[31],[15],[34],[],[49],[64],[66],{"id":109,"name":110,"position":7,"image":111},295,"Claudia Baez Camargo","efaca248-6b57-4e2e-af40-614056eb022c",[113,160,204,240,278,307,343,396,423,465],{"id":114,"slug":115,"title":116,"status":6,"nid":117,"year":118,"body":119,"external":19,"topic":120,"language":15,"type":121,"date_published":122,"image":123,"citation":14,"publisher":17,"link_internal":124,"link_external":126,"authors":130,"countries":145,"tags":146,"pdf":153,"topics":155,"featured":19,"languages":156,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":51,"date_created":157,"user_updated":52,"date_updated":158,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":159},1761,"quick-guide-23-informal-networks-and-anti-corruption","Quick Guide 23: Informal networks and anti-corruption",2183,2022,"Why do many countries still struggle with high levels of corruption, in spite of years of investment in anti-corruption programmes and even where the right laws, rules and institutions are in place?\n\nWe believe one reason is that anti-corruption laws and policies are too often focused narrowly on individuals, rather than *networks* of individuals.\n\nIn our research, we see repeatedly how high levels of corruption are rarely the result of individual behaviour – some isolated rotten apples transgressing the formal legal order and leading others astray. Rather, corruption more frequently springs from the social norms and group dynamics of well-articulated and resilient informal networks.\n\nAnd it’s those networks that have much to lose from integrity and ethics. Their behaviour as a group entrenches corruption, and they block attempts at reforms. This quick guide takes a look at what this means and the implications for anti-corruption programming.\n\n### About this Quick Guide\n\nThis work is licensed under a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-nc-nd\u002F4.0\u002F\">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License\u003C\u002Fa>. It is part of the Basel Institute on Governance Quick Guide series, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.baselgovernance.org\u002Fpublications?type=2428\">ISSN 2673-5229\u003C\u002Fa>.",[21],[34],"2022-02-15","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002F80db1c22-07e0-4e16-9a68-312b1d223e82?width=600&height=840",[125],{"url":27,"caption":28},[127],{"url":128,"caption":129},"https:\u002F\u002Flearn.baselgovernance.org\u002Fcourse\u002Fview.php?id=118"," View on Basel LEARN",[131,135,137,141],{"authors_id":132},{"id":133,"name":134},304,"Jacopo Costa",{"authors_id":136},{"id":109,"name":110},{"authors_id":138},{"id":139,"name":140},303,"Saba Kassa",{"authors_id":142},{"id":143,"name":144},354,"Cosimo Stahl",[],[147,151],{"tags_id":148},{"id":149,"name":150},1309,"Informality",{"tags_id":152},{"id":68,"name":69},[154],1787,[31],[15],"2022-04-27T11:53:18.000Z","2026-06-02T14:09:05.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fquick-guide-23-informal-networks-and-anti-corruption",{"id":161,"slug":162,"title":163,"status":6,"nid":164,"year":165,"body":166,"external":19,"topic":167,"language":15,"type":168,"date_published":170,"image":171,"citation":172,"publisher":17,"link_internal":173,"link_external":177,"authors":178,"countries":183,"tags":188,"pdf":197,"topics":199,"featured":19,"languages":200,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":51,"date_created":201,"user_updated":52,"date_updated":202,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":203},2324,"research-case-5","Research Case Study 5: Harnessing behavioural approaches against corruption",2550,2023,"Social norms and behaviour change (SNBC) approaches are a promising complement to conventional anti-corruption strategies. Adopting a context-sensitive and nuanced approach is an essential ingredient for success.\n\nWe wanted to understand if and how behavioural approaches can promote anti-corruption outcomes, as well as conditions for success.\n\nTo do this we reviewed research from 2016–2022 on the use of behavioural approaches in anti-corruption practice. We also analysed our practical experience designing and piloting an intervention to tackle social norms of reciprocity which fuel bribery in health facilities in Tanzania.",[21],[169],"Research Case Study","2023-12-05","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002Fa4b5e14a-9841-4feb-8411-335c9f972aba?width=600&height=840","Baez Camargo, Claudia, and Saba Kassa. 2023. ‘Harnessing behavioural approaches against corruption.’ Research Case Study 5, Basel Institute on Governance. Available at: baselgov- ernance.org\u002Fpublications\u002Fresearch-case-5.",[174],{"url":175,"caption":176},"\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications?type=Research%20Case%20Study"," View all research case studies",[],[179,181],{"authors_id":180},{"id":109,"name":110},{"authors_id":182},{"id":139,"name":140},[184],{"countries_id":185},{"id":186,"name":187},224,"Tanzania",[189,191,193],{"tags_id":190},{"id":68,"name":69},{"tags_id":192},{"id":149,"name":150},{"tags_id":194},{"id":195,"name":196},982,"Anti-corruption",[198],2360,[31],[15],"2023-12-06T11:04:47.000Z","2026-06-02T14:08:43.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fresearch-case-5",{"id":205,"slug":206,"title":207,"status":6,"nid":208,"year":165,"body":209,"external":19,"topic":210,"language":15,"type":211,"date_published":213,"image":214,"citation":14,"publisher":17,"link_internal":215,"link_external":219,"authors":220,"countries":227,"tags":228,"pdf":233,"topics":235,"featured":19,"languages":236,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":51,"date_created":237,"user_updated":52,"date_updated":238,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":239},2291,"wp-45","Working Paper 45: Strategic anti-corruption communications – Guidance for behaviour change interventions",2462,"This Working Paper is intended to guide practitioners who are seeking to complement conventional anti-corruption measures by adopting a behavioural communications approach.\n\nIt aims to connect a typology of anti-corruption messages with behavioural change theories, and discuss their impact.\n\nSubsequently, it suggests practical implications for designing anti-corruption communication as part of behaviour change interventions. This includes outlining how to develop a robust Theory of Change as a means to enhance the success of such efforts.  \n\nThe guidance is based on a review of seven key topically pertinent studies that have been recently published. \n\n### About this paper\n\nThis publication is prepared as guidance for the USAID Indonesia Integrity Initiative (USAID INTEGRITAS).\n\nThis study is made possible by the support of the American people through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The contents are the sole responsibility of the Basel Institute on Governance and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States Government.\n\n### Open-access licence and citation\n\nThe publication is part of the Basel Institute on Governance Working Paper Series, ISSN: 2624-9650. You may share or republish the Working Paper under a Creative Commons \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-nc-nd\u002F4.0\u002F\">CC BY-NC-ND 4.0\u003C\u002Fa> licence.\n\nSuggested citation: Baez-Camargo, Claudia, and Johanna Schönberg. 2023. ‘Strategic anti-corruption communications: a resource for practitioners.’ Working Paper 45, Basel Institute on Governance. Available at: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fpublications\u002Fwp-45\">https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fpublications\u002Fwp-45\u003C\u002Fa>",[21],[212],"Working Paper","2023-06-13","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002F9472f8db-b06d-4af5-94ef-68380ff513f7?width=600&height=840",[216],{"url":217,"caption":218},"\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications?type=Working%20Paper"," View all Working Papers",[],[221,223],{"authors_id":222},{"id":109,"name":110},{"authors_id":224},{"id":225,"name":226},524,"Johanna Schönberg",[],[229,231],{"tags_id":230},{"id":68,"name":69},{"tags_id":232},{"id":195,"name":196},[234],2328,[31],[15],"2023-06-19T09:56:33.000Z","2026-06-02T14:09:07.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fwp-45",{"id":241,"slug":242,"title":243,"status":6,"nid":244,"year":165,"body":245,"external":19,"topic":246,"language":15,"type":247,"date_published":248,"image":249,"citation":14,"publisher":17,"link_internal":250,"link_external":251,"authors":252,"countries":259,"tags":266,"pdf":271,"topics":273,"featured":19,"languages":274,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":51,"date_created":275,"user_updated":52,"date_updated":276,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":277},2278,"research-case-2","Research case study 2: Leveraging informal networks for anti-corruption in East Africa",2432,"Citizens and business people may invest significant time and money in building informal networks with public officials to overcome public service delivery shortcomings and access business opportunities. Understanding these networks better can strengthen anti-corruption efforts.\n\nThis research case study gives a brief overview of our Public Governance team's research in Uganda and Tanzania. Through interviews, the team explored when, how and why informal networks are built and used to access public services or business opportunities corruptly.