[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":553},["ShallowReactive",2],{"publication-global-encyclopaedia-informality":3,"related-global-encyclopaedia-informality":93},[4],{"id":5,"status":6,"sort":7,"date_created":8,"date_updated":9,"nid":10,"slug":11,"title":12,"body":13,"citation":14,"language":15,"year":16,"publisher":17,"date_published":18,"external":19,"topic":20,"link_internal":22,"link_external":23,"featured":30,"topics":31,"languages":33,"type":34,"area":7,"programme":7,"websites":36,"summary":7,"pdf_text":7,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"image":38,"countries":49,"tags":50,"pdf":73,"authors":74},1955,"published",null,"2022-04-27T11:55:23.000Z","2026-05-29T22:23:05.000Z",418,"global-encyclopaedia-informality","The Global Encyclopaedia of Informality","Alena Ledeneva invites you on a voyage of discovery, to explore society’s open secrets, unwritten rules and know-how practices. Broadly defined as ‘ways of getting things done’, these invisible yet powerful informal practices tend to escape articulation in official discourse. They include emotion-driven exchanges of gifts or favours and tributes for services, interest-driven know-how (from informal welfare to informal employment and entrepreneurship), identity-driven practices of solidarity, and power-driven forms of co-optation and control. The paradox, or not, of the invisibility of these informal practices is their ubiquity.\n\nExpertly practised by insiders but often hidden from outsiders, informal practices are, as this book shows, deeply rooted all over the world, yet underestimated in policy. Entries from the five continents presented in this volume are samples of the truly global and ever-growing collection, made possible by a remarkable collaboration of over 200 scholars across disciplines and area studies.\n\nBy mapping the grey zones, blurred boundaries, types of ambivalence and contexts of complexity, this book creates the first Global Map of Informality. The accompanying database is searchable by region, keyword or type of practice, so do explore what works, how, where and why!","Ledeneva, A. (ed.). 2018. The Global Encyclopaedia of Informality: Understanding Social and Cultural Complexity, Volume 2. London: UCL Press. DOI: https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.14324\u002F111.9781787351899","English",2018,"UCL Press","2018-01-01",true,[21],"Public Governance",[],[24,27],{"url":25,"caption":26},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ucl.ac.uk\u002Fucl-press\u002Fbrowse-books\u002Fglobal-encyclopedia-of-informality-i","Download Volume 1 for free on UCL Press",{"url":28,"caption":29},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ucl.ac.uk\u002Fucl-press\u002Fbrowse-books\u002Fglobal-encyclopaedia-of-informality-ii"," Download Volume 2 for free on UCL Press",false,[32],"Corruption Prevention and Public Governance",[15],[35],"Book",[37],"Collective Action",{"id":39,"storage":40,"filename_disk":41,"filename_download":42,"title":43,"type":44,"created_on":8,"modified_on":8,"charset":7,"filesize":45,"width":46,"height":47,"duration":7,"embed":7,"description":7,"location":7,"tags":7,"metadata":48,"focal_point_x":7,"focal_point_y":7,"tus_id":7,"tus_data":7,"uploaded_on":8},"f92d5377-05e5-425a-8ac8-b16aa1458d29","local","f92d5377-05e5-425a-8ac8-b16aa1458d29.jpg","The-Global-Encyclopaedia-of-Informality--Volume-2-Cover.jpg","The_Global_Encyclopaedia_of_Informality__Volume_2_Cover.jpg","image\u002Fjpeg",95215,440,650,{},[],[51],{"id":52,"publications_id":53,"tags_id":70},5019,{"id":5,"status":6,"sort":7,"user_created":54,"date_created":8,"user_updated":55,"date_updated":9,"nid":10,"slug":11,"image":39,"title":12,"body":13,"citation":14,"language":15,"year":16,"publisher":17,"date_published":18,"external":19,"topic":56,"link_internal":57,"link_external":58,"featured":30,"topics":61,"languages":62,"type":63,"area":7,"programme":7,"websites":64,"summary":7,"pdf_text":7,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"countries":65,"tags":66,"pdf":67,"authors":68},"03bebfd8-0b40-4a2a-820d-b9d9c13b9de6","3d9ff205-1640-4f34-b5b6-86977f51bbd6",[21],[],[59,60],{"url":25,"caption":26},{"url":28,"caption":29},[32],[15],[35],[37],[],[52],[],[69],2133,{"id":71,"name":72},1309,"Informality",[],[75],{"id":69,"publications_id":76,"authors_id":90},{"id":5,"status":6,"sort":7,"user_created":54,"date_created":8,"user_updated":55,"date_updated":9,"nid":10,"slug":11,"image":39,"title":12,"body":13,"citation":14,"language":15,"year":16,"publisher":17,"date_published":18,"external":19,"topic":77,"link_internal":78,"link_external":79,"featured":30,"topics":82,"languages":83,"type":84,"area":7,"programme":7,"websites":85,"summary":7,"pdf_text":7,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"countries":86,"tags":87,"pdf":88,"authors":89},[21],[],[80,81],{"url":25,"caption":26},{"url":28,"caption":29},[32],[15],[35],[37],[],[52],[],[69],{"id":91,"name":92,"position":7,"image":7},396,"Alena