[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":587},["ShallowReactive",2],{"publication-informal-governance-and-corruption-transcending-principal-agent-and-collective-0":3,"related-informal-governance-and-corruption-transcending-principal-agent-and-collective-0":136},[4],{"id":5,"status":6,"sort":7,"date_created":8,"date_updated":9,"nid":10,"slug":11,"title":12,"body":13,"citation":14,"language":15,"year":16,"publisher":17,"date_published":18,"external":19,"topic":20,"link_internal":22,"link_external":23,"featured":19,"topics":24,"languages":26,"type":27,"area":7,"programme":7,"websites":7,"summary":7,"pdf_text":7,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"image":30,"countries":42,"tags":68,"pdf":99,"authors":120},1937,"published",null,"2022-04-27T11:55:10.000Z","2026-05-31T22:52:03.000Z",421,"informal-governance-and-corruption-transcending-principal-agent-and-collective-0","Informal Governance and Corruption – Transcending the Principal Agent and Collective Action Paradigms in Uganda","This report is part of a research project funded by the Anti-Corruption Evidence (ACE) Programme of the UK’s Department for International Development (DfID) and the British Academy. \n\nThe project has identified informal practices in selected countries in order to establish their general and specific features in comparative analysis; assess their impact based on the functions they perform in their respective economies and indicate the extent to which they fuel corruption and stifle anticorruption policies. \n\nThe comparative research design involves seven countries from two geopolitical groups East Africa and Post-Soviet countries as follows:\n\n\n- East Africa: Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, and Uganda\n- Post-Soviet countries: Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Russia\n\n\nThe goal of the research is to produce evidence for the relevance of informality in support of the ‘localisation’ of anticorruption strategies and promoting the development of a new generation of policies that may harness the transformative potential of local patterns of informality.\n\nSee the research findings on the Basel Institute's \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.baselgovernance.org\u002Fpublic-governance\u002Fresearch-projects\u002Finformal-governance\">Informal Governance website\u003C\u002Fa>.","","English",2018,"Basel Institute on Governance","2018-07-01",false,[21],"Public Governance",[],[],[25],"Corruption Prevention and Public Governance",[15],[28,29],"Article","Report",{"id":31,"storage":32,"filename_disk":33,"filename_download":34,"title":35,"type":36,"created_on":37,"modified_on":37,"charset":7,"filesize":38,"width":39,"height":40,"duration":7,"embed":7,"description":7,"location":7,"tags":7,"metadata":41,"focal_point_x":7,"focal_point_y":7,"tus_id":7,"tus_data":7,"uploaded_on":37},"96a9fe77-e75d-4ee1-b63e-bb1e42fd5096","local","96a9fe77-e75d-4ee1-b63e-bb1e42fd5096.jpeg","a699f856-a8da-4537-a64c-05be7d6044b8.jpeg","A699f856 A8da 4537 A64c 05be7d6044b8","image\u002Fjpeg","2022-05-27T22:31:47.000Z",113061,1200,1697,{},[43],{"id":44,"publications_id":45,"countries_id":62},858,{"id":5,"status":6,"sort":7,"user_created":46,"date_created":8,"user_updated":47,"date_updated":9,"nid":10,"slug":11,"image":31,"title":12,"body":13,"citation":14,"language":15,"year":16,"publisher":17,"date_published":18,"external":19,"topic":48,"link_internal":49,"link_external":50,"featured":19,"topics":51,"languages":52,"type":53,"area":7,"programme":7,"websites":7,"summary":7,"pdf_text":7,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"countries":54,"tags":55,"pdf":58,"authors":60},"03bebfd8-0b40-4a2a-820d-b9d9c13b9de6","3d9ff205-1640-4f34-b5b6-86977f51bbd6",[21],[],[],[25],[15],[28,29],[44],[56,57],4993,4994,[59],1988,[61],2113,{"id":63,"name":64,"code":65,"latitude":66,"longitude":67},226,"Uganda","UG",1.37333,32.29028,[69,84],{"id":56,"publications_id":70,"tags_id":81},{"id":5,"status":6,"sort":7,"user_created":46,"date_created":8,"user_updated":47,"date_updated":9,"nid":10,"slug":11,"image":31,"title":12,"body":13,"citation":14,"language":15,"year":16,"publisher":17,"date_published":18,"external":19,"topic":71,"link_internal":72,"link_external":73,"featured":19,"topics":74,"languages":75,"type":76,"area":7,"programme":7,"websites":7,"summary":7,"pdf_text":7,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"countries":77,"tags":78,"pdf":79,"authors":80},[21],[],[],[25],[15],[28,29],[44],[56,57],[59],[61],{"id":82,"name":83},1373,"Corruption