\n\nThe research project described was carried out under the Global Integrity Anti-Corruption Evidence Programme (GI-ACE), funded with UK aid from the UK government. All results are freely shareable under a Creative Commons licence.",[21],[169],"2023-05-17","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002F7d1b37bc-c9a9-458b-9b5c-5e140061e6dd?width=600&height=840",[],[],[253,255,257],{"authors_id":254},{"id":109,"name":110},{"authors_id":256},{"id":139,"name":140},{"authors_id":258},{"id":133,"name":134},[260,264],{"countries_id":261},{"id":262,"name":263},226,"Uganda",{"countries_id":265},{"id":186,"name":187},[267,269],{"tags_id":268},{"id":68,"name":69},{"tags_id":270},{"id":149,"name":150},[272],2314,[31],[15],"2023-05-17T10:04:49.000Z","2026-05-31T22:52:11.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fresearch-case-2",{"id":279,"slug":280,"title":281,"status":6,"nid":282,"year":118,"body":283,"external":19,"topic":284,"language":15,"type":285,"date_published":287,"image":288,"citation":14,"publisher":17,"link_internal":289,"link_external":290,"authors":291,"countries":294,"tags":295,"pdf":300,"topics":302,"featured":19,"languages":303,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":51,"date_created":304,"user_updated":52,"date_updated":305,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":306},2234,"behavioural-insights-and-anti-corruption","Behavioural insights and anti-corruption: Executive summary of a practitioner-tailored review of the latest evidence (2016–2022)",2267,"Donors, governments and anti-corruption practitioners seeking alternative tools to address systemic corruption are increasingly turning to behavioural science. Behavioural anti-corruption approaches appear promising because they respond to a growing body of descriptive evidence on how certain social norms and mental models drive corruption, particularly in fragile contexts. Interventions that target social norms and seek to shift people’s behaviours away from corrupt practices could be more effective and long-lasting than ones that, for example, simply add more regulations and controls.\n\nYet few large-scale anti-corruption programmes have so far been informed by behavioural insights – in part due to a lack of evidence on where such an approach would be appropriate, what works and what doesn’t. \n\nThat evidence is slowly becoming available, thanks to an increase in the past five years in what can be called Social Norms and Behaviour Change (SNBC) intervention studies. Many have yielded positive effects and demonstrate the potential of SNBC interventions to tackle systemic corruption, but some studies have encountered counterproductive effects of anti-corruption messaging. \n\nBased on a synthesis of the evidence, this brief paper summarises a set of behavioural explanations (i.e. insights and pitfalls) for why some of these SNBC approaches have failed, while others have been effective. The aim is to provide practitioners designing SNBC interventions with evidence to help them develop effective programmes and avoid common pitfalls.\n\nThe full research paper and analysis tables are available to practitioners upon request. Please email \u003Ca href=\"mailto:info@baselgovernance.org\">info@baselgovernance.org\u003C\u002Fa>.\n\n### Acknowledgements and open-access licence\n\nThe publication is a technical report published by the Basel Institute on Governance. It is free to share under a Creative Commons AttributionNonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-nc-nd\u002F4.0\u002F\">CC BY-NC-ND 4.0\u003C\u002Fa>) licence.\n\nThis is a short version of a substantial in-depth review of the latest evidence (2016-21) on how SNBC approaches can inform anti-corruption practice. The publication was supported by the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH on behalf of the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ). The contents of this publication do not represent the official position of either BMZ or GIZ.",[21],[286],"Report","2022-10-10","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002Fbebee1ea-a781-4771-8ec0-b9e473e302c8?width=600&height=840",[],[],[292],{"authors_id":293},{"id":143,"name":144},[],[296,298],{"tags_id":297},{"id":195,"name":196},{"tags_id":299},{"id":68,"name":69},[301],2276,[31],[15],"2022-10-10T16:04:11.000Z","2026-05-31T22:52:08.