[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":536},["ShallowReactive",2],{"publication-national-integrity-system-bericht-schweiz":3,"related-national-integrity-system-bericht-schweiz":78},[4],{"id":5,"status":6,"sort":7,"date_created":8,"date_updated":9,"nid":10,"slug":11,"title":12,"body":13,"citation":14,"language":15,"year":16,"publisher":17,"date_published":18,"external":19,"topic":20,"link_internal":23,"link_external":24,"featured":19,"topics":25,"languages":28,"type":29,"area":7,"programme":7,"websites":7,"summary":7,"pdf_text":7,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"image":7,"countries":31,"tags":54,"pdf":55,"authors":77},2121,"published",null,"2022-04-27T11:57:14.000Z","2026-05-29T22:22:52.000Z",207,"national-integrity-system-bericht-schweiz","National Integrity System Bericht Schweiz","On February 7th 2012, Transparency International published the National Integrity Systems Assessment for Switzerland. The Basel Institute on Governance contributed to this study through research and the compilation of three of the twelve pillar-chapters.\n\nThe National Integrity System (NIS) assessment approach provides a framework for analyzing both the extent and causes of corruption in a given country as well as the effectiveness of national anti-corruption efforts. The project involved both desk research as well as interviews with experts from the different pillars both of which fed into the final analysis of this study.","","German",2012,"Transparency International","2012-02-07",false,[21,22],"Compliance","Public Governance",[],[],[26,27],"Business Integrity Ethics and Compliance","Corruption Prevention and Public Governance",[15],[30],"Article",[32],{"id":33,"publications_id":34,"countries_id":48},945,{"id":5,"status":6,"sort":7,"user_created":35,"date_created":8,"user_updated":36,"date_updated":9,"nid":10,"slug":11,"image":7,"title":12,"body":13,"citation":14,"language":15,"year":16,"publisher":17,"date_published":18,"external":19,"topic":37,"link_internal":38,"link_external":39,"featured":19,"topics":40,"languages":41,"type":42,"area":7,"programme":7,"websites":7,"summary":7,"pdf_text":7,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"countries":43,"tags":44,"pdf":45,"authors":47},"03bebfd8-0b40-4a2a-820d-b9d9c13b9de6","3d9ff205-1640-4f34-b5b6-86977f51bbd6",[21,22],[],[],[26,27],[15],[30],[33],[],[46],2164,[],{"id":49,"name":50,"code":51,"latitude":52,"longitude":53},41,"Switzerland","CH",46.81819,8.22751,[],[56],{"id":46,"publications_id":57,"directus_files_id":68},{"id":5,"status":6,"sort":7,"user_created":35,"date_created":8,"user_updated":36,"date_updated":9,"nid":10,"slug":11,"image":7,"title":12,"body":13,"citation":14,"language":15,"year":16,"publisher":17,"date_published":18,"external":19,"topic":58,"link_internal":59,"link_external":60,"featured":19,"topics":61,"languages":62,"type":63,"area":7,"programme":7,"websites":7,"summary":7,"pdf_text":7,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"countries":64,"tags":65,"pdf":66,"authors":67},[21,22],[],[],[26,27],[15],[30],[33],[],[46],[],{"id":69,"storage":70,"filename_disk":71,"filename_download":72,"title":72,"type":73,"folder":74,"uploaded_by":35,"created_on":8,"modified_by":7,"modified_on":8,"charset":7,"filesize":75,"width":7,"height":7,"duration":7,"embed":7,"description":76,"location":7,"tags":7,"metadata":7,"focal_point_x":7,"focal_point_y":7,"tus_id":7,"tus_data":7,"uploaded_on":8},"595671b6-d26b-4d94-b061-678897fdaab2","local","595671b6-d26b-4d94-b061-678897fdaab2.pdf","National-Integrity-System-schweiz.pdf","application\u002Fpdf","67f22e04-d26f-4baa-b91f-acc5f89d87f5",3871716,"View PDF",[],[79,144,200,263,307,352,398,430,458,501],{"id":80,"slug":81,"title":82,"status":6,"nid":83,"year":84,"body":85,"external":19,"topic":86,"language":89,"type":90,"date_published":91,"image":92,"citation":14,"publisher":93,"link_internal":94,"link_external":98,"authors":102,"countries":131,"tags":136,"pdf":137,"topics":138,"featured":19,"languages":140,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":35,"date_created":141,"user_updated":36,"date_updated":142,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":143},2382,"addressing-bribery-and-associated-social-norms-healthcare-results-behaviour-change","Addressing Bribery and Associated Social Norms in Healthcare: Results of a Behaviour Change Intervention in Tanzania",2740,2025,"This open-access, peer-reviewed journal article examines the results of a pilot behavioural intervention in Tanzania. The project tested a behavioural anti-corruption intervention to reduce bribery in a hospital. It targeted deeply ingrained social norms while also leveraging the social networks and influence of key staff members.\n\nThe research was funded by the Global Integrity Anti-Corruption Evidence Programme of the UK Foreign Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO). It was a collaboration between the Basel Institute on Governance, the UK Behavioural Insights Team, the University of Dar es Salam and the University of Utrecht.\n\n### Abstract\n\nPractices of bribery in the delivery of public services become entrenched when they are driven by social norms of reciprocity.\n\nThe resulting economies of favours, which are common across diverse geographical regions, are resilient to conventional anti-corruption measures because they are underpinned by strong social pressures.