[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":632},["ShallowReactive",2],{"publication-human-resource-management-patterns-anti-corruption-mechanisms-within-informal-networks":3,"related-human-resource-management-patterns-anti-corruption-mechanisms-within-informal-networks":176},[4],{"id":5,"status":6,"sort":7,"date_created":8,"date_updated":9,"nid":10,"slug":11,"title":12,"body":13,"citation":14,"language":15,"year":16,"publisher":17,"date_published":18,"external":19,"topic":20,"link_internal":22,"link_external":23,"featured":24,"topics":25,"languages":27,"type":28,"area":7,"programme":7,"websites":30,"summary":7,"pdf_text":7,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"image":32,"countries":43,"tags":72,"pdf":121,"authors":143},1910,"published",null,"2022-04-27T11:54:53.000Z","2026-05-29T22:23:01.000Z",426,"human-resource-management-patterns-anti-corruption-mechanisms-within-informal-networks","Human resource management patterns of (anti) corruption mechanisms within informal networks","In this article, we propose to comprehend the corruption mechanisms of tender bidding processes in terms of Human Resource Management (HRM) practices within informal networks. \n\nTaking the context of Kazakhstan, we analyze the behavior of individual actors as members of informal networks. Our analysis shows that both corruption and anti-corruption mechanisms can be explained in terms of HRM practices such as (camouflaged) recruitment (e.g. of powerful government officials via network ties), compensation (e.g. kickbacks for corruption; social recognition or shame for anti-corruption) and performance management (e.g. demonstrative punishment for corruption; extreme formalization, peer pressure or  social sanctions for anti-corruption).\n\nThis report is part of a research project funded by the Anti-Corruption Evidence (ACE) Programme of the UK’s Department for International Development (DfID) and the British Academy. ","","English",2019,"Business and Professional Ethics Journal","2019-01-15",true,[21],"Public Governance",[],[],false,[26],"Corruption Prevention and Public Governance",[15],[29],"Article",[31],"Collective Action",{"id":33,"storage":34,"filename_disk":35,"filename_download":36,"title":37,"type":38,"created_on":8,"modified_on":8,"charset":7,"filesize":39,"width":40,"height":41,"duration":7,"embed":7,"description":7,"location":7,"tags":7,"metadata":42,"focal_point_x":7,"focal_point_y":7,"tus_id":7,"tus_data":7,"uploaded_on":8},"b8e5ff42-af6d-4e2e-ad97-d8bc752a6fba","local","b8e5ff42-af6d-4e2e-ad97-d8bc752a6fba.png","Screenshot-2019-04-29-at-13.21.34.png","Screenshot 2019-04-29 at 13.21.34.png","image\u002Fpng",85315,791,1121,{},[44],{"id":45,"publications_id":46,"countries_id":66},834,{"id":5,"status":6,"sort":7,"user_created":47,"date_created":8,"user_updated":48,"date_updated":9,"nid":10,"slug":11,"image":33,"title":12,"body":13,"citation":14,"language":15,"year":16,"publisher":17,"date_published":18,"external":19,"topic":49,"link_internal":50,"link_external":51,"featured":24,"topics":52,"languages":53,"type":54,"area":7,"programme":7,"websites":55,"summary":7,"pdf_text":7,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"countries":56,"tags":57,"pdf":61,"authors":63},"03bebfd8-0b40-4a2a-820d-b9d9c13b9de6","3d9ff205-1640-4f34-b5b6-86977f51bbd6",[21],[],[],[26],[15],[29],[31],[45],[58,59,60],3720,4969,4970,[62],1963,[64,65],2084,2085,{"id":67,"name":68,"code":69,"latitude":70,"longitude":71},123,"Kazakhstan","KZ",48.01957,66.92368,[73,89,105],{"id":58,"publications_id":74,"tags_id":86},{"id":5,"status":6,"sort":7,"user_created":47,"date_created":8,"user_updated":48,"date_updated":9,"nid":10,"slug":11,"image":33,"title":12,"body":13,"citation":14,"language":15,"year":16,"publisher":17,"date_published":18,"external":19,"topic":75,"link_internal":76,"link_external":77,"featured":24,"topics":78,"languages":79,"type":80,"area":7,"programme":7,"websites":81,"summary":7,"pdf_text":7,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"countries":82,"tags":83,"pdf":84,"authors":85},[21],[],[],[26],[15],[29],[31],[45],[58,59,60],[62],[64,65],{"id":87,"name":88},973,"Corruption",{"id":59,"publications_id":90,"tags_id":102},{"id":5,"status":6,"sort":7,"user_created":47,"date_created":8,"user_updated":48,"date_updated":9,"nid":10,"slug":11,"image":33,"title":12,"body":13,"citation":14,"language":15,"year":16,"publisher":17,"date_published":18,"external":19,"topic":91,"link_internal":92,"link_external":93,"featured":24,"topics":94,"languages":95,"type":96,"area":7,"programme":7,"websites":97,"summary":7,"pdf_text":7,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"countries":98,"tags":99,"pdf":100,"authors":101},[21],[],[],[26],[15],[29],[31],[45],[58,59,60],[62],[64,65],{"id":103,"name":104},1309,"Informality",{"id":60,"publications_id":106,"tags_id":118},{"id":5,"status":6,"sort":7,"user_created":47,"date_created":8,"user_updated":48,"date_updated":9,"nid":10,"slug":11,"image":33,"title":12,"body":13,"citation":14,"language":15,"year":16,"publisher":17,"date_published":18,"external":19,"topic":107,"link_internal":108,"link_external":109,"featured":24,"topics":110,"languages":111,"type":112,"area":7,"programme":7,"websites":113,"summary":7,"pdf_text":7,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"countries":114,"tags":115,"pdf":116,"authors":117},[21],[],[],[26],[15],[29],[31],[45],[58,59,60],[62],[64,65],{"id":119,"name":120},1378,"Public