Ledeneva",[94,145,180,230,268,322,370,413,468,512],{"id":95,"slug":96,"title":97,"status":6,"nid":98,"year":99,"body":100,"external":30,"topic":101,"language":15,"type":102,"date_published":104,"image":105,"citation":106,"publisher":107,"link_internal":108,"link_external":112,"authors":113,"countries":122,"tags":127,"pdf":138,"topics":140,"featured":30,"languages":141,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":54,"date_created":142,"user_updated":55,"date_updated":143,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":144},2324,"research-case-5","Research Case Study 5: Harnessing behavioural approaches against corruption",2550,2023,"Social norms and behaviour change (SNBC) approaches are a promising complement to conventional anti-corruption strategies. Adopting a context-sensitive and nuanced approach is an essential ingredient for success.\n\nWe wanted to understand if and how behavioural approaches can promote anti-corruption outcomes, as well as conditions for success.\n\nTo do this we reviewed research from 2016–2022 on the use of behavioural approaches in anti-corruption practice. We also analysed our practical experience designing and piloting an intervention to tackle social norms of reciprocity which fuel bribery in health facilities in Tanzania.",[21],[103],"Research Case Study","2023-12-05","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002Fa4b5e14a-9841-4feb-8411-335c9f972aba?width=600&height=840","Baez Camargo, Claudia, and Saba Kassa. 2023. ‘Harnessing behavioural approaches against corruption.’ Research Case Study 5, Basel Institute on Governance. Available at: baselgov- ernance.org\u002Fpublications\u002Fresearch-case-5.","Basel Institute on Governance",[109],{"url":110,"caption":111},"\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications?type=Research%20Case%20Study"," View all research case studies",[],[114,118],{"authors_id":115},{"id":116,"name":117},295,"Claudia Baez Camargo",{"authors_id":119},{"id":120,"name":121},303,"Saba Kassa",[123],{"countries_id":124},{"id":125,"name":126},224,"Tanzania",[128,132,134],{"tags_id":129},{"id":130,"name":131},848,"Behavioural science",{"tags_id":133},{"id":71,"name":72},{"tags_id":135},{"id":136,"name":137},982,"Anti-corruption",[139],2360,[32],[15],"2023-12-06T11:04:47.000Z","2026-06-02T14:08:43.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fresearch-case-5",{"id":146,"slug":147,"title":148,"status":6,"nid":149,"year":99,"body":150,"external":30,"topic":151,"language":15,"type":153,"date_published":154,"image":155,"citation":156,"publisher":107,"link_internal":157,"link_external":159,"authors":160,"countries":165,"tags":166,"pdf":173,"topics":175,"featured":30,"languages":176,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":54,"date_created":177,"user_updated":55,"date_updated":178,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":179},2311,"research-case-4","Research case study 4: Deconstructing a criminal network involved in illegal wildlife trade between East Africa and Southeast Asia ",2518,"The illegal wildlife trade threatens biodiversity and security worldwide. Criminal networks pocket billions of dollars in illicit profits from stripping the world bare of endangered species and corrupting politicians and public officials in the process.\n\nYet there is very little empirical evidence on the role of both ordinary citizens and criminal networks in the illegal wildlife trade. Our research aims to fill this gap.