\n\nThis article describes the results of a behaviour change intervention to address gift-giving as a form of bribery in a Tanzanian hospital. The intervention utilised environmental cues and a peer-led network approach to deliver messages aimed at disincentivising bribery.\n\nAn exit survey of hospital users indicates a reduction of the ‘gift-offering propensity score’, capturing self-declared behaviour, from 23% before implementation of the intervention to 13% afterwards. We find similar changes in the enabling norms score.\n\nSemi-structured interviews with hospital users and health workers further support these findings.\n\nThese results suggest that practices and norms around bribery might be changed through a multi-pronged approach that addresses both the ‘supply’ and ‘demand’ side of bribery.",[87,88],"Prevention","Research and Innovation","English",[30],"2025-01-09","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002Fcfaba3e7-52ad-42b4-b9e1-1542534afed9?width=600&height=840","European Journal of Social Psychology",[95],{"url":96,"caption":97},"\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fresearch-case-1"," View project summary",[99],{"url":100,"caption":101},"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1002\u002Fejsp.3140","View open-access article",[103,107,111,115,119,123,127],{"authors_id":104},{"id":105,"name":106},554,"Dr Claudia Baez Camargo",{"authors_id":108},{"id":109,"name":110},505,"Violette Gadenne",{"authors_id":112},{"id":113,"name":114},506,"Veronica Mkoji",{"authors_id":116},{"id":117,"name":118},507,"Dilhan Perera",{"authors_id":120},{"id":121,"name":122},508,"Ruth Persian",{"authors_id":124},{"id":125,"name":126},370,"Richard Sambaiga",{"authors_id":128},{"id":129,"name":130},509,"Tobias Stark",[132],{"countries_id":133},{"id":134,"name":135},224,"Tanzania",[],[],[27,139],"Prevention Research and Innovation",[89],"2025-01-10T17:05:22.000Z","2026-06-02T14:08:49.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Faddressing-bribery-and-associated-social-norms-healthcare-results-behaviour-change",{"id":145,"slug":146,"title":147,"status":6,"nid":148,"year":149,"body":150,"external":19,"topic":151,"language":89,"type":152,"date_published":153,"image":154,"citation":155,"publisher":14,"link_internal":156,"link_external":163,"authors":167,"countries":176,"tags":185,"pdf":194,"topics":195,"featured":19,"languages":196,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":35,"date_created":197,"user_updated":36,"date_updated":198,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":199},2309,"organisational-forms-corruption-networks-odebrecht-toledo-case","Organisational forms of corruption networks: the Odebrecht-Toledo case",2514,2023,"Actors in grand corruption schemes often conspire and deliberately create sophisticated networks to extract huge amounts of public resources from government systems. They hide such conspiracies behind hybrid formal\u002Finformal arrangements.\n\nUsing a mixed methods approach, this study investigates the corruption scheme initiated by former Peruvian President Alejandro Toledo and the Brazilian construction giant Odebrecht Group. We argue that separating the networks of the client (Odebrecht) and the agent (Toledo) sides provides analytical leverage for studying complex corrupt arrangements.\n\nWe found that the organisational forms designed by corrupt actors on either side were essential to ensuring the secret and safe operation of the network. Introducing the concept of organisational form into corruption research helps better understand the nature of these networks. We also found that different parts of the networks are shaped by different types of corruption. The article concludes with implications for practice.",[22],[30],"2023-10-04","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002F1501db41-7465-47a0-848a-b3d22931d366?width=600&height=840","David Jancsics & Jacopo Costa (29 Sep 2023): Organizational forms of corruption networks: the Odebrecht-Toledo case, International Public Management Journal, DOI: 10.1080\u002F10967494.2023.2260368",[157,160],{"url":158,"caption":159},"\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fworking-paper-36-revealing-networks-behind-corruption-and-money-laundering-schemes"," See related paper: Revealing the networks behind corruption and money laundering schemes: an analysis of the Toledo–Odebrecht case using social network analysis and network ethnography",{"url":161,"caption":162},"\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fresearch-case-3"," See related paper: Exposing the networks behind transnational corruption and money laundering schemes",[164],{"url":165,"caption":166},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.tandfonline.com\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1080\u002F10967494.2023.2260368","View article at Taylor & Francis Online",[168,172],{"authors_id":169},{"id":170,"name":171},526,"David Jancsics",{"authors_id":173},{"id":174,"name":175},304,"Jacopo Costa",[177,181],{"countries_id":178},{"id":179,"name":180},29,"Brazil",{"countries_id":182},{"id":183,"name":184},171,"Peru",[186,190],{"tags_id":187},{"id":188,"name":189},879,"Money laundering",{"tags_id":191},{"id":192,"name":193},967,"Organised crime",[],[27],[89],"2023-10-04T10:04:39.000Z","2026-06-02T14:08:41.