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fbehavioural-insights-and-anti-corruption",{"id":308,"slug":309,"title":310,"status":6,"nid":311,"year":118,"body":312,"external":19,"topic":313,"language":15,"type":314,"date_published":315,"image":316,"citation":14,"publisher":17,"link_internal":317,"link_external":324,"authors":325,"countries":330,"tags":333,"pdf":336,"topics":338,"featured":19,"languages":339,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":51,"date_created":340,"user_updated":52,"date_updated":341,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":342},2228,"adopting-peer-led-approach-disseminate-anti-corruption-messages-results-network-survey","Adopting a peer-led approach to disseminate anti-corruption messages: Results of the network survey",2266,"This report relates to the research project \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Face.globalintegrity.org\u002Fprojects\u002Ftanzhealth\u002F\">Addressing bribery in the Tanzanian health sector: A behavioural approach\u003C\u002Fa>. As part of the project, a pilot behavioural intervention was implemented at a Tanzanian hospital that aimed to shift hospital users’ and health providers’ attitudes and perceived social norms around gift-giving. It also aimed to reduce actual exchanges of gifts.\n\nThe report complements the final technical report from the project, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fpublications\u002FTZ-giftgiving\">Using behavioural insights to reduce gift giving in a Tanzanian public hospital\u003C\u002Fa>, by providing details about the use of social network analysis (SNA) to assess how the information about the intervention was disseminated through the hospital. \n\nIt provides a breakdown of results, the questionnaire used in the surveys, and methodological notes for future studies.\n\nThe research project as a whole was funded by the Global Integrity Anti-Corruption Evidence Programme (GI-ACE), funded with UK aid from the UK government. The project implementation was a collaboration between the Basel Institute on Governance, the UK Behavioural Insights Team, the University of Dar es Salam and the University of Utrecht.\n\nThe technical report is free to share under a Creative Commons AttributionNonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) licence.",[21],[286],"2022-09-08","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002F1362ac97-afa2-498c-8376-88b4f37a6818?width=600&height=840",[318,321],{"url":319,"caption":320},"\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002FTZ-giftgiving"," See related technical report: Using behavioural insights to reduce gift giving in a Tanzanian public hospital: Findings from a mixed-methods evaluation",{"url":322,"caption":323},"\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fwp-40"," See related Working Paper: Developing anti-corruption interventions addressing social norms: Lessons from a field pilot in Tanzania",[],[326],{"authors_id":327},{"id":328,"name":329},509,"Tobias Stark",[331],{"countries_id":332},{"id":186,"name":187},[334],{"tags_id":335},{"id":68,"name":69},[337],2268,[31],[15],"2022-09-08T10:04:07.000Z","2026-06-02T14:09:01.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fadopting-peer-led-approach-disseminate-anti-corruption-messages-results-network-survey",{"id":344,"slug":345,"title":346,"status":6,"nid":347,"year":118,"body":348,"external":19,"topic":349,"language":15,"type":350,"date_published":352,"image":353,"citation":14,"publisher":354,"link_internal":355,"link_external":365,"authors":369,"countries":378,"tags":383,"pdf":390,"topics":391,"featured":19,"languages":392,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":51,"date_created":393,"user_updated":52,"date_updated":394,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":395},2221,"informal-networks-investment-qualitative-analysis-uganda-and-tanzania","Informal networks as investment: A qualitative analysis from Uganda and Tanzania",2277,"Published in the peer-reviewed journal *Governance*, this paper interprets informal networks as investments made by citizens and business people to cope with the public sphere. Informal networks often orchestrate corruption, connecting public and private actors. The paper aims to understand their key characteristics, scopes, and functional roles.\n\nTen mini case studies from Tanzania and Uganda are studied. The research applies narrative analysis to explore the experiences of citizens, entrepreneurs, and low-level public officials, who built informal networks as a problem-solving mechanism. It uses a grounded theory approach. The findings serve as working hypotheses about variables and patterns emerging from the bottom-up analysis.\n\nThe paper outlines:\n\n\n- Whether there are distinct types of informal networks associated with particular types of corruption;\n- How, why and by whom these networks are built;\n- Whether different individuals play specific roles;\n- The unwritten expectations and norms that govern such networks.\n\n\nThe results highlight critical implications for anti-corruption practice, showing, for example, how this can be strengthened by shifting the intervention unit from individuals to networks.