\n\nWe used social network analysis and network ethnography techniques to study the criminal network of a wildlife trafficker based in East Africa. The insights can bolster law enforcement efforts aimed at identifying and dismantling wildlife trafficking networks.",[152,21],"Green Corruption",[103],"2023-10-11","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002F19e03984-8caf-4871-8d80-b7226ea6403c?width=600&height=840","",[158],{"url":110,"caption":111},[],[161],{"authors_id":162},{"id":163,"name":164},304,"Jacopo Costa",[],[167,171],{"tags_id":168},{"id":169,"name":170},1303,"Environment",{"tags_id":172},{"id":71,"name":72},[174],2347,[152,32],[15],"2023-10-11T16:04:41.000Z","2026-06-02T14:08:41.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fresearch-case-4",{"id":181,"slug":182,"title":183,"status":6,"nid":184,"year":99,"body":185,"external":30,"topic":186,"language":15,"type":187,"date_published":188,"image":189,"citation":156,"publisher":107,"link_internal":190,"link_external":195,"authors":196,"countries":199,"tags":208,"pdf":223,"topics":225,"featured":30,"languages":226,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":54,"date_created":227,"user_updated":55,"date_updated":228,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":229},2283,"research-case-3","Research Case Study 3: Exposing the networks behind transnational corruption and money laundering schemes",2454,"Corruption is increasingly understood as a form of collective, social behaviour. It slips easily across borders and involves sophisticated financial strategies and transactions to launder the stolen money. \n\nYet the nexus between corruption and money laundering is poorly understood. So too are the structures, functions and mechanisms that enable these crimes.\n\nWe applied analytical tools to reveal the complex networks behind a corruption and money laundering scheme involving Odebrecht and Peru’s former president. The insights can support strategic approaches to fight transnational corruption.",[21],[103],"2023-05-31","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002Fca5d66b9-58f2-42fd-afa6-1d3224f01f9d?width=600&height=840",[191,194],{"url":192,"caption":193},"\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fworking-paper-36-revealing-networks-behind-corruption-and-money-laundering-schemes"," View related Working Paper",{"url":110,"caption":111},[],[197],{"authors_id":198},{"id":163,"name":164},[200,204],{"countries_id":201},{"id":202,"name":203},171,"Peru",{"countries_id":205},{"id":206,"name":207},29,"Brazil",[209,213,215,219],{"tags_id":210},{"id":211,"name":212},879,"Money laundering",{"tags_id":214},{"id":71,"name":72},{"tags_id":216},{"id":217,"name":218},1373,"Corruption prevention",{"tags_id":220},{"id":221,"name":222},818,"Anti-money laundering",[224],2318,[32],[15],"2023-05-31T10:04:29.000Z","2026-06-02T14:09:06.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fresearch-case-3",{"id":231,"slug":232,"title":233,"status":6,"nid":234,"year":99,"body":235,"external":30,"topic":236,"language":15,"type":237,"date_published":238,"image":239,"citation":156,"publisher":107,"link_internal":240,"link_external":241,"authors":242,"countries":249,"tags":256,"pdf":261,"topics":263,"featured":30,"languages":264,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":54,"date_created":265,"user_updated":55,"date_updated":266,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":267},2278,"research-case-2","Research case study 2: Leveraging informal networks for anti-corruption in East Africa",2432,"Citizens and business people may invest significant time and money in building informal networks with public officials to overcome public service delivery shortcomings and access business opportunities. Understanding these networks better can strengthen anti-corruption efforts.\n\nThis research case study gives a brief overview of our Public Governance team's research in Uganda and Tanzania. Through interviews, the team explored when, how and why informal networks are built and used to access public services or business opportunities corruptly.\n\nThe research project described was carried out under the Global Integrity Anti-Corruption Evidence Programme (GI-ACE), funded with UK aid from the UK government. All results are freely shareable under a Creative Commons licence.",[21],[103],"2023-05-17","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002F7d1b37bc-c9a9-458b-9b5c-5e140061e6dd?width=600&height=840",[],[],[243,245,247],{"authors_id":244},{"id":116,"name":117},{"authors_id":246},{"id":120,"name":121},{"authors_id":248},{"id":163,"name":164},[250,254],{"countries_id":251},{"id":252,"name":253},226,"Uganda",{"countries_id":255},{"id":125,"name":126},[257,259],{"tags_id":258},{"id":130,"name":131},{"tags_id":260},{"id":71,"name":72},[262],2314,[32],[15],"2023-05-17T10:04:49.000Z","2026-05-31T22:52:11.