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Forganisational-forms-corruption-networks-odebrecht-toledo-case",{"id":201,"slug":202,"title":203,"status":6,"nid":204,"year":205,"body":206,"external":19,"topic":207,"language":89,"type":208,"date_published":209,"image":210,"citation":14,"publisher":211,"link_internal":212,"link_external":222,"authors":226,"countries":237,"tags":244,"pdf":257,"topics":258,"featured":19,"languages":259,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":35,"date_created":260,"user_updated":36,"date_updated":261,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":262},2221,"informal-networks-investment-qualitative-analysis-uganda-and-tanzania","Informal networks as investment: A qualitative analysis from Uganda and Tanzania",2277,2022,"Published in the peer-reviewed journal *Governance*, this paper interprets informal networks as investments made by citizens and business people to cope with the public sphere. Informal networks often orchestrate corruption, connecting public and private actors. The paper aims to understand their key characteristics, scopes, and functional roles.\n\nTen mini case studies from Tanzania and Uganda are studied. The research applies narrative analysis to explore the experiences of citizens, entrepreneurs, and low-level public officials, who built informal networks as a problem-solving mechanism. It uses a grounded theory approach. The findings serve as working hypotheses about variables and patterns emerging from the bottom-up analysis.\n\nThe paper outlines:\n\n\n- Whether there are distinct types of informal networks associated with particular types of corruption;\n- How, why and by whom these networks are built;\n- Whether different individuals play specific roles;\n- The unwritten expectations and norms that govern such networks.\n\n\nThe results highlight critical implications for anti-corruption practice, showing, for example, how this can be strengthened by shifting the intervention unit from individuals to networks.\n\n### About this article\n\nThis peer-reviewed article is based on extensive field research and analysis conducted by the Basel Institute's Public Governance team in Tanzania and Uganda. The research was funded by UK Aid under the Global Integrity Anti-Corruption Evidence (GI-ACE) programme. See the links below for the open-access research outputs, including a full research report and two sets of case studies.",[22],[30],"2022-08-25","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002F1771fed4-0a6d-4050-88ce-494e877fab4e?width=600&height=840","Governance (Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of the IPSA Structure and Organization of Government Committee)",[213,216,219],{"url":214,"caption":215},"\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Finformal-networks-investment-east-africa"," View open access research report: Informal networks as investment in East Africa",{"url":217,"caption":218},"\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fcase-studies-tanzania-gi-ace-research-informal-networks-and-corruption"," View case studies from Tanzania",{"url":220,"caption":221},"\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fcase-studies-uganda-gi-ace-research-informal-networks-and-corruption"," View case studies from Uganda",[223],{"url":224,"caption":225},"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1111\u002Fgove.12726","View peer-reviewed article on Wiley Online Library",[227,231,233],{"authors_id":228},{"id":229,"name":230},295,"Claudia Baez Camargo",{"authors_id":232},{"id":174,"name":175},{"authors_id":234},{"id":235,"name":236},359,"Lucy Koechlin",[238,240],{"countries_id":239},{"id":134,"name":135},{"countries_id":241},{"id":242,"name":243},226,"Uganda",[245,249,253],{"tags_id":246},{"id":247,"name":248},982,"Anti-corruption",{"tags_id":250},{"id":251,"name":252},848,"Behavioural science",{"tags_id":254},{"id":255,"name":256},1309,"Informality",[],[27],[89],"2022-09-06T14:10:21.000Z","2026-06-02T14:08:59.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Finformal-networks-investment-qualitative-analysis-uganda-and-tanzania",{"id":264,"slug":265,"title":266,"status":6,"nid":267,"year":205,"body":268,"external":19,"topic":269,"language":89,"type":271,"date_published":273,"image":274,"citation":14,"publisher":275,"link_internal":276,"link_external":277,"authors":281,"countries":288,"tags":289,"pdf":300,"topics":302,"featured":19,"languages":303,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":35,"date_created":304,"user_updated":36,"date_updated":305,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":306},2195,"wp-39","Working Paper 39: Behavioural drivers of corruption facilitating illegal wildlife trade – Problem analysis and state of the field review",2210,"This Problem Analysis is a review of the efficacy and opportunities for using social norm and behaviour change (SNBC) approaches to combat illegal wildlife trade (IWT) and other natural resource-related corruption.\n\nBehavioural science is a rich and expansive field that has received prominent coverage in recent years for the promise it offers as a foundational yet underutilised approach to achieving biodiversity conservation. Extensive literature shows how SNBC initiatives can help combat diverse corruption problems, although for those related to natural resource management the evidence for doing so is sparse.\n\nThis report synthesises the available information and suggests the next steps to redress this current lack of evidence. It seeks to:\n\n\n- Understand what SNBC approaches might or might not work in fighting corruption.