\n\n### About this article\n\nThis peer-reviewed article is based on extensive field research and analysis conducted by the Basel Institute's Public Governance team in Tanzania and Uganda. The research was funded by UK Aid under the Global Integrity Anti-Corruption Evidence (GI-ACE) programme. See the links below for the open-access research outputs, including a full research report and two sets of case studies.",[21],[351],"Article","2022-08-25","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002F1771fed4-0a6d-4050-88ce-494e877fab4e?width=600&height=840","Governance (Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of the IPSA Structure and Organization of Government Committee)",[356,359,362],{"url":357,"caption":358},"\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Finformal-networks-investment-east-africa"," View open access research report: Informal networks as investment in East Africa",{"url":360,"caption":361},"\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fcase-studies-tanzania-gi-ace-research-informal-networks-and-corruption"," View case studies from Tanzania",{"url":363,"caption":364},"\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fcase-studies-uganda-gi-ace-research-informal-networks-and-corruption"," View case studies from Uganda",[366],{"url":367,"caption":368},"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1111\u002Fgove.12726","View peer-reviewed article on Wiley Online Library",[370,372,374],{"authors_id":371},{"id":109,"name":110},{"authors_id":373},{"id":133,"name":134},{"authors_id":375},{"id":376,"name":377},359,"Lucy Koechlin",[379,381],{"countries_id":380},{"id":186,"name":187},{"countries_id":382},{"id":262,"name":263},[384,386,388],{"tags_id":385},{"id":195,"name":196},{"tags_id":387},{"id":68,"name":69},{"tags_id":389},{"id":149,"name":150},[],[31],[15],"2022-09-06T14:10:21.000Z","2026-06-02T14:08:59.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Finformal-networks-investment-qualitative-analysis-uganda-and-tanzania",{"id":397,"slug":398,"title":399,"status":6,"nid":400,"year":118,"body":401,"external":19,"topic":402,"language":15,"type":403,"date_published":404,"image":405,"citation":14,"publisher":17,"link_internal":406,"link_external":407,"authors":408,"countries":411,"tags":414,"pdf":417,"topics":419,"featured":19,"languages":420,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":51,"date_created":421,"user_updated":52,"date_updated":422,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":322},2217,"wp-40","Working Paper 40: Developing anti-corruption interventions addressing social norms: Lessons from a field pilot in Tanzania",2249,"This Working Paper provides guidance on developing anti-corruption interventions based on a Social Norms and Behaviour Change (SNBC) approach. Still a relatively nascent field, SNBC interventions typically address social norms that make corruption acceptable or expected, and attempt to influence behaviours away from corrupt practices. \n\nThe guidance is based on lessons learned from a largely successful pilot project in Tanzania that targeted social norms fuelling bribery (\"gift giving\") in health facilities and attempted to change the behaviours of both health care providers and users away from exchanging gifts. Survey results showed a 14–44% decrease in gift-giving intentions, attitudes and positive beliefs among hospital users following the pilot intervention.\n\nThe guidance covers:\n\n\n- How to identify when a SNBC approach is suitable\n- Essential background research needed to design anti-corruption SNBC interventions\n- Frameworks to formulate theories of change\n- Specific elements to build into SNBC interventions\n- What practitioners should expect when embarking on an SNBC intervention\n- Ways they can help build evidence and understanding of SNBC approaches in the anti-corruption field.\n\n\n### About and acknowledgements\n\nThis publication was supported by the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH on behalf of the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ). The contents of this publication do not represent the official position of either BMZ or GIZ.\n\nThe pilot intervention that serves as the basis for most of the reflections included in this document was funded by the Global Integrity Anti-Corruption Evidence Programme (GI-ACE), funded with UK aid from the UK government.\n\n### Open-access licence and citation\n\nThe publication is part of the Basel Institute on Governance Working Paper Series, ISSN: 2624-9650. It is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0).\n\nSuggested citation: Baez Camargo, Claudia. 