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fresearch-case-2",{"id":269,"slug":270,"title":271,"status":6,"nid":272,"year":273,"body":274,"external":30,"topic":275,"language":15,"type":276,"date_published":278,"image":279,"citation":156,"publisher":280,"link_internal":281,"link_external":291,"authors":295,"countries":304,"tags":309,"pdf":316,"topics":317,"featured":30,"languages":318,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":54,"date_created":319,"user_updated":55,"date_updated":320,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":321},2221,"informal-networks-investment-qualitative-analysis-uganda-and-tanzania","Informal networks as investment: A qualitative analysis from Uganda and Tanzania",2277,2022,"Published in the peer-reviewed journal *Governance*, this paper interprets informal networks as investments made by citizens and business people to cope with the public sphere. Informal networks often orchestrate corruption, connecting public and private actors. The paper aims to understand their key characteristics, scopes, and functional roles.\n\nTen mini case studies from Tanzania and Uganda are studied. The research applies narrative analysis to explore the experiences of citizens, entrepreneurs, and low-level public officials, who built informal networks as a problem-solving mechanism. It uses a grounded theory approach. The findings serve as working hypotheses about variables and patterns emerging from the bottom-up analysis.\n\nThe paper outlines:\n\n\n- Whether there are distinct types of informal networks associated with particular types of corruption;\n- How, why and by whom these networks are built;\n- Whether different individuals play specific roles;\n- The unwritten expectations and norms that govern such networks.\n\n\nThe results highlight critical implications for anti-corruption practice, showing, for example, how this can be strengthened by shifting the intervention unit from individuals to networks.\n\n### About this article\n\nThis peer-reviewed article is based on extensive field research and analysis conducted by the Basel Institute's Public Governance team in Tanzania and Uganda. The research was funded by UK Aid under the Global Integrity Anti-Corruption Evidence (GI-ACE) programme. See the links below for the open-access research outputs, including a full research report and two sets of case studies.",[21],[277],"Article","2022-08-25","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002F1771fed4-0a6d-4050-88ce-494e877fab4e?width=600&height=840","Governance (Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of the IPSA Structure and Organization of Government Committee)",[282,285,288],{"url":283,"caption":284},"\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Finformal-networks-investment-east-africa"," View open access research report: Informal networks as investment in East Africa",{"url":286,"caption":287},"\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fcase-studies-tanzania-gi-ace-research-informal-networks-and-corruption"," View case studies from Tanzania",{"url":289,"caption":290},"\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fcase-studies-uganda-gi-ace-research-informal-networks-and-corruption"," View case studies from Uganda",[292],{"url":293,"caption":294},"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1111\u002Fgove.12726","View peer-reviewed article on Wiley Online Library",[296,298,300],{"authors_id":297},{"id":116,"name":117},{"authors_id":299},{"id":163,"name":164},{"authors_id":301},{"id":302,"name":303},359,"Lucy Koechlin",[305,307],{"countries_id":306},{"id":125,"name":126},{"countries_id":308},{"id":252,"name":253},[310,312,314],{"tags_id":311},{"id":136,"name":137},{"tags_id":313},{"id":130,"name":131},{"tags_id":315},{"id":71,"name":72},[],[32],[15],"2022-09-06T14:10:21.000Z","2026-06-02T14:08:59.