\n- Identify entry points for designing SNBC interventions that can effectively reduce corruption related to IWT.\n\n\n### About and acknowledgements\n\nThis Analysis has been produced in association with the Targeting Natural Resource Corruption (TNRC) project. The TNRC project is working to improve biodiversity outcomes by helping practitioners to address the threats posed by corruption to wildlife, fisheries and forests. TNRC harnesses existing knowledge, generates new evidence, and supports innovative policy and practice for more effective anti-corruption programming. Learn more at \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftnrcproject.org\">tnrcproject.org\u003C\u002Fa>.\n\nThis publication is made possible by the generous support of the American people through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The contents are the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID, the United States Government, or individual TNRC consortium members.\n\nThe publication is part of the Basel Institute on Governance Working Paper Series, ISSN: 2624-9650. It is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0).\n\nSuggested citation: Baez Camargo, Claudia, and Gayle Burgess. 2022. “Behavioural drivers of corruption facilitating illegal wildlife trade: Problem analysis and state of the field review.” Working Paper 39, Basel Institute on Governance. Available at: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fpublications\u002Fwp-39\">https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fpublications\u002Fwp-39\u003C\u002Fa>",[270,22],"Green Corruption",[30,272],"Report","2022-06-01","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002F9f6e8d24-9468-43cb-949d-bdbd25d35adb?width=600&height=840","Basel Institute on Governance; TRAFFIC",[],[278],{"url":279,"caption":280},"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.zoom.us\u002Fwebinar\u002Fregister\u002FWN_VUh1-aisS-Su1Cuwc8vWlA"," Register for virtual event - 27 June 2022",[282,284],{"authors_id":283},{"id":229,"name":230},{"authors_id":285},{"id":286,"name":287},501,"Gayle Burgess",[],[290,294,298],{"tags_id":291},{"id":292,"name":293},804,"Natural resources",{"tags_id":295},{"id":296,"name":297},1303,"Environment",{"tags_id":299},{"id":251,"name":252},[301],2234,[270,27],[89],"2022-06-09T13:42:35.000Z","2026-05-31T22:52:04.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fwp-39",{"id":308,"slug":309,"title":310,"status":6,"nid":311,"year":205,"body":312,"external":19,"topic":313,"language":89,"type":315,"date_published":316,"image":317,"citation":14,"publisher":318,"link_internal":319,"link_external":325,"authors":332,"countries":335,"tags":336,"pdf":345,"topics":346,"featured":19,"languages":348,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":35,"date_created":349,"user_updated":36,"date_updated":350,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":351},1764,"nexus-between-corruption-and-money-laundering-deconstructing-toledo-odebrecht-network","The nexus between corruption and money laundering: deconstructing the Toledo‑Odebrecht network in Peru",2168,"The paper targets the nexus between corruption and money laundering. Scholars and practitioners recently observed how offshore financial centers and financial infrastructures have become central in facilitating corruption and other criminal activities. \n\nOffshore vehicles often serve to conceal the connections between business people and politically exposed persons. Secrecy jurisdictions and service providers have emerged as key actors in these illicit schemes. \n\nThe paper explores the following questions: \n\n\n- How do money laundering activities and offshore financial infrastructures sustain corruption? \n- Who are the key actors involved, how do they interact, and their division of labor? \n- How do actors and clusters govern the social-financial web of relations? \n\n\nIt applies a combination of social network analysis (SNA) and network ethnography to the corrupt connection between the former Peruvian President Alejandro Toledo and the Brazilian construction giant Odebrecht Group. The research analyzes publicly available data from the Lava Jato and Ecoteva investigations in Brazil and Peru. It deconstructs the illicit scheme’s mechanisms step-by-step, uncovers the functions of different actors and clusters, and illuminates the social norms and informal governance practices that regulate the exchange. \n\nThe research highlights how the financial infrastructures of the private and public spheres are integrated and analyzes the informal governance system designed to control the transnational corruption network. The study makes it possible to understand how the nexus between corruption and money laundering works. It also supports the emerging understanding of corruption as a collective, transnational and financially advanced phenomenon.\n\n### Acknowledgement and citation\n\nThe paper is based on research conducted as part of a collaboration  between the Basel Institute’s \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fpublic-governance\">Public Governance\u003C\u002Fa> team and its \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fasset-recovery\">International Centre for Asset Recovery\u003C\u002Fa> (ICAR). \n\nCitation: Costa, Jacopo. 2022. \"The nexus between corruption and money laundering: deconstructing the Toledo-Odebrecht network in Peru.\" *Trends in Organized Crime*. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fs12117-021-09439-6\">https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fs12117-021-09439-6\u003C\u002Fa>",[314,22],"Asset Recovery",[30],"2022-01-22","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002F4b7fd4da-0259-4632-8540-f820c115706d?width=600&height=840","Trends in Organized Crime",[320,322],{"url":158,"caption":321}," See related Basel Institute Working Paper 36: Revealing the networks behind corruption and money laundering schemes: an analysis of the Toledo–Odebrecht case using social network analysis and network ethnography",{"url":323,"caption":324},"\u002Fresources\u002Fnews\u002Fnew-analysis-of-the-toledo-odebrecht-case-illuminates-the-complex-transnational-networks-behind-corruption-and-money-laundering-schemes-2051"," See related blog: New analysis of the Toledo-Odebrecht case illuminates the complex transnational networks behind corruption and money laundering schemes",[326,329],{"url":327,"caption":328},"https:\u002F\u002Frdcu.be\u002FcFtsR","View article (full text, no download)",{"url":330,"caption":331},"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fs12117-021-09439-6"," Log in to Springer Link to download article",[333],{"authors_id":334},{"id":174,"name":175},[],[337,341,343],{"tags_id":338},{"id":339,"name":340},973,"Corruption",{"tags_id":342},{"id":188,"name":189},{"tags_id":344},{"id":192,"name":193},[],[347,27],"Asset Recovery and Enforcement",[89],"2022-04-27T11:53:20.000Z","2026-06-02T14:09:05.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fnexus-between-corruption-and-money-laundering-deconstructing-toledo-odebrecht-network",{"id":353,"slug":354,"title":355,"status":6,"nid":356,"year":205,"body":357,"external":19,"topic":358,"language":89,"type":359,"date_published":360,"image":361,"citation":14,"publisher":362,"link_internal":363,"link_external":370,"authors":374,"countries":387,"tags":388,"pdf":393,"topics":394,"featured":19,"languages":395,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":35,"date_created":396,"user_updated":36,"date_updated":350,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":397},1766,"determinants-and-drivers-wildlife-trafficking-qualitative-analysis-uganda","Determinants and drivers of wildlife trafficking: A qualitative analysis in Uganda",2163,"The article analyses drivers and determinants of illicit wildlife trade (IWT), targeting those factors that support the participation of individuals in poaching and transportation of wildlife goods.\n\nThese factors are often explained in economic and institutional terms. Recently, scholars have started to recognise the importance of socio-cultural and behavioural drivers in influencing the individual propensity to engage in wildlife trafficking. The goal is clarifying how behavioural drivers may spur individuals to engage in these phenomena. The research provides further understanding on why wildlife trafficking happens by focusing on the role of the socio-economic context, the broader governance environment, and behavioural drivers associated with sociality and stereotypes in spurring participation in IWT.\n\nThe research is based on fieldwork in Uganda, specifically on 47 interviews with Ugandan-based and international anti-IWT experts and eight focus group discussions with wildlife conservation and anti-corruption experts in Kampala, members of reformed poachers’ networks in Western Uganda, and individuals living around a wildlife habitat in northern Uganda.\n\nThe findings highlight that illicit wildlife trade is spurred by the wish for financial resources (economic factors) and weak governance (quality of governance), and it is justified by mental models, that is, the behavioural drivers such as socio-contextual and normative mechanisms. The research shows the importance of reflecting on the role that behavioural drivers, including sociality and shared understandings of IWT, play in influencing the propensity of individuals to engage in poaching and the early stages of wildlife trafficking.\n\n### Acknowledgement and citation\n\nThis publication arose out of a collaboration between the Basel Institute's \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fpublic-governance\">Public Governance\u003C\u002Fa> and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fgreen-corruption\">Green Corruption\u003C\u002Fa> teams. The research presented in this publication forms part of a two-year project aimed at stopping corruption from fuelling illegal wildlife trade between East Africa and Southeast Asia.\n\nThis research was funded by PMI IMPACT, a grant award initiative of Philip Morris International (PMI). In the performance of their research, the authors maintained full independence from PMI. The views and opinions expressed in this document are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of PMI. Neither PMI, nor any of its affiliates, nor any person acting on their behalf may be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained herein.