[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":318},["ShallowReactive",2],{"news-un-caso-historico-de-recuperacion-de-activos-pone-a-prueba-la-legislacion-peruana-de-extincion-de-dominio-979":3,"news-un-caso-historico-de-recuperacion-de-activos-pone-a-prueba-la-legislacion-peruana-de-extincion-de-dominio-979-similar":80,"i-heroicons:arrow-left-20-solid":313},[4],{"id":5,"status":6,"date_created":7,"date_updated":8,"title":9,"type":10,"body":11,"date":12,"topic":13,"slug":15,"activity":16,"nid":17,"topics":18,"activities":19,"programme":20,"area":20,"websites":21,"language":20,"image":23,"translation_of":20,"countries":34,"tags":58,"authors":59,"images":77,"translations":78,"content":79},9824,"published","2022-05-26T22:56:12.000Z","2025-08-31T23:14:59.000Z","Un caso histórico de recuperación de activos pone a prueba la legislación peruana de Extinción de Dominio","Blog","_Perú ejecutará sentencia de Extinción de Dominio (decomiso sin condena) de cuenta del complejo Montesinos en el Gran Ducado de Luxemburgo._\n\nLos procesos de recuperación de activos suponen largos periodos de espera e inactividad durante los cuales el operador de justicia no puede mostrar resultados concretos, particularmente cuando el objetivo es recuperar activos disimulados en centros financieros internacionales a través de la cooperación internacional en materia penal. \n\nPor otro lado, numerosas son las dificultades en los estados victima asociadas a su capacidad de recuperar activos ilícitos. Las consecuencias es una brecha marcada entre los montos efectivamente recuperados a nivel internacional y los flujos ilícitos originados en crímenes económicos de diversa índole.\n\nEsta situación la conoce muy bien el Fiscal Provincial del Ministerio Público del Perú, Dr. Hamilton Castro, quien se encuentra investigando desde el 2014 el remanente de cuentas en Suiza y Luxemburgo vinculadas a la organización criminal liderada por el expresidente Alberto Fujimori y su jefe de inteligencia Vladimiro Montesinos. \n\nEn junio de 2019, el Ministerio Público del Perú obtuvo el decomiso de la cuenta de la offshore Southland Securities Inc. que se encuentra incautada en Luxemburgo desde inicio de los años 2000. La decisión judicial establece que la cuenta le pertenece a Américo Ibárcena, ex Almirante de la Marina de Guerra del Perú, y que fue utilizada para disimular las comisiones ilícitas que el ex Almirante recibió de empresas extranjeras vendedoras de armas. \n\nEsta decisión constituye el primer caso de aplicación de la ley de Extinción de Dominio (decomiso sin condena) en vigencia en el Perú desde febrero de 2019. El Basel Institute por su parte felicita a las autoridades de justicia del Perú por este logro y se siente honrado de haberlas acompañado en este y otros procesos de recuperación de activos. \n\nEl Dr. Hamilton Castro nos deja algunas reflexiones a propósito de este importante hito de la justicia peruana y sobre los escenarios que espera encontrar la solicitud de ejecución de esta decisión en el Gran Ducado de Luxemburgo. \n\n### Dr. Hamilton. Díganos, ¿porque es importante la decisión del caso Ibárcena para el Perú? \n\nYo creo por dos razones. En primer lugar, porque la recuperación de estos activos era una tarea pendiente de la justicia con el pueblo del Perú. La cuenta de Southland Securities Inc. pertenece a un conjunto de cuentas que sirvieron para esconder el producto de los contratos colusorios con los que se defraudó la caja pública durante la administración del ex presidente Fujimori. Esta recuperación, así como la recuperación de otras cuentas estos últimos años, contiene un mensaje implícito a los criminales: la justicia tarda pero no olvida. \n\nEn segundo lugar, esta decisión es importante porque es la primera sentencia después de la puesta en vigencia de la nueva normativa en febrero de este año. La Extinción de Dominio constituye una herramienta eficaz para recuperar activos en situaciones como la del caso concreto donde los titulares y beneficiarios económicos de las cuentas se encuentran prófugos de justicia del Perú o han muerto. Dicho esto, somos conscientes del camino que nos queda por recorrer para obtener su ejecución en un país como el Gran Ducado de Luxemburgo.