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Finformal-networks-investment-qualitative-analysis-uganda-and-tanzania",{"id":323,"slug":324,"title":325,"status":6,"nid":326,"year":273,"body":327,"external":30,"topic":328,"language":15,"type":329,"date_published":331,"image":332,"citation":333,"publisher":107,"link_internal":334,"link_external":338,"authors":339,"countries":346,"tags":351,"pdf":363,"topics":365,"featured":30,"languages":366,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":54,"date_created":367,"user_updated":55,"date_updated":368,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":369},1760,"policy-brief-9-informal-networks-and-what-they-mean-anti-corruption-practice","Policy Brief 9: Informal networks and what they mean for anti-corruption practice",2166,"Corruption is frequently associated with money alone and the behaviours of a few individual “bad apples” operating in otherwise healthy governance systems. This is too simplistic. As the latest research shows, including research in Tanzania and Uganda on which this Policy Brief is based, corruption is a networked phenomenon. This Policy Brief explains what this means and its implications for anti-corruption practice.\n\nWhen ordinary citizens and business people face problems, like constrained access to public services or an uneven playing field, they invest time, effort and resources in building informal networks.\n\nHeld together by personal connections and corrupt payments, these informal networks are a problem-solving mechanism. They allow members – such as business people, other citizens and public officials – to pursue a variety of goals. The networks aid in easing access to public services, for example, or helping a business to run smoothly, or securing business opportunities with the government. Informal networks can be leveraged to speed up long and complicated permit processes or exploit weaknesses in formal tender processes to obtain undue access to contracts. When red tape is used by public officials to extort bribes from service users, informal networks can help manage and overcome these demands. \n\nIn contexts in which these informal networks are widespread, the research shows that conventional anti-corruption measures, such as introducing more regulations, policies and controls, can actually backfire and increase corruption. \n\nBreaking this self-reinforcing cycle of networked corruption requires a shift in thinking and approaches:\n\n\n- **Focusing on networked corruption** as opposed to individual corrupt behaviours.\n- **Tackling corruption both from the demand and the supply side** by addressing inefficiencies and weaknesses in public systems that cause problems for ordinary citizens and business people. This may make it less likely that they will resort to corruption through informal networks to overcome the public service weaknesses.\n- **Harnessing informal networks for anti-corruption objectives.** This includes leveraging new insights into social norms and networks and establishing Collective Action initiatives to better target the underlying drivers of corruption.\n\n\n## About this Policy Brief\n\nThis publication is part of the Basel Institute on Governance Policy Brief series, ISSN 2624-9669. It presents findings from a research project entitled “\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Face.globalintegrity.org\u002Fprojects\u002Finformality\u002F\">Harnessing informality: Designing anti-corruption network interventions and strategic use of legal instruments\u003C\u002Fa>”, funded by UK Aid as part of the Global Integrity Anti-Corruption Evidence Programme (GI-ACE).\n\nIt is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). ",[21],[330],"Policy Brief","2022-02-21","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002Fc9f50b43-2246-4e39-a1b1-052b0e9829f1?width=600&height=840","Baez Camargo, Claudia, Jacopo Costa, and Saba Kassa. 2022. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fpublications\u002Fpolicy-brief-9-informal-networks-and-what-they-mean-anti-corruption-practice\">Informal networks and what they mean for anti-corruption practice.\u003C\u002Fa> *Policy Brief* 9, Basel Institute on Governance.",[335],{"url":336,"caption":337},"\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications?type=Policy%20Brief"," View all Policy Briefs",[],[340,342,344],{"authors_id":341},{"id":116,"name":117},{"authors_id":343},{"id":163,"name":164},{"authors_id":345},{"id":120,"name":121},[347,349],{"countries_id":348},{"id":125,"name":126},{"countries_id":350},{"id":252,"name":253},[352,354,357,361],{"tags_id":353},{"id":136,"name":137},{"tags_id":355},{"id":356,"name":37},909,{"tags_id":358},{"id":359,"name":360},973,"Corruption",{"tags_id":362},{"id":71,"name":72},[364],1786,[32],[15],"2022-04-27T11:53:17.000Z","2026-06-02T14:09:04.