\n\nCitation: Saba Kassa, Claudia Baez-Camargo, Jacopo Costa & Robert Lugolobi (2022) Determinants and Drivers of Wildlife Trafficking: A Qualitative Analysis in Uganda, *Journal of International Wildlife Law & Policy*, DOI: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1080\u002F13880292.2021.2019381\">10.1080\u002F13880292.2021.2019381\u003C\u002Fa>",[270,22],[30],"2022-01-13","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002F0f25db65-39c2-4fad-babd-d553fd271acc?width=600&height=840","Journal of International Wildlife Law & Policy",[364,367],{"url":365,"caption":366},"\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fworking-paper-33-worms-eye-view-wildlife-trafficking-uganda-path-least-resistance"," Related publication: Working Paper 33: A worm’s-eye view of wildlife trafficking in Uganda – the path of least resistance",{"url":368,"caption":369},"\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fpolicy-brief-5-curbing-wildlife-trafficking-uganda-lessons-practitioners"," Related publication: Policy Brief 5: Curbing wildlife trafficking in Uganda: lessons for practitioners",[371],{"url":372,"caption":373},"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1080\u002F13880292.2021.2019381","Access article via Taylor & Francis Online",[375,379,381,383],{"authors_id":376},{"id":377,"name":378},303,"Saba Kassa",{"authors_id":380},{"id":229,"name":230},{"authors_id":382},{"id":174,"name":175},{"authors_id":384},{"id":385,"name":386},358,"Robert Lugolobi",[],[389,391],{"tags_id":390},{"id":296,"name":297},{"tags_id":392},{"id":251,"name":252},[],[270,27],[89],"2022-04-27T11:53:21.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fdeterminants-and-drivers-wildlife-trafficking-qualitative-analysis-uganda",{"id":399,"slug":400,"title":401,"status":6,"nid":402,"year":205,"body":403,"external":19,"topic":404,"language":89,"type":405,"date_published":406,"image":407,"citation":14,"publisher":408,"link_internal":409,"link_external":410,"authors":415,"countries":418,"tags":419,"pdf":424,"topics":425,"featured":19,"languages":426,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":35,"date_created":427,"user_updated":36,"date_updated":428,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":429},1769,"structures-functions-and-flows-iwt-deconstructing-criminal-network-between-east-africa","Structures, functions and flows of IWT: deconstructing a criminal network between East Africa and Southeast Asia",2156,"The paper investigates the role of criminal networks in fostering illegal wildlife trade (IWT), and how these relational structures interact with transnational organized crime. The paper frames these topics within the debate around the opportunistic or organized nature of IWT. The aim is to understand how chaotic behaviors can transform into an ordered and organized strategy.\n\nSocial network analysis (SNA) and network ethnography were conducted to explore the crime network surrounding a wildlife trafficker based in East Africa. The empirical results suggest that criminal networks operate as \"machine of order\" that transform opportunistic behaviors at the micro level into ordered strategies at the macro level.\n\nEmpirical results also suggest that organized crime has an important role in making the process of transforming opportunistic into organized behaviours more efficient and more effective.\n\n### Acknowledgement and citation\n\nThis publication arose out of a collaboration between the Basel Institute's \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fpublic-governance\">Public Governance\u003C\u002Fa> and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fgreen-corruption\">Green Corruption\u003C\u002Fa> teams. The research presented in this publication forms part of a two-year project aimed at stopping corruption from fuelling illegal wildlife trade between East Africa and Southeast Asia.\n\nThis research was funded by PMI IMPACT, a grant award initiative of Philip Morris International (PMI). In the performance of their research, the authors maintained full independence from PMI. The views and opinions expressed in this document are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of PMI. Neither PMI, nor any of its affiliates, nor any person acting on their behalf may be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained herein.\n\nCitation: Costa, J. Structures, functions and flows of IWT: deconstructing a criminal network between East Africa and Southeast Asia. *Crime Law Soc Change* (2022). \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fs10611-021-10009-8\">https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fs10611-021-10009-8\u003C\u002Fa>",[270,22],[30],"2022-01-08","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002F5363c185-1d3b-46af-a1ff-d0a28819f2b1?width=600&height=840","Crime, Law and Social Change",[],[411,413],{"url":412,"caption":328},"https:\u002F\u002Frdcu.be\u002FcEzfQ",{"url":414,"caption":331},"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fs10611-021-10009-8",[416],{"authors_id":417},{"id":174,"name":175},[],[420,422],{"tags_id":421},{"id":296,"name":297},{"tags_id":423},{"id":192,"name":193},[],[270,27],[89],"2022-04-27T11:53:23.000Z","2026-05-29T22:23:13.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fstructures-functions-and-flows-iwt-deconstructing-criminal-network-between-east-africa",{"id":431,"slug":432,"title":433,"status":6,"nid":434,"year":435,"body":436,"external":19,"topic":437,"language":89,"type":440,"date_published":441,"image":442,"citation":14,"publisher":443,"link_internal":444,"link_external":445,"authors":449,"countries":450,"tags":451,"pdf":452,"topics":454,"featured":19,"languages":455,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":35,"date_created":456,"user_updated":36,"date_updated":428,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":457},1770,"papering-over-cracks-or-building-stronger-systems-together-financial-crime-context","Papering over cracks or building stronger systems together? Financial crime in the context of covid-19",2151,2021,"This article is the Basel Institute’s contribution to the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fglobalforumljd.com\u002Fwhats-new\u002Fglobal-forum-law-justice-and-development-review-legal-experiences-and-global-practices\">Global Forum on Law, Justice and Development Review of Legal Experiences and Global Practices Relating to COVID-19\u003C\u002Fa>, published in December 2021. The Global Forum is an initiative of The World Bank. The contribution was submitted in July 2020; the version below contains minor updates to hyperlinks.