financial management",[122],{"id":62,"publications_id":123,"directus_files_id":135},{"id":5,"status":6,"sort":7,"user_created":47,"date_created":8,"user_updated":48,"date_updated":9,"nid":10,"slug":11,"image":33,"title":12,"body":13,"citation":14,"language":15,"year":16,"publisher":17,"date_published":18,"external":19,"topic":124,"link_internal":125,"link_external":126,"featured":24,"topics":127,"languages":128,"type":129,"area":7,"programme":7,"websites":130,"summary":7,"pdf_text":7,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"countries":131,"tags":132,"pdf":133,"authors":134},[21],[],[],[26],[15],[29],[31],[45],[58,59,60],[62],[64,65],{"id":136,"storage":34,"filename_disk":137,"filename_download":138,"title":138,"type":139,"folder":140,"uploaded_by":47,"created_on":8,"modified_by":7,"modified_on":8,"charset":7,"filesize":141,"width":7,"height":7,"duration":7,"embed":7,"description":142,"location":7,"tags":7,"metadata":7,"focal_point_x":7,"focal_point_y":7,"tus_id":7,"tus_data":7,"uploaded_on":8},"3e783fa2-411f-4fef-ba5c-8ec5f7e14727","3e783fa2-411f-4fef-ba5c-8ec5f7e14727.pdf","HRM-patterns-of-%28anti%29corruption-BPEJ-1.pdf","application\u002Fpdf","67f22e04-d26f-4baa-b91f-acc5f89d87f5",269347,"View PDF",[144,160],{"id":64,"publications_id":145,"authors_id":157},{"id":5,"status":6,"sort":7,"user_created":47,"date_created":8,"user_updated":48,"date_updated":9,"nid":10,"slug":11,"image":33,"title":12,"body":13,"citation":14,"language":15,"year":16,"publisher":17,"date_published":18,"external":19,"topic":146,"link_internal":147,"link_external":148,"featured":24,"topics":149,"languages":150,"type":151,"area":7,"programme":7,"websites":152,"summary":7,"pdf_text":7,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"countries":153,"tags":154,"pdf":155,"authors":156},[21],[],[],[26],[15],[29],[31],[45],[58,59,60],[62],[64,65],{"id":158,"name":159,"position":7,"image":7},365,"Maral Muratbekova-Touron",{"id":65,"publications_id":161,"authors_id":173},{"id":5,"status":6,"sort":7,"user_created":47,"date_created":8,"user_updated":48,"date_updated":9,"nid":10,"slug":11,"image":33,"title":12,"body":13,"citation":14,"language":15,"year":16,"publisher":17,"date_published":18,"external":19,"topic":162,"link_internal":163,"link_external":164,"featured":24,"topics":165,"languages":166,"type":167,"area":7,"programme":7,"websites":168,"summary":7,"pdf_text":7,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"countries":169,"tags":170,"pdf":171,"authors":172},[21],[],[],[26],[15],[29],[31],[45],[58,59,60],[62],[64,65],{"id":174,"name":175,"position":7,"image":7},379,"Tolganay Umbetalijeva",[177,237,289,327,381,433,475,518,558,589],{"id":178,"slug":179,"title":180,"status":6,"nid":181,"year":182,"body":183,"external":24,"topic":184,"language":15,"type":185,"date_published":187,"image":188,"citation":189,"publisher":190,"link_internal":191,"link_external":195,"authors":196,"countries":209,"tags":218,"pdf":230,"topics":232,"featured":24,"languages":233,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":47,"date_created":234,"user_updated":48,"date_updated":235,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":236},1760,"policy-brief-9-informal-networks-and-what-they-mean-anti-corruption-practice","Policy Brief 9: Informal networks and what they mean for anti-corruption practice",2166,2022,"Corruption is frequently associated with money alone and the behaviours of a few individual “bad apples” operating in otherwise healthy governance systems. This is too simplistic. As the latest research shows, including research in Tanzania and Uganda on which this Policy Brief is based, corruption is a networked phenomenon. This Policy Brief explains what this means and its implications for anti-corruption practice.\n\nWhen ordinary citizens and business people face problems, like constrained access to public services or an uneven playing field, they invest time, effort and resources in building informal networks.\n\nHeld together by personal connections and corrupt payments, these informal networks are a problem-solving mechanism. They allow members – such as business people, other citizens and public officials – to pursue a variety of goals. The networks aid in easing access to public services, for example, or helping a business to run smoothly, or securing business opportunities with the government. Informal networks can be leveraged to speed up long and complicated permit processes or exploit weaknesses in formal tender processes to obtain undue access to contracts. When red tape is used by public officials to extort bribes from service users, informal networks can help manage and overcome these demands. \n\nIn contexts in which these informal networks are widespread, the research shows that conventional anti-corruption measures, such as introducing more regulations, policies and controls, can actually backfire and increase corruption. \n\nBreaking this self-reinforcing cycle of networked corruption requires a shift in thinking and approaches:\n\n\n- **Focusing on networked corruption** as opposed to individual corrupt behaviours.