prevention",{"id":57,"publications_id":85,"tags_id":96},{"id":5,"status":6,"sort":7,"user_created":46,"date_created":8,"user_updated":47,"date_updated":9,"nid":10,"slug":11,"image":31,"title":12,"body":13,"citation":14,"language":15,"year":16,"publisher":17,"date_published":18,"external":19,"topic":86,"link_internal":87,"link_external":88,"featured":19,"topics":89,"languages":90,"type":91,"area":7,"programme":7,"websites":7,"summary":7,"pdf_text":7,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"countries":92,"tags":93,"pdf":94,"authors":95},[21],[],[],[25],[15],[28,29],[44],[56,57],[59],[61],{"id":97,"name":98},1309,"Informality",[100],{"id":59,"publications_id":101,"directus_files_id":112},{"id":5,"status":6,"sort":7,"user_created":46,"date_created":8,"user_updated":47,"date_updated":9,"nid":10,"slug":11,"image":31,"title":12,"body":13,"citation":14,"language":15,"year":16,"publisher":17,"date_published":18,"external":19,"topic":102,"link_internal":103,"link_external":104,"featured":19,"topics":105,"languages":106,"type":107,"area":7,"programme":7,"websites":7,"summary":7,"pdf_text":7,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"countries":108,"tags":109,"pdf":110,"authors":111},[21],[],[],[25],[15],[28,29],[44],[56,57],[59],[61],{"id":113,"storage":32,"filename_disk":114,"filename_download":115,"title":115,"type":116,"folder":117,"uploaded_by":46,"created_on":8,"modified_by":7,"modified_on":8,"charset":7,"filesize":118,"width":7,"height":7,"duration":7,"embed":7,"description":119,"location":7,"tags":7,"metadata":7,"focal_point_x":7,"focal_point_y":7,"tus_id":7,"tus_data":7,"uploaded_on":8},"1736cea2-af29-44e4-a4c9-73ed9b8e4069","1736cea2-af29-44e4-a4c9-73ed9b8e4069.pdf","Uganda.Informal-Governance.Country-Report.pdf","application\u002Fpdf","67f22e04-d26f-4baa-b91f-acc5f89d87f5",2002210,"View PDF",[121],{"id":61,"publications_id":122,"authors_id":133},{"id":5,"status":6,"sort":7,"user_created":46,"date_created":8,"user_updated":47,"date_updated":9,"nid":10,"slug":11,"image":31,"title":12,"body":13,"citation":14,"language":15,"year":16,"publisher":17,"date_published":18,"external":19,"topic":123,"link_internal":124,"link_external":125,"featured":19,"topics":126,"languages":127,"type":128,"area":7,"programme":7,"websites":7,"summary":7,"pdf_text":7,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"countries":129,"tags":130,"pdf":131,"authors":132},[21],[],[],[25],[15],[28,29],[44],[56,57],[59],[61],{"id":134,"name":135,"position":7,"image":7},390,"Frederick Golooba-Mutebi",[137,190,237,298,341,382,420,478,514,549],{"id":138,"slug":139,"title":140,"status":6,"nid":141,"year":142,"body":143,"external":19,"topic":144,"language":15,"type":147,"date_published":149,"image":150,"citation":14,"publisher":17,"link_internal":151,"link_external":158,"authors":159,"countries":164,"tags":165,"pdf":182,"topics":184,"featured":19,"languages":186,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":46,"date_created":187,"user_updated":47,"date_updated":188,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":189},1798,"working-paper-36-revealing-networks-behind-corruption-and-money-laundering-schemes","Working Paper 36: Revealing the networks behind corruption and money laundering schemes: an analysis of the Toledo–Odebrecht case using social network analysis and network ethnography",2050,2021,"This working paper is based on an empirical investigation of corruption and illicit exchange related to the so-called “Lava Jato” or “Odebrecht” scandal. Focusing on former Peruvian President Alejandro Toledo and his laundering of bribes obtained from the construction giant Odebrecht, the analysis aims to test the usefulness of applying a network lens to better understand the mechanisms underlying grand corruption cases. It also aims to further illuminate the nexus between corruption and money laundering and the role of hidden and offshore financial infrastructures in facilitating the illicit schemes. \n\nThe research used a combination of social network analysis and network ethnography techniques to explore the following questions: \n\n\n- How do money laundering activities and offshore financial infrastructures sustain corruption? \n- Who are the key actors involved, how do they interact and what is their division of labour? \n- How do actors and clusters govern the social-financial web of relations? \n\n\nAnswering these questions with empirical evidence related to a specific case makes it possible to better understand how the connection between corruption and money laundering using offshore financial infrastructure works. It also supports the emerging understanding of corruption as a collective, transnational and financially advanced phenomenon. \n\n### About this report\n\nThis paper is part of the Basel Institute on Governance Working Paper Series, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.baselgovernance.org\u002Fpublications?type[]=255\">ISSN: 2624-9650\u003C\u002Fa>.\n\nIt is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). \n\nSuggested citation: Costa, J., 2021. *Revealing the networks behind corruption and money laundering schemes: an analysis of the Toledo–Odebrecht case using social network analysis and network ethnography*. Working Paper 36, Basel Institute on Governance. Available at: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fpublications\u002Fworking-paper-36-revealing-networks-behind-corruption-and-money-laundering-schemes\">https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fpublications\u002Fworking-paper-36-revealing-net…\u003C\u002Fa>",[145,146,21],"Anti-Money Laundering","Asset Recovery",[29,148],"Working