\n\nEstamos preparados para sustentar nuestra solicitud con argumentos jurídicos de un proceso que se ha llevado a cabo respetando los mas altos estándares de protección de las garantías procesales. \n\n### ¿Cuál es la mayor innovación de la nueva legislación sobre Extinción de Domino y cómo esto ayudó en la investigación del caso Ibárcena? \n\nA mi modo de ver, la principal innovación de la Extinción de Dominio en el Perú radica en que supera la etapa de “residualidad” respecto al proceso penal que tenía la figura anterior de Perdida de Dominio. La autonomía de la acción de Extinción de Dominio significa en términos prácticos que para iniciar una indagación patrimonial, según dispone esta ley, no se requiere una condena penal, y en algunos escenarios,  no resulta indispensable una investigación penal abierta para recuperar los activos ilícitos.\n\nSu carácter autónomo permite iniciar una acción dirigida contra el activo mismo que se desarrolla en dos instancias que respetan sin restricción todos los derechos de la defensa y el debido proceso. \n\nEn este caso concreto, la nueva normativa ha permitido iniciar el proceso de recuperación de activos incluso cuando el titular de la cuenta se encuentra fuera del país en calidad de Reo Ausente. Evidentemente, se ha procedido con la notificación del caso y, ante la renuencia a participar en el proceso, el sistema prevé el nombramiento de un abogado de oficio que tutele sus derechos procesales. Por otro lado, al ser una acción dirigida contra el activo, se aplican en gran medida conceptos del derecho civil que facilitan la actuación probatoria e incide sobre la celeridad del proceso. \n\n### ¿Cuáles son los retos en relación con la aplicación de la ley de Extinción de Dominio en el Perú?\n\nEn mi opinión, una primera cuestión esta relacionada con las competencias del operador de justicia para aplicar una legislación, que si bien tiene décadas de aplicación en algunos países de la región, es fundamentalmente nueva en el Perú. El entendimiento que necesitan los llamados a aplicar los conceptos novedosos que introduce esta ley – jueces y fiscales especializados – es fundamental para obtener resultados positivos en concordancia con otros cuerpos normativos superiores. La formación de nuestros operadores es fundamental para desarrollar correcta y eficientemente las indagaciones patrimoniales y ulteriormente, desarrollar de manera adecuada la fase judicial.\n\nEso implica un reto en cuanto a la capacitación, y en esta media esperamos que el Basel Institute siga apoyando el trabajo de la Fiscalía y del Poder Judicial en esta cuestión tan importante que es la recuperación de activos. \n\n### ¿En atención a su ultimo punto, cómo describiría usted la relación que ha tenido su despacho con el Basel Institute? \n\nLa relación entre mi despacho y el Basel Institute ha sido optima desde una época mas o menos lejana ya. Primero en la recuperación de cuentas en Suiza vinculadas a este mismo complejo de hechos y luego cuando era el jefe del “Equipo Especial” que investigó el Caso Odebrecht (Lava Jato) en su fase inicial en el Perú.\n\nEn este contexto, se entabló una relación fructífera que tuvo que ver de un primer momento con el asesoramiento, el auxilio, la asistencia en lo que corresponde la cooperación judicial internacional. En un segundo momento, enfocado fundamentalmente en lo que es la recuperación de activos relacionados con actos de corrupción en el gobierno Peruano que ha permitido a mi despacho recuperar hasta este momento aproximadamente 35 millones de fondos que estaban depositados en cuentas en el extranjero y vinculados con graves actos de corrupción estatal en el Perú. \n\nNosotros pensamos que esta última sentencia relacionada con la cuenta en el Gran Ducado de Luxemburgo es precisamente una muestra clara de la optima relación entre la Fiscalía de Extinción de Dominio y el Basel Institute, porque precisamente esta demanda de Extinción de Dominio fue trabajada de la mano del asesoramiento y del auxilio proporcionado por el Basel Institute.\n\n### ¿Cuáles son sus expectativas con respecto al futuro con el Basel Institute?\n\nNuestras expectativas están íntimamente vinculadas con nuestra necesidad de que este cooperación estrecha y valiosa entre el Ministerio Publico Peruano y el Basel Institute continúe en los diferentes ámbitos en los que se desarrolla actualmente de tal manera que podemos seguir recuperando activos de origen ilícito que aún corresponden a casos pendientes y por desarrollar.