\n- **Tackling corruption both from the demand and the supply side** by addressing inefficiencies and weaknesses in public systems that cause problems for ordinary citizens and business people. This may make it less likely that they will resort to corruption through informal networks to overcome the public service weaknesses.\n- **Harnessing informal networks for anti-corruption objectives.** This includes leveraging new insights into social norms and networks and establishing Collective Action initiatives to better target the underlying drivers of corruption.\n\n\n## About this Policy Brief\n\nThis publication is part of the Basel Institute on Governance Policy Brief series, ISSN 2624-9669. It presents findings from a research project entitled “\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Face.globalintegrity.org\u002Fprojects\u002Finformality\u002F\">Harnessing informality: Designing anti-corruption network interventions and strategic use of legal instruments\u003C\u002Fa>”, funded by UK Aid as part of the Global Integrity Anti-Corruption Evidence Programme (GI-ACE).\n\nIt is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). ",[21],[186],"Policy Brief","2022-02-21","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002Fc9f50b43-2246-4e39-a1b1-052b0e9829f1?width=600&height=840","Baez Camargo, Claudia, Jacopo Costa, and Saba Kassa. 2022. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fpublications\u002Fpolicy-brief-9-informal-networks-and-what-they-mean-anti-corruption-practice\">Informal networks and what they mean for anti-corruption practice.\u003C\u002Fa> *Policy Brief* 9, Basel Institute on Governance.","Basel Institute on Governance",[192],{"url":193,"caption":194},"\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications?type=Policy%20Brief"," View all Policy Briefs",[],[197,201,205],{"authors_id":198},{"id":199,"name":200},295,"Claudia Baez Camargo",{"authors_id":202},{"id":203,"name":204},304,"Jacopo Costa",{"authors_id":206},{"id":207,"name":208},303,"Saba Kassa",[210,214],{"countries_id":211},{"id":212,"name":213},224,"Tanzania",{"countries_id":215},{"id":216,"name":217},226,"Uganda",[219,223,226,228],{"tags_id":220},{"id":221,"name":222},982,"Anti-corruption",{"tags_id":224},{"id":225,"name":31},909,{"tags_id":227},{"id":87,"name":88},{"tags_id":229},{"id":103,"name":104},[231],1786,[26],[15],"2022-04-27T11:53:17.000Z","2026-06-02T14:09:04.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fpolicy-brief-9-informal-networks-and-what-they-mean-anti-corruption-practice",{"id":238,"slug":239,"title":240,"status":6,"nid":241,"year":242,"body":243,"external":24,"topic":244,"language":15,"type":247,"date_published":250,"image":251,"citation":14,"publisher":190,"link_internal":252,"link_external":259,"authors":260,"countries":263,"tags":264,"pdf":281,"topics":283,"featured":24,"languages":285,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":47,"date_created":286,"user_updated":48,"date_updated":287,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":288},1798,"working-paper-36-revealing-networks-behind-corruption-and-money-laundering-schemes","Working Paper 36: Revealing the networks behind corruption and money laundering schemes: an analysis of the Toledo–Odebrecht case using social network analysis and network ethnography",2050,2021,"This working paper is based on an empirical investigation of corruption and illicit exchange related to the so-called “Lava Jato” or “Odebrecht” scandal. Focusing on former Peruvian President Alejandro Toledo and his laundering of bribes obtained from the construction giant Odebrecht, the analysis aims to test the usefulness of applying a network lens to better understand the mechanisms underlying grand corruption cases. It also aims to further illuminate the nexus between corruption and money laundering and the role of hidden and offshore financial infrastructures in facilitating the illicit schemes. \n\nThe research used a combination of social network analysis and network ethnography techniques to explore the following questions: \n\n\n- How do money laundering activities and offshore financial infrastructures sustain corruption? \n- Who are the key actors involved, how do they interact and what is their division of labour? \n- How do actors and clusters govern the social-financial web of relations? \n\n\nAnswering these questions with empirical evidence related to a specific case makes it possible to better understand how the connection between corruption and money laundering using offshore financial infrastructure works. It also supports the emerging understanding of corruption as a collective, transnational and financially advanced phenomenon. \n\n### About this report\n\nThis paper is part of the Basel Institute on Governance Working Paper Series, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.baselgovernance.org\u002Fpublications?type[]=255\">ISSN: 2624-9650\u003C\u002Fa>.