Paper","2021-07-08","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002Fb9766eed-37a9-40e2-97d0-3b05e149b633?width=600&height=840",[152,155],{"url":153,"caption":154},"\u002Fresources\u002Fnews\u002Fnew-analysis-of-the-toledo-odebrecht-case-illuminates-the-complex-transnational-networks-behind-corruption-and-money-laundering-schemes-2051"," Summary \u002F blog by author",{"url":156,"caption":157},"\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications?type=Working%20Paper"," View all Working Papers",[],[160],{"authors_id":161},{"id":162,"name":163},304,"Jacopo Costa",[],[166,170,172,174,178],{"tags_id":167},{"id":168,"name":169},879,"Money laundering",{"tags_id":171},{"id":97,"name":98},{"tags_id":173},{"id":82,"name":83},{"tags_id":175},{"id":176,"name":177},818,"Anti-money laundering",{"tags_id":179},{"id":180,"name":181},973,"Corruption",[183],1833,[145,185,25],"Asset Recovery and Enforcement",[15],"2022-04-27T11:53:43.000Z","2026-06-02T14:08:41.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fworking-paper-36-revealing-networks-behind-corruption-and-money-laundering-schemes",{"id":191,"slug":192,"title":193,"status":6,"nid":194,"year":195,"body":196,"external":19,"topic":197,"language":15,"type":198,"date_published":200,"image":201,"citation":14,"publisher":17,"link_internal":202,"link_external":208,"authors":209,"countries":212,"tags":221,"pdf":230,"topics":232,"featured":19,"languages":233,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":46,"date_created":234,"user_updated":47,"date_updated":235,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":236},2283,"research-case-3","Research Case Study 3: Exposing the networks behind transnational corruption and money laundering schemes",2454,2023,"Corruption is increasingly understood as a form of collective, social behaviour. It slips easily across borders and involves sophisticated financial strategies and transactions to launder the stolen money. \n\nYet the nexus between corruption and money laundering is poorly understood. So too are the structures, functions and mechanisms that enable these crimes.\n\nWe applied analytical tools to reveal the complex networks behind a corruption and money laundering scheme involving Odebrecht and Peru’s former president. The insights can support strategic approaches to fight transnational corruption.",[21],[199],"Research Case Study","2023-05-31","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002Fca5d66b9-58f2-42fd-afa6-1d3224f01f9d?width=600&height=840",[203,205],{"url":189,"caption":204}," View related Working Paper",{"url":206,"caption":207},"\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications?type=Research%20Case%20Study"," View all research case studies",[],[210],{"authors_id":211},{"id":162,"name":163},[213,217],{"countries_id":214},{"id":215,"name":216},171,"Peru",{"countries_id":218},{"id":219,"name":220},29,"Brazil",[222,224,226,228],{"tags_id":223},{"id":168,"name":169},{"tags_id":225},{"id":97,"name":98},{"tags_id":227},{"id":82,"name":83},{"tags_id":229},{"id":176,"name":177},[231],2318,[25],[15],"2023-05-31T10:04:29.000Z","2026-06-02T14:09:06.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fresearch-case-3",{"id":238,"slug":239,"title":240,"status":6,"nid":241,"year":242,"body":243,"external":19,"topic":244,"language":15,"type":245,"date_published":246,"image":247,"citation":14,"publisher":248,"link_internal":249,"link_external":259,"authors":263,"countries":274,"tags":281,"pdf":292,"topics":293,"featured":19,"languages":294,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":46,"date_created":295,"user_updated":47,"date_updated":296,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":297},2221,"informal-networks-investment-qualitative-analysis-uganda-and-tanzania","Informal networks as investment: A qualitative analysis from Uganda and Tanzania",2277,2022,"Published in the peer-reviewed journal *Governance*, this paper interprets informal networks as investments made by citizens and business people to cope with the public sphere. Informal networks often orchestrate corruption, connecting public and private actors. The paper aims to understand their key characteristics, scopes, and functional roles.\n\nTen mini case studies from Tanzania and Uganda are studied. The research applies narrative analysis to explore the experiences of citizens, entrepreneurs, and low-level public officials, who built informal networks as a problem-solving mechanism. It uses a grounded theory approach. The findings serve as working hypotheses about variables and patterns emerging from the bottom-up analysis.\n\nThe paper outlines:\n\n\n- Whether there are distinct types of informal networks associated with particular types of corruption;\n- How, why and by whom these networks are built;\n- Whether different individuals play specific roles;\n- The unwritten expectations and norms that govern such networks.\n\n\nThe results highlight critical implications for anti-corruption practice, showing, for example, how this can be strengthened by shifting the intervention unit from individuals to networks.