2022. “Developing anti-corruption interventions addressing social norms: Lessons from a field pilot in Tanzania.” *Working Paper *40, Basel Institute on Governance. Available at: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fpublications\u002Fwp-40\">https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fpublications\u002Fwp-40\u003C\u002Fa>",[21],[212],"2022-07-27","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002Ff47a13f2-602b-40cd-878e-7c73305990a7?width=600&height=840",[],[],[409],{"authors_id":410},{"id":109,"name":110},[412],{"countries_id":413},{"id":186,"name":187},[415],{"tags_id":416},{"id":68,"name":69},[418],2256,[31],[15],"2022-08-14T19:40:44.000Z","2026-05-31T22:52:05.000Z",{"id":424,"slug":425,"title":426,"status":6,"nid":427,"year":118,"body":428,"external":19,"topic":429,"language":15,"type":431,"date_published":432,"image":433,"citation":14,"publisher":434,"link_internal":435,"link_external":436,"authors":440,"countries":447,"tags":448,"pdf":459,"topics":460,"featured":19,"languages":461,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":51,"date_created":462,"user_updated":52,"date_updated":463,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":464},2195,"wp-39","Working Paper 39: Behavioural drivers of corruption facilitating illegal wildlife trade – Problem analysis and state of the field review",2210,"This Problem Analysis is a review of the efficacy and opportunities for using social norm and behaviour change (SNBC) approaches to combat illegal wildlife trade (IWT) and other natural resource-related corruption.\n\nBehavioural science is a rich and expansive field that has received prominent coverage in recent years for the promise it offers as a foundational yet underutilised approach to achieving biodiversity conservation. Extensive literature shows how SNBC initiatives can help combat diverse corruption problems, although for those related to natural resource management the evidence for doing so is sparse.\n\nThis report synthesises the available information and suggests the next steps to redress this current lack of evidence. It seeks to:\n\n\n- Understand what SNBC approaches might or might not work in fighting corruption.\n- Identify entry points for designing SNBC interventions that can effectively reduce corruption related to IWT.\n\n\n### About and acknowledgements\n\nThis Analysis has been produced in association with the Targeting Natural Resource Corruption (TNRC) project. The TNRC project is working to improve biodiversity outcomes by helping practitioners to address the threats posed by corruption to wildlife, fisheries and forests. TNRC harnesses existing knowledge, generates new evidence, and supports innovative policy and practice for more effective anti-corruption programming. Learn more at \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftnrcproject.org\">tnrcproject.org\u003C\u002Fa>.\n\nThis publication is made possible by the generous support of the American people through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The contents are the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID, the United States Government, or individual TNRC consortium members.\n\nThe publication is part of the Basel Institute on Governance Working Paper Series, ISSN: 2624-9650. It is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0).\n\nSuggested citation: Baez Camargo, Claudia, and Gayle Burgess. 2022. “Behavioural drivers of corruption facilitating illegal wildlife trade: Problem analysis and state of the field review.” Working Paper 39, Basel Institute on Governance. Available at: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fpublications\u002Fwp-39\">https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fpublications\u002Fwp-39\u003C\u002Fa>",[430,21],"Green Corruption",[351,286],"2022-06-01","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002F9f6e8d24-9468-43cb-949d-bdbd25d35adb?width=600&height=840","Basel Institute on Governance; TRAFFIC",[],[437],{"url":438,"caption":439},"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.zoom.us\u002Fwebinar\u002Fregister\u002FWN_VUh1-aisS-Su1Cuwc8vWlA"," Register for virtual event - 27 June 2022",[441,443],{"authors_id":442},{"id":109,"name":110},{"authors_id":444},{"id":445,"name":446},501,"Gayle Burgess",[],[449,453,457],{"tags_id":450},{"id":451,"name":452},804,"Natural resources",{"tags_id":454},{"id":455,"name":456},1303,"Environment",{"tags_id":458},{"id":68,"name":69},[279],[430,31],[15],"2022-06-09T13:42:35.000Z","2026-05-31T22:52:04.