\n\nIt is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). \n\nSuggested citation: Costa, J., 2021. *Revealing the networks behind corruption and money laundering schemes: an analysis of the Toledo–Odebrecht case using social network analysis and network ethnography*. Working Paper 36, Basel Institute on Governance. Available at: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fpublications\u002Fworking-paper-36-revealing-networks-behind-corruption-and-money-laundering-schemes\">https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fpublications\u002Fworking-paper-36-revealing-net…\u003C\u002Fa>",[245,246,21],"Anti-Money Laundering","Asset Recovery",[248,249],"Report","Working Paper","2021-07-08","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002Fb9766eed-37a9-40e2-97d0-3b05e149b633?width=600&height=840",[253,256],{"url":254,"caption":255},"\u002Fresources\u002Fnews\u002Fnew-analysis-of-the-toledo-odebrecht-case-illuminates-the-complex-transnational-networks-behind-corruption-and-money-laundering-schemes-2051"," Summary \u002F blog by author",{"url":257,"caption":258},"\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications?type=Working%20Paper"," View all Working Papers",[],[261],{"authors_id":262},{"id":203,"name":204},[],[265,269,271,275,279],{"tags_id":266},{"id":267,"name":268},879,"Money laundering",{"tags_id":270},{"id":103,"name":104},{"tags_id":272},{"id":273,"name":274},1373,"Corruption prevention",{"tags_id":276},{"id":277,"name":278},818,"Anti-money laundering",{"tags_id":280},{"id":87,"name":88},[282],1833,[245,284,26],"Asset Recovery and Enforcement",[15],"2022-04-27T11:53:43.000Z","2026-06-02T14:08:41.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fworking-paper-36-revealing-networks-behind-corruption-and-money-laundering-schemes",{"id":290,"slug":291,"title":292,"status":6,"nid":293,"year":242,"body":294,"external":24,"topic":295,"language":15,"type":296,"date_published":297,"image":298,"citation":14,"publisher":190,"link_internal":299,"link_external":300,"authors":301,"countries":306,"tags":311,"pdf":320,"topics":322,"featured":24,"languages":323,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":47,"date_created":324,"user_updated":48,"date_updated":325,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":326},1801,"gendered-corruption-initial-insights-sextortion-and-double-bribery-affecting-female","Gendered corruption: Initial insights into sextortion and double bribery affecting female businesswomen in Malawi",2040,"This report offers an initial insight into the problem of gendered corruption, including sextortion and so-called double bribery, based on interviews with 19 businesswomen in Malawi. Part of a wider research project into procurement corruption, the interviews aimed to explore the extent of gendered corruption as a coercive form of social exchange, as well as the role of informal corrupt networks in magnifying gender-specific inequalities.\n\nThough based on a small sample in one particular context, the findings indicate that more research into this topic is urgently needed globally with a view to mainstreaming sexual corruption into anti-corruption programming. Initial findings indicate that:\n\n\n- Sextortion, forced sexual favours, \"double bribery\" and other forms of sexual corruption are perceived to be widespread in Malawi. \n- Women's risk of being subjected to sexual corruption increases in informal network settings, such as those in which business takes place.\n- Socio-economic factors and gender-imbalanced power dynamics play an important role in enabling sexual corruption to take place with impunity.\n- Trustworthy reporting and support mechanisms for sexual corruption are said to be lacking. \n- Existing female-only business self-help groups could provide a strong base for enabling women to address issues of sexual corruption and related gendered violence. \n\n\nOverall, there is a great need for more research and policy attention globally to gendered corruption and related issues that still remain – tragically – hidden from view or considered as normal. \n\n### About this publication\n\nThe research underpinning this report has been undertaken in support of the Tackling Serious and Organised Crime (TSOC) programme in Malawi, which is funded by the UK Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office.\n\nThis work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0).\n\nSuggested citation: Stahl, C., 2021. *Gendered corruption: Initial insights into sextortion and double bribery affecting female businesswomen in Malawi.* Basel Institute on Governance, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fpublications\u002Fgendered-corruption-initial-insights-sextortion-and-double-bribery-affecting-female\">https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fpublications\u002Fgendered-corruption-initial-in…\u003C\u002Fa>.",[21],[248],"2021-06-28","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002F5b923df6-8ac9-4ee3-8161-d9b3fe92ac9a?width=600&height=840",[],[],[302],{"authors_id":303},{"id":304,"name":305},354,"Cosimo Stahl",[307],{"countries_id":308},{"id":309,"name":310},153,"Malawi",[312,314,318],{"tags_id":313},{"id":87,"name":88},{"tags_id":315},{"id":316,"name":317},848,"Behavioural science",{"tags_id":319},{"id":103,"name":104},[321],1836,[26],[15],"2022-04-27T11:53:45.000Z","2026-05-29T22:22:42.