\n\n### About this article\n\nThis peer-reviewed article is based on extensive field research and analysis conducted by the Basel Institute's Public Governance team in Tanzania and Uganda. The research was funded by UK Aid under the Global Integrity Anti-Corruption Evidence (GI-ACE) programme. See the links below for the open-access research outputs, including a full research report and two sets of case studies.",[21],[28],"2022-08-25","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002F1771fed4-0a6d-4050-88ce-494e877fab4e?width=600&height=840","Governance (Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of the IPSA Structure and Organization of Government Committee)",[250,253,256],{"url":251,"caption":252},"\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Finformal-networks-investment-east-africa"," View open access research report: Informal networks as investment in East Africa",{"url":254,"caption":255},"\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fcase-studies-tanzania-gi-ace-research-informal-networks-and-corruption"," View case studies from Tanzania",{"url":257,"caption":258},"\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fcase-studies-uganda-gi-ace-research-informal-networks-and-corruption"," View case studies from Uganda",[260],{"url":261,"caption":262},"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1111\u002Fgove.12726","View peer-reviewed article on Wiley Online Library",[264,268,270],{"authors_id":265},{"id":266,"name":267},295,"Claudia Baez Camargo",{"authors_id":269},{"id":162,"name":163},{"authors_id":271},{"id":272,"name":273},359,"Lucy Koechlin",[275,279],{"countries_id":276},{"id":277,"name":278},224,"Tanzania",{"countries_id":280},{"id":63,"name":64},[282,286,290],{"tags_id":283},{"id":284,"name":285},982,"Anti-corruption",{"tags_id":287},{"id":288,"name":289},848,"Behavioural science",{"tags_id":291},{"id":97,"name":98},[],[25],[15],"2022-09-06T14:10:21.000Z","2026-06-02T14:08:59.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Finformal-networks-investment-qualitative-analysis-uganda-and-tanzania",{"id":299,"slug":300,"title":301,"status":6,"nid":302,"year":142,"body":303,"external":19,"topic":304,"language":15,"type":305,"date_published":306,"image":307,"citation":14,"publisher":308,"link_internal":309,"link_external":315,"authors":316,"countries":323,"tags":328,"pdf":335,"topics":337,"featured":19,"languages":338,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":46,"date_created":339,"user_updated":47,"date_updated":340,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":251},1779,"informal-networks-investment-east-africa","Informal networks as investment in East Africa",2126,"This report presents findings from a research project entitled \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Face.globalintegrity.org\u002Fprojects\u002Finformality\u002F\">Harnessing informality: Designing anti-corruption network interventions and strategic use of legal instruments\u003C\u002Fa>” funded by UK Aid as part of the Global Integrity Anti-Corruption Evidence Programme (GI-ACE).\n\nThe project follows from a previous research project where the Basel Institute on Governance, in partnership with University College London and SOAS, researched informality and its relationship with corruption and governance in seven countries in East Africa and Central Asia. The findings from that research project suggested that corruption often takes place according to informal, unwritten rules. The findings from the seven countries supported the following observation:\n\n\n“Corruption is most often not the result from the actions of a few, individual rotten apples operating in otherwise healthy governance systems; rather corruption is orchestrated by informal social networks that connect actors in the public and private realms and enable the pursuit of a variety of intransparent, often illicit, goals.”\n\n\nIn our current research project, we have aimed to understand how informal networks that are associated with different types of corruption are exactly articulated, operationalised and managed, with a view to distilling lessons of value to anti-corruption practitioners.\n\nThe present report sheds light on the functioning of informal networks in East Africa, based on evidence collected in Tanzania and Uganda. The report presents evidence, consisting of ten mini-case studies (six from Tanzania and four from Uganda) that describe informal networks associated with bribery and procurement fraud. The 10 cases are also analysed and implications for anti-corruption practice discussed.",[21],[28,29],"2021-11-02","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002Fe420805b-118f-48cb-8bff-675352716c10?width=600&height=840","Global Integrity Anti-Corruption Evidence Programme (GI-ACE)",[310,311,312],{"url":254,"caption":255},{"url":257,"caption":258},{"url":313,"caption":314},"\u002Fresources\u002Fnews\u002Fbribery-isnt-only-an-exchange-of-money-what-new-research-tells-us-about-how-informal-networks-enable-corruption-and-vice-versa-2129"," View blog\u002Fshort summary by Claudia Baez