\n\n### Más información\n\n*   [30 procuradores del Ministerio de Justicia son capacitados en Extinción de Dominio](http:\u002F\u002Fgfpsubnacional.pe\u002F2019\u002F06\u002F04\u002F30-procuradores-del-ministerio-de-justicia-son-capacitados-en-extincion-de-dominio\u002F)\n*   [Corte superior de justicia de Piura implementará juzgado de extinción de dominio](http:\u002F\u002Fgfpsubnacional.pe\u002F2019\u002F05\u002F13\u002Fcorte-superior-de-justicia-de-piura-implementara-juzgado-de-extincion-de-dominio\u002F)\n*   Sobre el [International Centre for Asset Recovery](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.baselgovernance.org\u002Fasset-recovery) (en inglés)\n*   [Read this interview in English](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.baselgovernance.org\u002Fblog\u002Flandmark-asset-recovery-case-puts-peruvian-non-conviction-based-confiscation-legislation-test)","2019-08-01",[14],"","un-caso-historico-de-recuperacion-de-activos-pone-a-prueba-la-legislacion-peruana-de-extincion-de-dominio-979",[14],979,[],[],null,[22],"Main page",{"id":24,"storage":25,"filename_disk":26,"filename_download":27,"title":9,"type":28,"created_on":29,"modified_on":29,"charset":20,"filesize":30,"width":31,"height":32,"duration":20,"embed":20,"description":20,"location":20,"tags":20,"metadata":33,"focal_point_x":20,"focal_point_y":20,"tus_id":20,"tus_data":20,"uploaded_on":29},"bc2cf4d3-f5a1-4edf-a983-be4759ad6149","local","bc2cf4d3-f5a1-4edf-a983-be4759ad6149.webp","tmp.webp","image\u002Fwebp","2025-05-12T21:21:55.000Z",84536,1400,1001,{},[35],{"id":36,"news_id":37,"countries_id":52},7456,{"id":5,"status":6,"user_created":38,"date_created":7,"user_updated":39,"date_updated":8,"title":9,"type":10,"body":11,"image":24,"date":12,"topic":40,"slug":15,"activity":41,"nid":17,"topics":42,"activities":43,"programme":20,"area":20,"websites":44,"translation_of":20,"language":20,"countries":45,"tags":46,"authors":47,"images":49,"translations":50,"content":51},"03bebfd8-0b40-4a2a-820d-b9d9c13b9de6","b0662e2a-864d-4888-a1b7-4342b7570b30",[14],[14],[],[],[22],[36],[],[48],1264,[],[],[],{"id":53,"name":54,"code":55,"latitude":56,"longitude":57},171,"Peru","PE",-9.18997,-75.01515,[],[60],{"id":48,"news_id":61,"authors_id":73},{"id":5,"status":6,"user_created":38,"date_created":7,"user_updated":39,"date_updated":8,"title":9,"type":10,"body":11,"image":24,"date":12,"topic":62,"slug":15,"activity":63,"nid":17,"topics":64,"activities":65,"programme":20,"area":20,"websites":66,"translation_of":20,"language":20,"countries":67,"tags":68,"authors":69,"images":70,"translations":71,"content":72},[14],[14],[],[],[22],[36],[],[48],[],[],[],{"id":74,"name":75,"position":20,"image":76},294,"Oscar Solorzano","bb78436c-969e-40ca-9f3e-5e37ec0a95f9",[],[],[],[81,112,135,160,187,209,236,258,284],{"id":82,"body":83,"status":6,"type":84,"date":85,"slug":86,"title":87,"image":88,"countries":89,"topic":91,"activity":93,"tags":98,"nid":99,"topics":100,"activities":102,"authors":103,"images":104,"websites":105,"area":20,"programme":20,"language":20,"translations":106,"translation_of":20,"user_created":38,"date_created":107,"user_updated":108,"date_updated":109,"content":110,"link":111},9699,"We are delighted to have signed a new framework agreement with Peru’s Special Public Prosecutor’s Office.\n\nThe Special Public Prosecutor’s Office (Procuraduría General del Estado del Perú) was established in 2019 as an independent authority within the Ministry of Justice and Human Rights. In collaboration with the Attorney General’s Office, it is responsible for advancing prosecutions of offences where the Peruvian State is the victim, including corruption, money laundering and environmental crimes.\n\nThe signing of this agreement is an opportunity to renew our congratulations to Peru for establishing the new Office and to Dr. Daniel Soria Luján for his appointment as Special General Public Prosecutor.\n\nThe agreement builds on our seven-year engagement with the country’s key institutions for combating corruption and recovering stolen assets. It covers:\n\n*   Technical assistance in recovering assets arising from acts of corruption, money laundering or other financial crimes that are located outside of Peru;\n*   Technical assistance in developing training programmes and building the capacity of Peru’s specialised prosecutors in matters of corruption, money laundering and asset recovery;\n*   Support for cases based on Peru’s non-conviction-based confiscation legislation, known as _extinción de dominio_.\n\nThis support will continue to be carried out by experts of our International Centre for Asset Recovery (ICAR) based in our regional office in Lima, Peru.\n\n### Growing capacity to recover stolen assets\n\nThrough ICAR, we have been supporting the Peruvian justice authorities since 2013, when we first signed a framework agreement with the Ministry of Justice and Human Rights covering technical support and capacity building to the Office of the Specialised Anti-Corruption Prosecutor.