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fgendered-corruption-initial-insights-sextortion-and-double-bribery-affecting-female",{"id":328,"slug":329,"title":330,"status":6,"nid":331,"year":242,"body":332,"external":24,"topic":333,"language":15,"type":334,"date_published":335,"image":336,"citation":14,"publisher":337,"link_internal":338,"link_external":339,"authors":343,"countries":354,"tags":366,"pdf":375,"topics":376,"featured":24,"languages":377,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":47,"date_created":378,"user_updated":48,"date_updated":379,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":380},1797,"insiders-corruption-versus-outsiders-ethicality-individual-responses-conflicting","Insider’s corruption versus outsider’s ethicality? Individual responses to conflicting institutional logics",2061,"This article arises from the work of the Basel Institute's \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fpublic-governance\">Public Governance team\u003C\u002Fa> on informal governance. It was produced by research partners at the ESCP Business School (Paris) and the EDC Paris Business School (Courbevoie), France.\n\n### Abstract\n\nIn this article, we seek to understand whether and to what extent the sense of belonging to a powerful network affects individual decision-making in terms of ethicality with regard to a corrupt situation. We study the behaviour of insiders (individuals who belong to a power network, i.e. a network of individuals connected by interpersonal relationships to a person in a position of power) and outsiders in a corrupt versus non-corrupt environments using the theoretical frameworks of institutional logics and informal networks. Our hypotheses were tested with the help of a vignette-based experiment with 464 participants from countries considered as corrupt (Kazakhstan and Russia) and non-corrupt (UK and USA).\n\n### About this research\n\nThis research was funded by the UK government’s Department for International Development (DFID) and the British Academy through the British Academy\u002FDFID Anti-Corruption Evidence Program. However, the views expressed do not necessarily reflect those of the British Academy or DFID.\n\nFor more information on the wider project and to download other country findings, see the Basel Institute’s \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.baselgovernance.org\u002Fpublic-governance\u002Fresearch-projects\u002Finformal-governance\">Informal Governance website\u003C\u002Fa>.",[21],[29],"2021-07-12","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002Fe69b6c35-a012-4988-bae5-c9ad6b23ed41?width=600&height=840","The International Journal of Human Resource Management",[],[340],{"url":341,"caption":342},"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1080\u002F09585192.2021.1945652","View article",[344,346,350],{"authors_id":345},{"id":158,"name":159},{"authors_id":347},{"id":348,"name":349},366,"Camila Lee Park",{"authors_id":351},{"id":352,"name":353},367,"Mauro Fracarolli Nunes",[355,357,361,365],{"countries_id":356},{"id":67,"name":68},{"countries_id":358},{"id":359,"name":360},188,"Russia",{"countries_id":362},{"id":363,"name":364},225,"Ukraine",{"countries_id":7},[367,369,371],{"tags_id":368},{"id":316,"name":317},{"tags_id":370},{"id":103,"name":104},{"tags_id":372},{"id":373,"name":374},1274,"Ethics",[],[26],[15],"2022-04-27T11:53:42.000Z","2026-05-29T22:22:41.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Finsiders-corruption-versus-outsiders-ethicality-individual-responses-conflicting",{"id":382,"slug":383,"title":384,"status":6,"nid":385,"year":182,"body":386,"external":24,"topic":387,"language":15,"type":388,"date_published":389,"image":390,"citation":14,"publisher":391,"link_internal":392,"link_external":402,"authors":406,"countries":415,"tags":420,"pdf":427,"topics":428,"featured":24,"languages":429,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":47,"date_created":430,"user_updated":48,"date_updated":431,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":432},2221,"informal-networks-investment-qualitative-analysis-uganda-and-tanzania","Informal networks as investment: A qualitative analysis from Uganda and Tanzania",2277,"Published in the peer-reviewed journal *Governance*, this paper interprets informal networks as investments made by citizens and business people to cope with the public sphere. Informal networks often orchestrate corruption, connecting public and private actors. The paper aims to understand their key characteristics, scopes, and functional roles.\n\nTen mini case studies from Tanzania and Uganda are studied. The research applies narrative analysis to explore the experiences of citizens, entrepreneurs, and low-level public officials, who built informal networks as a problem-solving mechanism. It uses a grounded theory approach. The findings serve as working hypotheses about variables and patterns emerging from the bottom-up analysis.\n\nThe paper outlines:\n\n\n- Whether there are distinct types of informal networks associated with particular types of corruption;\n- How, why and by whom these networks are built;\n- Whether different individuals play specific roles;\n- The unwritten expectations and norms that govern such networks.\n\n\nThe results highlight critical implications for anti-corruption practice, showing, for example, how this can be strengthened by shifting the intervention unit from individuals to networks.