Camargo",[],[317,319,321],{"authors_id":318},{"id":266,"name":267},{"authors_id":320},{"id":162,"name":163},{"authors_id":322},{"id":272,"name":273},[324,326],{"countries_id":325},{"id":277,"name":278},{"countries_id":327},{"id":63,"name":64},[329,331,333],{"tags_id":330},{"id":284,"name":285},{"tags_id":332},{"id":288,"name":289},{"tags_id":334},{"id":97,"name":98},[336],1804,[25],[15],"2022-04-27T11:53:30.000Z","2026-06-02T14:10:29.000Z",{"id":342,"slug":343,"title":344,"status":6,"nid":345,"year":142,"body":346,"external":19,"topic":347,"language":15,"type":348,"date_published":306,"image":350,"citation":14,"publisher":308,"link_internal":351,"link_external":354,"authors":355,"countries":366,"tags":369,"pdf":376,"topics":378,"featured":19,"languages":379,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":46,"date_created":380,"user_updated":47,"date_updated":381,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":257},1780,"case-studies-uganda-gi-ace-research-informal-networks-and-corruption","Case studies from Uganda: GI-ACE research on informal networks and corruption",2128,"The four case studies in this collection form part of a research project entitled \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Face.globalintegrity.org\u002Fprojects\u002Finformality\u002F\">Harnessing informality: Designing anti-corruption network interventions and strategic use of legal instruments\u003C\u002Fa>” funded by UK Aid as part of the Global Integrity Anti-Corruption Evidence Programme (GI-ACE).\n\nThe research project aimed to understand how informal networks that are associated with different types of corruption are exactly articulated, operationalised and managed, with a view to distilling lessons of value to anti-corruption practitioners.\n\nThe case studies describe informal networks associated with bribery and procurement fraud. They include visual graphics of the informal networks and connections between different actors.\n\nTogether with the research report and six case studies from Tanzania, they shed light on the functioning of informal networks in East Africa. The case studies were prepared with the help of Robert Lugolobi, independent consultant.\n\nContents:\n\n\n- The use of informal networks to obtain a driver’s licence\n- Network transactions involving the land registration office\n- Informal networks in the transport, tour and ticketing business\n- Informal networks in the chemical sector\n",[21],[349,29],"Case Study","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002Fbe33fcbd-b6ba-4d26-81e8-3f5d7ced9085?width=600&height=840",[352],{"url":251,"caption":353}," View main research report",[],[356,358,360,362],{"authors_id":357},{"id":266,"name":267},{"authors_id":359},{"id":162,"name":163},{"authors_id":361},{"id":272,"name":273},{"authors_id":363},{"id":364,"name":365},358,"Robert Lugolobi",[367],{"countries_id":368},{"id":63,"name":64},[370,372,374],{"tags_id":371},{"id":284,"name":285},{"tags_id":373},{"id":288,"name":289},{"tags_id":375},{"id":97,"name":98},[377],1805,[25],[15],"2022-04-27T11:53:31.000Z","2026-06-02T14:09:07.000Z",{"id":383,"slug":384,"title":385,"status":6,"nid":386,"year":142,"body":387,"external":19,"topic":388,"language":15,"type":389,"date_published":306,"image":390,"citation":14,"publisher":308,"link_internal":391,"link_external":393,"authors":394,"countries":405,"tags":408,"pdf":415,"topics":417,"featured":19,"languages":418,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":46,"date_created":419,"user_updated":47,"date_updated":381,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":254},1781,"case-studies-tanzania-gi-ace-research-informal-networks-and-corruption","Case studies from Tanzania: GI-ACE research on informal networks and corruption",2127,"The six case studies in this collection form part of a research project entitled \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Face.globalintegrity.org\u002Fprojects\u002Finformality\u002F\">Harnessing informality: Designing anti-corruption network interventions and strategic use of legal instruments\u003C\u002Fa>” funded by UK Aid as part of the Global Integrity Anti-Corruption Evidence Programme (GI-ACE).\n\nThe research project aimed to understand how informal networks that are associated with different types of corruption are exactly articulated, operationalised and managed, with a view to distilling lessons of value to anti-corruption practitioners.\n\nThe case studies describe informal networks associated with bribery and procurement fraud. They include visual graphics of the informal networks and connections between different actors.\n\nTogether with the research report and four case studies from Uganda, they shed light on the functioning of informal networks in East Africa. The case studies were prepared with Dr. Danstan Mukono of the University of Dar es Salaam.