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fpolicy-brief-9-informal-networks-and-what-they-mean-anti-corruption-practice",{"id":371,"slug":372,"title":373,"status":6,"nid":374,"year":273,"body":375,"external":30,"topic":376,"language":15,"type":377,"date_published":379,"image":380,"citation":156,"publisher":107,"link_internal":381,"link_external":385,"authors":389,"countries":400,"tags":401,"pdf":406,"topics":408,"featured":30,"languages":409,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":54,"date_created":410,"user_updated":55,"date_updated":411,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":412},1761,"quick-guide-23-informal-networks-and-anti-corruption","Quick Guide 23: Informal networks and anti-corruption",2183,"Why do many countries still struggle with high levels of corruption, in spite of years of investment in anti-corruption programmes and even where the right laws, rules and institutions are in place?\n\nWe believe one reason is that anti-corruption laws and policies are too often focused narrowly on individuals, rather than *networks* of individuals.\n\nIn our research, we see repeatedly how high levels of corruption are rarely the result of individual behaviour – some isolated rotten apples transgressing the formal legal order and leading others astray. Rather, corruption more frequently springs from the social norms and group dynamics of well-articulated and resilient informal networks.\n\nAnd it’s those networks that have much to lose from integrity and ethics. Their behaviour as a group entrenches corruption, and they block attempts at reforms. This quick guide takes a look at what this means and the implications for anti-corruption programming.\n\n### About this Quick Guide\n\nThis work is licensed under a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-nc-nd\u002F4.0\u002F\">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License\u003C\u002Fa>. It is part of the Basel Institute on Governance Quick Guide series, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.baselgovernance.org\u002Fpublications?type=2428\">ISSN 2673-5229\u003C\u002Fa>.",[21],[378],"Quick Guide","2022-02-15","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002F80db1c22-07e0-4e16-9a68-312b1d223e82?width=600&height=840",[382],{"url":383,"caption":384},"\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications?type=Quick%20Guide"," View all Quick Guides",[386],{"url":387,"caption":388},"https:\u002F\u002Flearn.baselgovernance.org\u002Fcourse\u002Fview.php?id=118"," View on Basel LEARN",[390,392,394,396],{"authors_id":391},{"id":163,"name":164},{"authors_id":393},{"id":116,"name":117},{"authors_id":395},{"id":120,"name":121},{"authors_id":397},{"id":398,"name":399},354,"Cosimo Stahl",[],[402,404],{"tags_id":403},{"id":71,"name":72},{"tags_id":405},{"id":130,"name":131},[407],1787,[32],[15],"2022-04-27T11:53:18.000Z","2026-06-02T14:09:05.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fquick-guide-23-informal-networks-and-anti-corruption",{"id":414,"slug":415,"title":416,"status":6,"nid":417,"year":418,"body":419,"external":30,"topic":420,"language":15,"type":421,"date_published":422,"image":423,"citation":156,"publisher":107,"link_internal":424,"link_external":430,"authors":431,"countries":446,"tags":451,"pdf":462,"topics":464,"featured":30,"languages":465,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":54,"date_created":466,"user_updated":55,"date_updated":228,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":467},1773,"policy-brief-8-it-takes-network-defeat-network-what-collective-action-practitioners","Policy Brief 8: It takes a network to defeat a network – What Collective Action practitioners can learn from research into corrupt networks",2148,2021,"This Policy Brief distils recommendations for \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fcollective-action\">Collective Action\u003C\u002Fa> practitioners based on empirical insights on certain forms of corruption involving private-sector actors.