\n\nSince then, Peru has made significant strides in recovering illicit assets from Switzerland and Luxembourg, including in a set of high-profile cases linked to former presidential adviser Vladimiro Montesinos. Over USD 30 million have been recovered so far and are currently being repatriated.\n\nWe have also been delighted to see landmark recoveries already achieved under Peru’s new _extinción de dominio_ legislation, which was developed and is being implemented with ICAR support.\n\nThese successes bear witness to the development and strengthening of the country’s justice system, as well as the capacity of its investigators, prosecutors and judges, over these years. The establishment of the independent Special Public Prosecutor’s Office will now consolidate the work of the various specialised prosecutorial offices. It will bring fresh firepower to the fight against corruption and renewed momentum to efforts to recover stolen assets for Peru.\n\n### Virtual signing ceremony\n\nThe signing ceremony took place by video conference on 29 July, a day after Peru's National Day. Dr. Daniel Soria Luján, Special General Public Prosecutor, was present along with Dr. Martín Mijichich Loli, Technical Secretary of the State Council for Legal Defence, Amado Enco Titado, Special Prosecutor for Corruption Offences, and Sonia Medina, Special Prosecutor for Drug-related Offences. Dr. Soria Luján emphasised the importance of the agreement, stating that asset recovery and the fight against corruption are responsibilities that are shared between governments, civil society and international organisations like the Basel Institute on Governance.\n\nRepresenting the Basel Institute were Gretta Fenner, Managing Director, and Oscar Solórzano, Head of Latin America and Senior Asset Recovery Specialist. In her speech at the ceremony, Gretta Fenner expressed her sincerest thanks for the trust and excellent cooperation between the Special Public Prosecutor’s Office and the Basel Institute on Governance. _“If there ever is a time when corruption is destroying lives,”_ she said, _“and when recovering stolen assets can save lives, this is now.”_\n\n### Learn more about our asset recovery in Peru\n\n*   [Landmark asset recovery case puts Peruvian non-conviction-based confiscation legislation to the test](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.baselgovernance.org\u002Fblog\u002Flandmark-asset-recovery-case-puts-peruvian-non-conviction-based-confiscation-legislation-test) – an interview with Dr. Hamilton Castro, Provincial Prosecutor in the Attorney General’s Office of Peru. (Also in Spanish: [Un caso histórico de recuperación de activos pone a prueba la legislación peruana de Extinción de Dominio](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.baselgovernance.org\u002Fblog\u002Fun-caso-historico-de-recuperacion-de-activos-pone-prueba-la-legislacion-peruana-de-extincion).)\n*   Example of capacity building: [Advanced training for specialised judges in Peru – how peer learning helps](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.baselgovernance.org\u002Fnews\u002Fadvanced-training-specialised-judges-peru-how-peer-learning-helps).\n*   About the Basel Institute’s [International Centre for Asset Recovery](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.baselgovernance.org\u002Fasset-recovery).","News","2020-07-29","new-agreement-with-perus-special-public-prosecutors-office-brings-fresh-firepower-to-efforts-to-recover-stolen-assets-1829","New agreement with Peru’s Special Public Prosecutor’s Office brings fresh firepower to efforts to recover stolen assets","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002F0dd828b2-b42a-4a37-b9fa-4a1ad8c36ed5?width=1000&height=650&format=webp&quality=80",[90],7406,[92],"Asset Recovery",[94,95,96,97],"Events","Presentations","Partnerships","International cooperation",[],1829,[101],"Asset Recovery and Enforcement",[94,95,96,97],[],[],[22],[],"2022-05-26T22:54:29.000Z","3d9ff205-1640-4f34-b5b6-86977f51bbd6","2026-05-29T22:21:50.000Z",[],"\u002Fresources\u002Fnews\u002Fnew-agreement-with-perus-special-public-prosecutors-office-brings-fresh-firepower-to-efforts-to-recover-stolen-assets-1829",{"id":113,"body":114,"status":6,"type":10,"date":115,"slug":116,"title":117,"image":118,"countries":119,"topic":121,"activity":122,"tags":123,"nid":124,"topics":125,"activities":126,"authors":127,"images":128,"websites":129,"area":20,"programme":20,"language":20,"translations":130,"translation_of":20,"user_created":38,"date_created":131,"user_updated":108,"date_updated":132,"content":133,"link":134},9731,"As we write in our 2019 Annual Report, our [International Centre for Asset Recovery](\u002Fnode\u002F25) continues to be one of the only organisations specialised in the recovery of stolen assets. Our focus is on supporting our partner countries in particularly complex cases and the introduction of new working methods and legal and investigative tools.