\n\nContents:\n\n\n- Seeking tax clearance through informal networks in Dar es Salaam\n- Informal networking and tendering practices in local government\n- Informal networks and transactional exchange in the transportation sector\n- Informal networking for business startup\n- Informal networking and the formalization of unplanned urban land\n- Informal connections and favoritism in service levies and business licences\n",[21],[349,29],"https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002F85e1aab5-d43f-4914-b5d4-f329dbb696a7?width=600&height=840",[392],{"url":251,"caption":353},[],[395,397,399,401],{"authors_id":396},{"id":266,"name":267},{"authors_id":398},{"id":162,"name":163},{"authors_id":400},{"id":272,"name":273},{"authors_id":402},{"id":403,"name":404},362,"Danstan Mukono",[406],{"countries_id":407},{"id":277,"name":278},[409,411,413],{"tags_id":410},{"id":284,"name":285},{"tags_id":412},{"id":288,"name":289},{"tags_id":414},{"id":97,"name":98},[416],1806,[25],[15],"2022-04-27T11:53:32.000Z",{"id":421,"slug":422,"title":423,"status":6,"nid":424,"year":142,"body":425,"external":19,"topic":426,"language":15,"type":427,"date_published":428,"image":429,"citation":14,"publisher":430,"link_internal":431,"link_external":432,"authors":436,"countries":449,"tags":463,"pdf":472,"topics":473,"featured":19,"languages":474,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":46,"date_created":475,"user_updated":47,"date_updated":476,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":477},1797,"insiders-corruption-versus-outsiders-ethicality-individual-responses-conflicting","Insider’s corruption versus outsider’s ethicality? Individual responses to conflicting institutional logics",2061,"This article arises from the work of the Basel Institute's \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fpublic-governance\">Public Governance team\u003C\u002Fa> on informal governance. It was produced by research partners at the ESCP Business School (Paris) and the EDC Paris Business School (Courbevoie), France.\n\n### Abstract\n\nIn this article, we seek to understand whether and to what extent the sense of belonging to a powerful network affects individual decision-making in terms of ethicality with regard to a corrupt situation. We study the behaviour of insiders (individuals who belong to a power network, i.e. a network of individuals connected by interpersonal relationships to a person in a position of power) and outsiders in a corrupt versus non-corrupt environments using the theoretical frameworks of institutional logics and informal networks. Our hypotheses were tested with the help of a vignette-based experiment with 464 participants from countries considered as corrupt (Kazakhstan and Russia) and non-corrupt (UK and USA).\n\n### About this research\n\nThis research was funded by the UK government’s Department for International Development (DFID) and the British Academy through the British Academy\u002FDFID Anti-Corruption Evidence Program. However, the views expressed do not necessarily reflect those of the British Academy or DFID.\n\nFor more information on the wider project and to download other country findings, see the Basel Institute’s \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.baselgovernance.org\u002Fpublic-governance\u002Fresearch-projects\u002Finformal-governance\">Informal Governance website\u003C\u002Fa>.",[21],[28],"2021-07-12","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002Fe69b6c35-a012-4988-bae5-c9ad6b23ed41?width=600&height=840","The International Journal of Human Resource Management",[],[433],{"url":434,"caption":435},"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1080\u002F09585192.2021.1945652","View article",[437,441,445],{"authors_id":438},{"id":439,"name":440},365,"Maral Muratbekova-Touron",{"authors_id":442},{"id":443,"name":444},366,"Camila Lee Park",{"authors_id":446},{"id":447,"name":448},367,"Mauro Fracarolli Nunes",[450,454,458,462],{"countries_id":451},{"id":452,"name":453},123,"Kazakhstan",{"countries_id":455},{"id":456,"name":457},188,"Russia",{"countries_id":459},{"id":460,"name":461},225,"Ukraine",{"countries_id":7},[464,466,468],{"tags_id":465},{"id":288,"name":289},{"tags_id":467},{"id":97,"name":98},{"tags_id":469},{"id":470,"name":471},1274,"Ethics",[],[25],[15],"2022-04-27T11:53:42.000Z","2026-05-29T22:22:41.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Finsiders-corruption-versus-outsiders-ethicality-individual-responses-conflicting",{"id":479,"slug":480,"title":481,"status":6,"nid":482,"year":142,"body":483,"external":19,"topic":484,"language":15,"type":485,"date_published":486,"image":487,"citation":14,"publisher":17,"link_internal":488,"link_external":489,"authors":490,"countries":495,"tags":500,"pdf":507,"topics":509,"featured":19,"languages":510,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":46,"date_created":511,"user_updated":47,"date_updated":512,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":513},1801,"gendered-corruption-initial-insights-sextortion-and-double-bribery-affecting-female","Gendered corruption: Initial insights into sextortion and double bribery affecting female businesswomen in Malawi",2040,"This report offers an initial insight into the problem of gendered corruption, including sextortion and so-called double bribery, based on interviews with 19 businesswomen in Malawi. Part of a wider research project into procurement corruption, the interviews aimed to explore the extent of gendered corruption as a coercive form of social exchange, as well as the role of informal corrupt networks in magnifying gender-specific inequalities.