\n\n### About this article\n\nThis peer-reviewed article is based on extensive field research and analysis conducted by the Basel Institute's Public Governance team in Tanzania and Uganda. The research was funded by UK Aid under the Global Integrity Anti-Corruption Evidence (GI-ACE) programme. See the links below for the open-access research outputs, including a full research report and two sets of case studies.",[21],[29],"2022-08-25","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002F1771fed4-0a6d-4050-88ce-494e877fab4e?width=600&height=840","Governance (Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of the IPSA Structure and Organization of Government Committee)",[393,396,399],{"url":394,"caption":395},"\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Finformal-networks-investment-east-africa"," View open access research report: Informal networks as investment in East Africa",{"url":397,"caption":398},"\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fcase-studies-tanzania-gi-ace-research-informal-networks-and-corruption"," View case studies from Tanzania",{"url":400,"caption":401},"\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fcase-studies-uganda-gi-ace-research-informal-networks-and-corruption"," View case studies from Uganda",[403],{"url":404,"caption":405},"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1111\u002Fgove.12726","View peer-reviewed article on Wiley Online Library",[407,409,411],{"authors_id":408},{"id":199,"name":200},{"authors_id":410},{"id":203,"name":204},{"authors_id":412},{"id":413,"name":414},359,"Lucy Koechlin",[416,418],{"countries_id":417},{"id":212,"name":213},{"countries_id":419},{"id":216,"name":217},[421,423,425],{"tags_id":422},{"id":221,"name":222},{"tags_id":424},{"id":316,"name":317},{"tags_id":426},{"id":103,"name":104},[],[26],[15],"2022-09-06T14:10:21.000Z","2026-06-02T14:08:59.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Finformal-networks-investment-qualitative-analysis-uganda-and-tanzania",{"id":434,"slug":435,"title":436,"status":6,"nid":437,"year":182,"body":438,"external":24,"topic":439,"language":15,"type":440,"date_published":441,"image":442,"citation":14,"publisher":443,"link_internal":444,"link_external":449,"authors":456,"countries":459,"tags":460,"pdf":469,"topics":470,"featured":24,"languages":471,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":47,"date_created":472,"user_updated":48,"date_updated":473,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":474},1764,"nexus-between-corruption-and-money-laundering-deconstructing-toledo-odebrecht-network","The nexus between corruption and money laundering: deconstructing the Toledo‑Odebrecht network in Peru",2168,"The paper targets the nexus between corruption and money laundering. Scholars and practitioners recently observed how offshore financial centers and financial infrastructures have become central in facilitating corruption and other criminal activities. \n\nOffshore vehicles often serve to conceal the connections between business people and politically exposed persons. Secrecy jurisdictions and service providers have emerged as key actors in these illicit schemes. \n\nThe paper explores the following questions: \n\n\n- How do money laundering activities and offshore financial infrastructures sustain corruption? \n- Who are the key actors involved, how do they interact, and their division of labor? \n- How do actors and clusters govern the social-financial web of relations? \n\n\nIt applies a combination of social network analysis (SNA) and network ethnography to the corrupt connection between the former Peruvian President Alejandro Toledo and the Brazilian construction giant Odebrecht Group. The research analyzes publicly available data from the Lava Jato and Ecoteva investigations in Brazil and Peru. It deconstructs the illicit scheme’s mechanisms step-by-step, uncovers the functions of different actors and clusters, and illuminates the social norms and informal governance practices that regulate the exchange. \n\nThe research highlights how the financial infrastructures of the private and public spheres are integrated and analyzes the informal governance system designed to control the transnational corruption network. The study makes it possible to understand how the nexus between corruption and money laundering works. It also supports the emerging understanding of corruption as a collective, transnational and financially advanced phenomenon.\n\n### Acknowledgement and citation\n\nThe paper is based on research conducted as part of a collaboration  between the Basel Institute’s \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fpublic-governance\">Public Governance\u003C\u002Fa> team and its \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fasset-recovery\">International Centre for Asset Recovery\u003C\u002Fa> (ICAR). \n\nCitation: Costa, Jacopo. 2022. \"The nexus between corruption and money laundering: deconstructing the Toledo-Odebrecht network in Peru.\" *Trends in Organized Crime*. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fs12117-021-09439-6\">https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fs12117-021-09439-6\u003C\u002Fa>",[246,21],[29],"2022-01-22","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002F4b7fd4da-0259-4632-8540-f820c115706d?width=600&height=840","Trends in Organized Crime",[445,447],{"url":288,"caption":446}," See related Basel Institute Working Paper 36: Revealing the networks behind corruption and money laundering schemes: an analysis of the Toledo–Odebrecht case using social network analysis and network ethnography",{"url":254,"caption":448}," See related blog: New analysis of the Toledo-Odebrecht case illuminates the complex transnational networks behind corruption and money laundering schemes",[450,453],{"url":451,"caption":452},"https:\u002F\u002Frdcu.be\u002FcFtsR","View article (full text, no download)",{"url":454,"caption":455},"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fs12117-021-09439-6"," Log in to Springer Link to download article",[457],{"authors_id":458},{"id":203,"name":204},[],[461,463,465],{"tags_id":462},{"id":87,"name":88},{"tags_id":464},{"id":267,"name":268},{"tags_id":466},{"id":467,"name":468},967,"Organised crime",[],[284,26],[15],"2022-04-27T11:53:20.000Z","2026-06-02T14:09:05.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fnexus-between-corruption-and-money-laundering-deconstructing-toledo-odebrecht-network",{"id":476,"slug":477,"title":478,"status":6,"nid":479,"year":242,"body":480,"external":24,"topic":481,"language":15,"type":482,"date_published":483,"image":484,"citation":14,"publisher":485,"link_internal":486,"link_external":492,"authors":493,"countries":500,"tags":505,"pdf":512,"topics":514,"featured":24,"languages":515,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":47,"date_created":516,"user_updated":48,"date_updated":517,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":394},1779,"informal-networks-investment-east-africa","Informal networks as investment in East Africa",2126,"This report presents findings from a research project entitled \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Face.globalintegrity.org\u002Fprojects\u002Finformality\u002F\">Harnessing informality: Designing anti-corruption network interventions and strategic use of legal instruments\u003C\u002Fa>” funded by UK Aid as part of the Global Integrity Anti-Corruption Evidence Programme (GI-ACE).\n\nThe project follows from a previous research project where the Basel Institute on Governance, in partnership with University College London and SOAS, researched informality and its relationship with corruption and governance in seven countries in East Africa and Central Asia. The findings from that research project suggested that corruption often takes place according to informal, unwritten rules. The findings from the seven countries supported the following observation:\n\n\n“Corruption is most often not the result from the actions of a few, individual rotten apples operating in otherwise healthy governance systems; rather corruption is orchestrated by informal social networks that connect actors in the public and private realms and enable the pursuit of a variety of intransparent, often illicit, goals.”\n\n\nIn our current research project, we have aimed to understand how informal networks that are associated with different types of corruption are exactly articulated, operationalised and managed, with a view to distilling lessons of value to anti-corruption practitioners.\n\nThe present report sheds light on the functioning of informal networks in East Africa, based on evidence collected in Tanzania and Uganda. The report presents evidence, consisting of ten mini-case studies (six from Tanzania and four from Uganda) that describe informal networks associated with bribery and procurement fraud. The 10 cases are also analysed and implications for anti-corruption practice discussed.",[21],[29,248],"2021-11-02","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002Fe420805b-118f-48cb-8bff-675352716c10?width=600&height=840","Global Integrity Anti-Corruption Evidence Programme (GI-ACE)",[487,488,489],{"url":397,"caption":398},{"url":400,"caption":401},{"url":490,"caption":491},"\u002Fresources\u002Fnews\u002Fbribery-isnt-only-an-exchange-of-money-what-new-research-tells-us-about-how-informal-networks-enable-corruption-and-vice-versa-2129"," View blog\u002Fshort summary by Claudia Baez Camargo",[],[494,496,498],{"authors_id":495},{"id":199,"name":200},{"authors_id":497},{"id":203,"name":204},{"authors_id":499},{"id":413,"name":414},[501,503],{"countries_id":502},{"id":212,"name":213},{"countries_id":504},{"id":216,"name":217},[506,508,510],{"tags_id":507},{"id":221,"name":222},{"tags_id":509},{"id":316,"name":317},{"tags_id":511},{"id":103,"name":104},[513],1804,[26],[15],"2022-04-27T11:53:30.000Z","2026-06-02T14:10:29.000Z",{"id":519,"slug":520,"title":521,"status":6,"nid":522,"year":523,"body":524,"external":24,"topic":525,"language":15,"type":526,"date_published":528,"image":529,"citation":530,"publisher":190,"link_internal":531,"link_external":535,"authors":536,"countries":541,"tags":544,"pdf":551,"topics":553,"featured":24,"languages":554,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":47,"date_created":555,"user_updated":48,"date_updated":556,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":557},2324,"research-case-5","Research Case Study 5: Harnessing behavioural approaches against corruption",2550,2023,"Social norms and behaviour change (SNBC) approaches are a promising complement to conventional anti-corruption strategies. Adopting a context-sensitive and nuanced approach is an essential ingredient for success.