\n\nIt explores how covid-19 has exposed cracks and flaws in the systems designed to protect communities from corruption and has accelerated existing trends in financial crime. The next systemic disruption may come from another pandemic, climate change or perhaps biological or cyber attacks. Whatever the future holds, it is clear that financial crime systems must become more resilient if they are to protect us. \n\nThe article notes that the world has an opportunity to reflect meaningfully on the problems and build stronger, more efficient and effective systems against financial crime. It covers three areas:\n\n\n- Technology, and how technology upgrades in law enforcement and criminal justice proceedings are necessary but not sufficient\n- Streamlining and speeding up procedures in cases of financial crime, such as mutual legal assistance \n- Citizen engagement in the fight against financial crime, including mobilising citizens by using recovered proceeds of corruption and crime to fund essential healthcare services.\n",[314,438,270,439,22],"Collective Action","Public Finance Management",[30],"2021-12-20","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002F8e820908-5ca1-4e36-bee9-aea6fbd4b1e3?width=600&height=840","Basel Institute on Governance",[],[446],{"url":447,"caption":448},"https:\u002F\u002Fglobalforumljd.com\u002Fwhats-new\u002Fglobal-forum-law-justice-and-development-review-legal-experiences-and-global-practices"," View the GFLJD Review of Legal Experiences and Global Practices Relating to COVID-19",[],[],[],[453],1791,[347,438,270,439,27],[89],"2022-04-27T11:53:24.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fpapering-over-cracks-or-building-stronger-systems-together-financial-crime-context",{"id":459,"slug":460,"title":461,"status":6,"nid":462,"year":435,"body":463,"external":19,"topic":464,"language":89,"type":465,"date_published":466,"image":467,"citation":14,"publisher":468,"link_internal":469,"link_external":475,"authors":476,"countries":483,"tags":488,"pdf":495,"topics":497,"featured":19,"languages":498,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":35,"date_created":499,"user_updated":36,"date_updated":500,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":214},1779,"informal-networks-investment-east-africa","Informal networks as investment in East Africa",2126,"This report presents findings from a research project entitled \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Face.globalintegrity.org\u002Fprojects\u002Finformality\u002F\">Harnessing informality: Designing anti-corruption network interventions and strategic use of legal instruments\u003C\u002Fa>” funded by UK Aid as part of the Global Integrity Anti-Corruption Evidence Programme (GI-ACE).\n\nThe project follows from a previous research project where the Basel Institute on Governance, in partnership with University College London and SOAS, researched informality and its relationship with corruption and governance in seven countries in East Africa and Central Asia. The findings from that research project suggested that corruption often takes place according to informal, unwritten rules. The findings from the seven countries supported the following observation:\n\n\n“Corruption is most often not the result from the actions of a few, individual rotten apples operating in otherwise healthy governance systems; rather corruption is orchestrated by informal social networks that connect actors in the public and private realms and enable the pursuit of a variety of intransparent, often illicit, goals.”\n\n\nIn our current research project, we have aimed to understand how informal networks that are associated with different types of corruption are exactly articulated, operationalised and managed, with a view to distilling lessons of value to anti-corruption practitioners.\n\nThe present report sheds light on the functioning of informal networks in East Africa, based on evidence collected in Tanzania and Uganda. The report presents evidence, consisting of ten mini-case studies (six from Tanzania and four from Uganda) that describe informal networks associated with bribery and procurement fraud. The 10 cases are also analysed and implications for anti-corruption practice discussed.",[22],[30,272],"2021-11-02","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002Fe420805b-118f-48cb-8bff-675352716c10?width=600&height=840","Global Integrity Anti-Corruption Evidence Programme (GI-ACE)",[470,471,472],{"url":217,"caption":218},{"url":220,"caption":221},{"url":473,"caption":474},"\u002Fresources\u002Fnews\u002Fbribery-isnt-only-an-exchange-of-money-what-new-research-tells-us-about-how-informal-networks-enable-corruption-and-vice-versa-2129"," View blog\u002Fshort summary by Claudia Baez