\n\nThough based on a small sample in one particular context, the findings indicate that more research into this topic is urgently needed globally with a view to mainstreaming sexual corruption into anti-corruption programming. Initial findings indicate that:\n\n\n- Sextortion, forced sexual favours, \"double bribery\" and other forms of sexual corruption are perceived to be widespread in Malawi. \n- Women's risk of being subjected to sexual corruption increases in informal network settings, such as those in which business takes place.\n- Socio-economic factors and gender-imbalanced power dynamics play an important role in enabling sexual corruption to take place with impunity.\n- Trustworthy reporting and support mechanisms for sexual corruption are said to be lacking. \n- Existing female-only business self-help groups could provide a strong base for enabling women to address issues of sexual corruption and related gendered violence. \n\n\nOverall, there is a great need for more research and policy attention globally to gendered corruption and related issues that still remain – tragically – hidden from view or considered as normal. \n\n### About this publication\n\nThe research underpinning this report has been undertaken in support of the Tackling Serious and Organised Crime (TSOC) programme in Malawi, which is funded by the UK Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office.\n\nThis work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0).\n\nSuggested citation: Stahl, C., 2021. *Gendered corruption: Initial insights into sextortion and double bribery affecting female businesswomen in Malawi.* Basel Institute on Governance, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fpublications\u002Fgendered-corruption-initial-insights-sextortion-and-double-bribery-affecting-female\">https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fpublications\u002Fgendered-corruption-initial-in…\u003C\u002Fa>.",[21],[29],"2021-06-28","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002F5b923df6-8ac9-4ee3-8161-d9b3fe92ac9a?width=600&height=840",[],[],[491],{"authors_id":492},{"id":493,"name":494},354,"Cosimo Stahl",[496],{"countries_id":497},{"id":498,"name":499},153,"Malawi",[501,503,505],{"tags_id":502},{"id":180,"name":181},{"tags_id":504},{"id":288,"name":289},{"tags_id":506},{"id":97,"name":98},[508],1836,[25],[15],"2022-04-27T11:53:45.000Z","2026-05-29T22:22:42.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fgendered-corruption-initial-insights-sextortion-and-double-bribery-affecting-female",{"id":515,"slug":516,"title":517,"status":6,"nid":518,"year":519,"body":520,"external":19,"topic":521,"language":15,"type":522,"date_published":523,"image":524,"citation":14,"publisher":17,"link_internal":525,"link_external":526,"authors":527,"countries":532,"tags":537,"pdf":542,"topics":544,"featured":19,"languages":545,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":46,"date_created":546,"user_updated":47,"date_updated":547,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":548},1849,"e-informality-smartphones-new-regulatory-space-informal-exchange-formal-resources","E-informality: smartphones as a new regulatory space for informal exchange of formal resources",1800,2020,"Mobile phones and other technologies have transformed the nature and dynamics of informal social networks in Kyrgyzstan. Some scholars argue that new technology (electronisation, digitalisation) helps to prevent corruption and reduce the risk of bribery, informal social networks and bureaucracy. In their view, new technology has the potential to create transparent and efficient ways to access public services. This is usually done by implementing electronic queue systems, online payment platforms, registers and other public services, as well as transparency portals providing access to government data, statistics and state laws and regulations.\n\nBased on our research in Kyrgyzstan, we explore the extent to which smartphones and new technologies are empowering citizens to access public services in Kyrgyzstan through the logistics of informal networking. We observed that this is especially practised among young people both in Kyrgyzstan and in Russia. By using smartphones, young people:\n\n\n- help each other in times of need (to expedite access to public resources);\n- share information about possible reliable networks (*svyazi*);\n- recommend reliable networks to each other;\n- prioritise these networks over others.\n\n\nAs many international organisations and government agencies are trying to support the fight against corruption and informality through the use of new technology, young people in Kyrgyzstan are finding creative ways of bypassing new technology. At the same time, they are driving the dynamics of informal social networks by using this technology and in particular smartphones.