\n\n\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fpublications\u002Finformal-networks-investment-east-africa\">Field research carried out in Tanzania and Uganda\u003C\u002Fa> produced detailed case studies that show how informal networks link private and public sector actors to pursue common illicit goals, such as gaining an unfair business advantage, avoiding a sanction, decreasing taxes owed or jumping the queue at the point of delivery of public services. Corruption, most often bribery, is the currency that works to cement and nurture those networks.\n\nThis Policy Brief is based on that research and a series of in-depth interviews with Collective Action practitioners working in Africa, Eastern Europe and Latin America. The goal is to extract insights from what we have learned about the networks that fuel corruption and discuss implications for anti-corruption Collective Action initiatives. \n\n## About this Policy Brief\n\nThis publication is part of the Basel Institute on Governance Policy Brief series, ISSN 2624-9669.\n\nIt is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). Suggested citation: Baez Camargo, C., Costa, Hans,V., J., Koechlin, L. and Wannenwetsch, S. (2021) *It takes a network to defeat a network: What Collective Action practitioners can learn from research into corrupt networks*. Policy Brief 8, Basel Institute on Governance.\n\nThe research underpinning this Policy Brief was funded by the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Face.globalintegrity.org\u002F\">Global Integrity Anti-Corruption Evidence Programm\u003C\u002Fa>e, funded with UK Aid from the British people.",[37,21],[330],"2021-12-14","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002Fe139b149-ae15-42eb-a076-1dccd23e562f?width=600&height=840",[425,427],{"url":283,"caption":426}," View Tanzania\u002FUganda research paper: Informal networks as investment in East Africa",{"url":428,"caption":429},"https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fb20-collective-action-hub"," See the B20 Collective Action Hub for more information about anti-corruption Collective Action",[],[432,434,436,440,442],{"authors_id":433},{"id":116,"name":117},{"authors_id":435},{"id":163,"name":164},{"authors_id":437},{"id":438,"name":439},298,"Vanessa Hans",{"authors_id":441},{"id":302,"name":303},{"authors_id":443},{"id":444,"name":445},293,"Scarlet Wannenwetsch",[447,449],{"countries_id":448},{"id":125,"name":126},{"countries_id":450},{"id":252,"name":253},[452,454,458,460],{"tags_id":453},{"id":71,"name":72},{"tags_id":455},{"id":456,"name":457},830,"Business integrity",{"tags_id":459},{"id":136,"name":137},{"tags_id":461},{"id":356,"name":37},[463],1793,[37,32],[15],"2022-04-27T11:53:25.000Z","\u002Fresources\u002Fpublications\u002Fpolicy-brief-8-it-takes-network-defeat-network-what-collective-action-practitioners",{"id":469,"slug":470,"title":471,"status":6,"nid":472,"year":418,"body":473,"external":30,"topic":474,"language":15,"type":475,"date_published":477,"image":478,"citation":156,"publisher":479,"link_internal":480,"link_external":486,"authors":487,"countries":494,"tags":499,"pdf":506,"topics":508,"featured":30,"languages":509,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":54,"date_created":510,"user_updated":55,"date_updated":511,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":283},1779,"informal-networks-investment-east-africa","Informal networks as investment in East Africa",2126,"This report presents findings from a research project entitled \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Face.globalintegrity.org\u002Fprojects\u002Finformality\u002F\">Harnessing informality: Designing anti-corruption network interventions and strategic use of legal instruments\u003C\u002Fa>” funded by UK Aid as part of the Global Integrity Anti-Corruption Evidence Programme (GI-ACE).\n\nThe project follows from a previous research project where the Basel Institute on Governance, in partnership with University College London and SOAS, researched informality and its relationship with corruption and governance in seven countries in East Africa and Central Asia. The findings from that research project suggested that corruption often takes place according to informal, unwritten rules. The findings from the seven countries supported the following observation:\n\n\n“Corruption is most often not the result from the actions of a few, individual rotten apples operating in otherwise healthy governance systems; rather corruption is orchestrated by informal social networks that connect actors in the public and private realms and enable the pursuit of a variety of intransparent, often illicit, goals.”