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fwp-39",{"id":466,"slug":467,"title":468,"status":6,"nid":469,"year":118,"body":470,"external":19,"topic":471,"language":15,"type":472,"date_published":473,"image":474,"citation":14,"publisher":475,"link_internal":476,"link_external":483,"authors":487,"countries":498,"tags":499,"pdf":504,"topics":505,"featured":19,"languages":506,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":51,"date_created":507,"user_updated":52,"date_updated":158,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":508},1766,"determinants-and-drivers-wildlife-trafficking-qualitative-analysis-uganda","Determinants and drivers of wildlife trafficking: A qualitative analysis in Uganda",2163,"The article analyses drivers and determinants of illicit wildlife trade (IWT), targeting those factors that support the participation of individuals in poaching and transportation of wildlife goods.\n\nThese factors are often explained in economic and institutional terms. Recently, scholars have started to recognise the importance of socio-cultural and behavioural drivers in influencing the individual propensity to engage in wildlife trafficking. The goal is clarifying how behavioural drivers may spur individuals to engage in these phenomena. The research provides further understanding on why wildlife trafficking happens by focusing on the role of the socio-economic context, the broader governance environment, and behavioural drivers associated with sociality and stereotypes in spurring participation in IWT.\n\nThe research is based on fieldwork in Uganda, specifically on 47 interviews with Ugandan-based and international anti-IWT experts and eight focus group discussions with wildlife conservation and anti-corruption experts in Kampala, members of reformed poachers’ networks in Western Uganda, and individuals living around a wildlife habitat in northern Uganda.\n\nThe findings highlight that illicit wildlife trade is spurred by the wish for financial resources (economic factors) and weak governance (quality of governance), and it is justified by mental models, that is, the behavioural drivers such as socio-contextual and normative mechanisms. The research shows the importance of reflecting on the role that behavioural drivers, including sociality and shared understandings of IWT, play in influencing the propensity of individuals to engage in poaching and the early stages of wildlife trafficking.\n\n### Acknowledgement and citation\n\nThis publication arose out of a collaboration between the Basel Institute's \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fpublic-governance\">Public Governance\u003C\u002Fa> and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fgreen-corruption\">Green Corruption\u003C\u002Fa> teams. The research presented in this publication forms part of a two-year project aimed at stopping corruption from fuelling illegal wildlife trade between East Africa and Southeast Asia.\n\nThis research was funded by PMI IMPACT, a grant award initiative of Philip Morris International (PMI). In the performance of their research, the authors maintained full independence from PMI. The views and opinions expressed in this document are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of PMI. Neither PMI, nor any of its affiliates, nor any person acting on their behalf may be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained herein.\n\nCitation: Saba Kassa, Claudia Baez-Camargo, Jacopo Costa & Robert Lugolobi (2022) Determinants and Drivers of Wildlife Trafficking: A Qualitative Analysis in Uganda, *Journal of International Wildlife Law & Policy*, DOI: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1080\u002F13880292.2021.2019381\">10.1080\u002F13880292.2021.2019381\u003C\u002Fa>",[430,21],[351],"2022-01-13","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002F0f25db65-39c2-4fad-babd-d553fd271acc?width=600&height=840","Journal of International Wildlife Law & Policy",[477,480],{"url":478,"caption":479},"\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fworking-paper-33-worms-eye-view-wildlife-trafficking-uganda-path-least-resistance"," Related publication: Working Paper 33: A worm’s-eye view of wildlife trafficking in Uganda – the path of least resistance",{"url":481,"caption":482},"\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fpolicy-brief-5-curbing-wildlife-trafficking-uganda-lessons-practitioners"," Related publication: Policy Brief 5: Curbing wildlife trafficking in Uganda: lessons for practitioners",[484],{"url":485,"caption":486},"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1080\u002F13880292.2021.2019381","Access article via Taylor & Francis Online",[488,490,492,494],{"authors_id":489},{"id":139,"name":140},{"authors_id":491},{"id":109,"name":110},{"authors_id":493},{"id":133,"name":134},{"authors_id":495},{"id":496,"name":497},358,"Robert Lugolobi",[],[500,502],{"tags_id":501},{"id":455,"name":456},{"tags_id":503},{"id":68,"name":69},[],[430,31],[15],"2022-04-27T11:53:21.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fdeterminants-and-drivers-wildlife-trafficking-qualitative-analysis-uganda",1780676556468]