\n\nThe generational aspect became unexpectedly important during the research because of striking differences between the experiences and practices of informality between younger and middle-aged generations. Both generations have similar contemporary experiences of insecurity, financial struggles and socio-economic conditions in the post-Soviet context, but these two groups have different experiences with the Soviet times themselves. Several young people pointed out that “informality, even corruption, for us is a normal thing”. They perceive informality and bribery as a “normal” feature of daily life with two sides – hindering as well as establishing careers. The middle-aged generation, however, whose background is rooted in the Soviet period, see it in a negative light, even though they still practise informality and bribery in their everyday lives.\n\nThe intensive use of smartphones by young people becomes obvious when they try to access public services by means of informal social networks. Middle-aged generations use telephones for logistical tasks and communication with friends and family members, but young people go beyond these merely logistical tasks. They actively use social media (*odnoklassniki* groups - Russian social networking services, like Facebook, that are widely used in Kyrgyzstan and in other post-Soviet countries) and mobile applications (WhatsApp, immo) when they need help by sharing information amongst one another, and their friends and friends of friends.\n\nMore specifically, young people have created “WhatsApp-based communities for getting things done quickly”. These perpetuate the mutual benefit of reciprocity, mainly for issues related to the public sector. Young people are better socially connected and informed about each other’s work, receive news (who got which positions), stay in touch with important people on a regular basis (even if they move to another place), learn about important events, and get advice on specific issues.\n\n### About this research\n\nThe research presented in this report is funded by the Global Integrity Anti-Corruption Evidence Programme (GI-ACE) as part of the Basel Institute on Governance-led research programme on Harnessing informality: Designing anti-corruption network interventions and strategic use of legal instruments. For more information see the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Face.globalintegrity.org\u002Fprojects\u002Finformality\u002F\">GI-ACE project description \u003C\u002Fa>and the Basel Institute’s \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.baselgovernance.org\u002Fpublic-governance\u002Fresearch-projects\u002Finformal-governance\">Informal Governance resource\u003C\u002Fa>.\n\nThe authors would like to express their gratitude to the Volkswagen Foundation, which supported the research of Gulzat Baialieva. Our thanks also go to the Leibniz Leibniz-Zentrum Moderner Orient (ZMO).",[21],[29],"2020-07-02","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002Ff457e51b-9084-44f7-85f3-ea4cd27faf86?width=600&height=840",[],[],[528],{"authors_id":529},{"id":530,"name":531},373,"Aksana Ismailbekova",[533],{"countries_id":534},{"id":535,"name":536},114,"Kyrgyzstan",[538,540],{"tags_id":539},{"id":288,"name":289},{"tags_id":541},{"id":97,"name":98},[543],1881,[25],[15],"2022-04-27T11:54:14.000Z","2026-05-29T22:22:50.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fe-informality-smartphones-new-regulatory-space-informal-exchange-formal-resources",{"id":550,"slug":551,"title":552,"status":6,"nid":553,"year":195,"body":554,"external":19,"topic":555,"language":15,"type":556,"date_published":557,"image":558,"citation":14,"publisher":17,"link_internal":559,"link_external":560,"authors":561,"countries":570,"tags":575,"pdf":580,"topics":582,"featured":19,"languages":583,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":46,"date_created":584,"user_updated":47,"date_updated":585,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":586},2278,"research-case-2","Research case study 2: Leveraging informal networks for anti-corruption in East Africa",2432,"Citizens and business people may invest significant time and money in building informal networks with public officials to overcome public service delivery shortcomings and access business opportunities. Understanding these networks better can strengthen anti-corruption efforts.\n\nThis research case study gives a brief overview of our Public Governance team's research in Uganda and Tanzania. Through interviews, the team explored when, how and why informal networks are built and used to access public services or business opportunities corruptly.\n\nThe research project described was carried out under the Global Integrity Anti-Corruption Evidence Programme (GI-ACE), funded with UK aid from the UK government. All results are freely shareable under a Creative Commons licence.",[21],[199],"2023-05-17","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002F7d1b37bc-c9a9-458b-9b5c-5e140061e6dd?width=600&height=840",[],[],[562,564,568],{"authors_id":563},{"id":266,"name":267},{"authors_id":565},{"id":566,"name":567},303,"Saba Kassa",{"authors_id":569},{"id":162,"name":163},[571,573],{"countries_id":572},{"id":63,"name":64},{"countries_id":574},{"id":277,"name":278},[576,578],{"tags_id":577},{"id":288,"name":289},{"tags_id":579},{"id":97,"name":98},[581],2314,[25],[15],"2023-05-17T10:04:49.000Z","2026-05-31T22:52:11.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fresearch-case-2",1780676572780]