\n\n\nIn our current research project, we have aimed to understand how informal networks that are associated with different types of corruption are exactly articulated, operationalised and managed, with a view to distilling lessons of value to anti-corruption practitioners.\n\nThe present report sheds light on the functioning of informal networks in East Africa, based on evidence collected in Tanzania and Uganda. The report presents evidence, consisting of ten mini-case studies (six from Tanzania and four from Uganda) that describe informal networks associated with bribery and procurement fraud. The 10 cases are also analysed and implications for anti-corruption practice discussed.",[21],[277,476],"Report","2021-11-02","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002Fe420805b-118f-48cb-8bff-675352716c10?width=600&height=840","Global Integrity Anti-Corruption Evidence Programme (GI-ACE)",[481,482,483],{"url":286,"caption":287},{"url":289,"caption":290},{"url":484,"caption":485},"\u002Fresources\u002Fnews\u002Fbribery-isnt-only-an-exchange-of-money-what-new-research-tells-us-about-how-informal-networks-enable-corruption-and-vice-versa-2129"," View blog\u002Fshort summary by Claudia Baez Camargo",[],[488,490,492],{"authors_id":489},{"id":116,"name":117},{"authors_id":491},{"id":163,"name":164},{"authors_id":493},{"id":302,"name":303},[495,497],{"countries_id":496},{"id":125,"name":126},{"countries_id":498},{"id":252,"name":253},[500,502,504],{"tags_id":501},{"id":136,"name":137},{"tags_id":503},{"id":130,"name":131},{"tags_id":505},{"id":71,"name":72},[507],1804,[32],[15],"2022-04-27T11:53:30.000Z","2026-06-02T14:10:29.000Z",{"id":513,"slug":514,"title":515,"status":6,"nid":516,"year":418,"body":517,"external":30,"topic":518,"language":15,"type":519,"date_published":477,"image":521,"citation":156,"publisher":479,"link_internal":522,"link_external":525,"authors":526,"countries":537,"tags":540,"pdf":547,"topics":549,"featured":30,"languages":550,"summary":7,"programme":7,"area":7,"websites":7,"pdf_text":7,"sort":7,"user_created":54,"date_created":551,"user_updated":55,"date_updated":552,"main_points":7,"short_version":7,"subtitle":7,"link":289},1780,"case-studies-uganda-gi-ace-research-informal-networks-and-corruption","Case studies from Uganda: GI-ACE research on informal networks and corruption",2128,"The four case studies in this collection form part of a research project entitled \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Face.globalintegrity.org\u002Fprojects\u002Finformality\u002F\">Harnessing informality: Designing anti-corruption network interventions and strategic use of legal instruments\u003C\u002Fa>” funded by UK Aid as part of the Global Integrity Anti-Corruption Evidence Programme (GI-ACE).\n\nThe research project aimed to understand how informal networks that are associated with different types of corruption are exactly articulated, operationalised and managed, with a view to distilling lessons of value to anti-corruption practitioners.\n\nThe case studies describe informal networks associated with bribery and procurement fraud. They include visual graphics of the informal networks and connections between different actors.\n\nTogether with the research report and six case studies from Tanzania, they shed light on the functioning of informal networks in East Africa. The case studies were prepared with the help of Robert Lugolobi, independent consultant.\n\nContents:\n\n\n- The use of informal networks to obtain a driver’s licence\n- Network transactions involving the land registration office\n- Informal networks in the transport, tour and ticketing business\n- Informal networks in the chemical sector\n",[21],[520,476],"Case Study","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002Fbe33fcbd-b6ba-4d26-81e8-3f5d7ced9085?width=600&height=840",[523],{"url":283,"caption":524}," View main research report",[],[527,529,531,533],{"authors_id":528},{"id":116,"name":117},{"authors_id":530},{"id":163,"name":164},{"authors_id":532},{"id":302,"name":303},{"authors_id":534},{"id":535,"name":536},358,"Robert Lugolobi",[538],{"countries_id":539},{"id":252,"name":253},[541,543,545],{"tags_id":542},{"id":136,"name":137},{"tags_id":544},{"id":130,"name":131},{"tags_id":546},{"id":71,"name":72},[548],1805,[32],[15],"2022-04-27T11:53:31.000Z","2026-06-02T14:09:07.000Z",1780676577657]