\n\nWe wanted to understand if and how behavioural approaches can promote anti-corruption outcomes, as well as conditions for success.\n\nTo do this we reviewed research from 2016–2022 on the use of behavioural approaches in anti-corruption practice. We also analysed our practical experience designing and piloting an intervention to tackle social norms of reciprocity which fuel bribery in health facilities in Tanzania.",[21],[527],"Research Case Study","2023-12-05","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002Fa4b5e14a-9841-4feb-8411-335c9f972aba?width=600&height=840","Baez Camargo, Claudia, and Saba Kassa. 2023. ‘Harnessing behavioural approaches against corruption.’ Research Case Study 5, Basel Institute on Governance. Available at: baselgov- ernance.org\u002Fpublications\u002Fresearch-case-5.",[532],{"url":533,"caption":534},"\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications?type=Research%20Case%20Study"," View all research case studies",[],[537,539],{"authors_id":538},{"id":199,"name":200},{"authors_id":540},{"id":207,"name":208},[542],{"countries_id":543},{"id":212,"name":213},[545,547,549],{"tags_id":546},{"id":316,"name":317},{"tags_id":548},{"id":103,"name":104},{"tags_id":550},{"id":221,"name":222},[552],2360,[26],[15],"2023-12-06T11:04:47.000Z","2026-06-02T14:08:43.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fresearch-case-5",{"id":559,"slug":560,"title":561,"status":6,"nid":562,"year":523,"body":563,"external":24,"topic":564,"language":15,"type":566,"date_published":567,"image":568,"citation":14,"publisher":190,"link_internal":569,"link_external":571,"authors":572,"countries":575,"tags":576,"pdf":583,"topics":585,"featured":24,"languages":586,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":47,"date_created":587,"user_updated":48,"date_updated":287,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":588},2311,"research-case-4","Research case study 4: Deconstructing a criminal network involved in illegal wildlife trade between East Africa and Southeast Asia ",2518,"The illegal wildlife trade threatens biodiversity and security worldwide. Criminal networks pocket billions of dollars in illicit profits from stripping the world bare of endangered species and corrupting politicians and public officials in the process.\n\nYet there is very little empirical evidence on the role of both ordinary citizens and criminal networks in the illegal wildlife trade. Our research aims to fill this gap.\n\nWe used social network analysis and network ethnography techniques to study the criminal network of a wildlife trafficker based in East Africa. The insights can bolster law enforcement efforts aimed at identifying and dismantling wildlife trafficking networks.",[565,21],"Green Corruption",[527],"2023-10-11","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002F19e03984-8caf-4871-8d80-b7226ea6403c?width=600&height=840",[570],{"url":533,"caption":534},[],[573],{"authors_id":574},{"id":203,"name":204},[],[577,581],{"tags_id":578},{"id":579,"name":580},1303,"Environment",{"tags_id":582},{"id":103,"name":104},[584],2347,[565,26],[15],"2023-10-11T16:04:41.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fresearch-case-4",{"id":590,"slug":591,"title":592,"status":6,"nid":593,"year":523,"body":594,"external":24,"topic":595,"language":15,"type":596,"date_published":597,"image":598,"citation":14,"publisher":190,"link_internal":599,"link_external":603,"authors":604,"countries":607,"tags":616,"pdf":625,"topics":627,"featured":24,"languages":628,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":47,"date_created":629,"user_updated":48,"date_updated":630,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":631},2283,"research-case-3","Research Case Study 3: Exposing the networks behind transnational corruption and money laundering schemes",2454,"Corruption is increasingly understood as a form of collective, social behaviour. It slips easily across borders and involves sophisticated financial strategies and transactions to launder the stolen money. \n\nYet the nexus between corruption and money laundering is poorly understood. So too are the structures, functions and mechanisms that enable these crimes.\n\nWe applied analytical tools to reveal the complex networks behind a corruption and money laundering scheme involving Odebrecht and Peru’s former president. The insights can support strategic approaches to fight transnational corruption.",[21],[527],"2023-05-31","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002Fca5d66b9-58f2-42fd-afa6-1d3224f01f9d?width=600&height=840",[600,602],{"url":288,"caption":601}," View related Working Paper",{"url":533,"caption":534},[],[605],{"authors_id":606},{"id":203,"name":204},[608,612],{"countries_id":609},{"id":610,"name":611},171,"Peru",{"countries_id":613},{"id":614,"name":615},29,"Brazil",[617,619,621,623],{"tags_id":618},{"id":267,"name":268},{"tags_id":620},{"id":103,"name":104},{"tags_id":622},{"id":273,"name":274},{"tags_id":624},{"id":277,"name":278},[626],2318,[26],[15],"2023-05-31T10:04:29.000Z","2026-06-02T14:09:06.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fresearch-case-3",1780676564040]