Camargo",[],[477,479,481],{"authors_id":478},{"id":229,"name":230},{"authors_id":480},{"id":174,"name":175},{"authors_id":482},{"id":235,"name":236},[484,486],{"countries_id":485},{"id":134,"name":135},{"countries_id":487},{"id":242,"name":243},[489,491,493],{"tags_id":490},{"id":247,"name":248},{"tags_id":492},{"id":251,"name":252},{"tags_id":494},{"id":255,"name":256},[496],1804,[27],[89],"2022-04-27T11:53:30.000Z","2026-06-02T14:10:29.000Z",{"id":502,"slug":503,"title":504,"status":6,"nid":505,"year":435,"body":506,"external":19,"topic":507,"language":89,"type":508,"date_published":509,"image":510,"citation":14,"publisher":318,"link_internal":511,"link_external":512,"authors":517,"countries":526,"tags":529,"pdf":530,"topics":531,"featured":19,"languages":532,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":35,"date_created":533,"user_updated":36,"date_updated":534,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":535},1790,"role-informal-networks-promoting-illegal-wildlife-trade-qualitative-analysis-uganda","The role of informal networks in promoting illegal wildlife trade: a qualitative analysis from Uganda",2100,"Illegal wildlife trade (IWT) poses a threat to many countries in Africa, Asia, South and Central America. While the role of informal networks in sustaining wildlife trafficking is ever more on the radar of scholars and practitioners, their *modus operandi* remains largely understudied. The literature tells us that these informal networks play a role in sustaining this illicit cross-border trade.\n\nThis paper deep-dives into this and the roles and strategies used by informal networks of poachers, intermediaries, traffickers, and buyers to transport high volumes of wildlife products into, through and out of Uganda. This East African country is an essential entrepôt for wildlife trafficking in East Africa.\n\nThe analysis is informed by qualitative fieldwork conducted in Uganda between 2019 and 2020. It comprises 47 interviews with Ugandan-based and international anti-IWT experts and 8 focus group discussions (FGDs) with wildlife conservation and anti-corruption experts in Kampala, and members of reformed poachers’ networks in Western Uganda and individuals living around a wildlife habitat in Northern Uganda.\n\nThis research focuses on the types of actors, functions, and strategies significant for facilitating IWT in the country. The empirical findings confirm the role of informal networks in promoting the illegal wildlife trade in Uganda.\n\n\n- First, this paper differentiates between categories of actors depending on their key role in managing illegal wildlife trade in Uganda.\n- Second, it explores the mechanisms of coordination that these actors use to govern network relations for achieving various illicit goals.\n- Third, it analyses the type of informal governance system that enables such mechanisms of network coordination, as based on a mix of centralisation and decentralisation, and organized and opportunistic strategies.\n- Lastly, the empirical findings highlight these informal cross-border networks for being flexible structures that adapt to so-called patterns of ‘least resistance’.\n\n\n### Acknowledgement and citation\n\nThis publication arose out of a collaboration between the Basel Institute's \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fpublic-governance\">Public Governance\u003C\u002Fa> and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fgreen-corruption\">Green Corruption\u003C\u002Fa> teams. The research presented in this publication forms part of a two-year project aimed at stopping corruption from fuelling illegal wildlife trade between East Africa and Southeast Asia.\n\nThis research was funded by PMI IMPACT, a grant award initiative of Philip Morris International (PMI). In the performance of their research, the authors maintained full independence from PMI. The views and opinions expressed in this document are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of PMI. Neither PMI, nor any of its affiliates, nor any person acting on their behalf may be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained herein.\n\nCitation: Costa, J., Baez-Camargo, C., Kassa, S. *et al.* The role of informal networks in promoting illegal wildlife trade: a qualitative analysis from Uganda. *Trends Organ Crim* (2021). \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fs12117-021-09433-y\">https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fs12117-021-09433-y\u003C\u002Fa>",[270,22],[30],"2021-09-17","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002F776632a8-7b05-4949-893c-7b9708f51db0?width=600&height=840",[],[513,515],{"url":514,"caption":328},"https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Fepdf\u002F10.1007\u002Fs12117-021-09433-y?sharing_token=ae_wKxBZowzOph2ObV4TH_e4RwlQNchNByi7wbcMAY5EyatSqOLQGho8-f15WWI7Wk7gbADR3d8ihNM3R_NmOc_GEdsANCKJRKkNaN9Ly81rO0iG72Gs_HkICnw5rMduu9YukoEbxTwWWEk4Fhvrw-cH5gcL912IUBFcaTRzZxg%3D",{"url":516,"caption":331},"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fs12117-021-09433-y",[518,520,522,524],{"authors_id":519},{"id":174,"name":175},{"authors_id":521},{"id":229,"name":230},{"authors_id":523},{"id":377,"name":378},{"authors_id":525},{"id":385,"name":386},[527],{"countries_id":528},{"id":242,"name":243},[],[],[270,27],[89],"2022-04-27T11:53:38.000Z","2026-05-29T22:23:17.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Frole-informal-networks-promoting-illegal-wildlife-trade-qualitative-analysis-uganda",1780676549440]