\n\nIn this short piece published in the Annual Report, Dr Hamilton Castro, Specialised Anti-Corruption Prosecutor in Peru, explains how the impacts of our joint work go far beyond the money recovered:\n\n> In 2019 I celebrated, with my colleagues in the Peruvian justice system and partners at the Basel Institute, a landmark decision in Peru’s first ever asset recovery case based on a new non-conviction-based confiscation law. \n> \n> The case relates to a bank account containing laundered money from a Peruvian navy general who is now deceased. For this reason, a criminal conviction of the general was not possible. The Peruvian courts have declared that the money belongs to Peru and should be returned in line with precedents in cases involving Luxembourg and Switzerland. \n> \n> This case, like many others in my career, has benefited greatly from strategic advice and assistance in international judicial cooperation provided by the Basel Institute’s International Centre for Asset Recovery. The experts’ support in these matters has so far helped my office to recover around USD 35 million in funds that were stashed in foreign accounts and linked to serious acts of state corruption in Peru. \n> \n> I believe the benefits to Peru go far beyond the money recovered. All the cases on which we have worked together are helping to build pathways for greater international collaboration on asset recovery. They are helping to restore citizens’ trust in the judicial system. \n> \n> And our joint achievements deliver an implicit message to criminals: justice may take time, but she does not forget. \n\n### Find out more\n\n*   Read an interview with Dr Hamilton Castro describing the case and its implications in detail in English ([Landmark asset recovery case puts Peruvian non-conviction-based confiscation legislation to the test](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.baselgovernance.org\u002Fblog\u002Flandmark-asset-recovery-case-puts-peruvian-non-conviction-based-confiscation-legislation-test)) and Spanish ([Un caso histórico de recuperación de activos pone a prueba la legislación peruana de Extinción de Dominio](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.baselgovernance.org\u002Fblog\u002Fun-caso-historico-de-recuperacion-de-activos-pone-prueba-la-legislacion-peruana-de-extincion)).\n*   See the submission by the Basel Institute on Governance to the [UNGASS on enabling full cooperation in asset recovery matters](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.baselgovernance.org\u002Fnews\u002Frecommendations-ungass-enabling-full-cooperation-asset-recovery-matters), which includes a recommendation on Non-Conviction Based Confiscation (NCBC) measures such as the one used in this case.\n*   Download our [2019 Annual Report](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.baselgovernance.org\u002Fsites\u002Fdefault\u002Ffiles\u002F2020-05\u002FBasel%20Institute%20Annual%20Report%202019.pdf).","2020-05-31","our-message-to-criminals-justice-may-take-time-but-she-does-not-forget-1760","Our message to criminals: justice may take time, but she does not forget ","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002F58c08f24-0f94-4274-970f-09727936347a?width=1000&height=650&format=webp&quality=80",[120],7416,[92],[96],[],1760,[101],[96],[],[],[22],[],"2022-05-26T22:54:54.000Z","2026-05-29T22:21:52.000Z",[],"\u002Fresources\u002Fnews\u002Four-message-to-criminals-justice-may-take-time-but-she-does-not-forget-1760",{"id":136,"body":137,"status":6,"type":84,"date":138,"slug":139,"title":140,"image":141,"countries":142,"topic":144,"activity":145,"tags":147,"nid":148,"topics":149,"activities":150,"authors":151,"images":153,"websites":154,"area":20,"programme":20,"language":20,"translations":155,"translation_of":20,"user_created":38,"date_created":156,"user_updated":108,"date_updated":157,"content":158,"link":159},9708,"As part of a week-long virtual conference by the [Grupo de Estudios del Sistema Penal](https:\u002F\u002Fweb.facebook.com\u002FSP.grupodeestudios\u002F?epa=SEARCH_BOX), Head of Latin America and Senior Asset Recovery Specialist Oscar Solorzano presented in Spanish on the contested topic of non-conviction-based forfeiture of assets.\n\n### Recovering assets when a criminal conviction is not possible\n\nNon-conviction-based (NCB) asset forfeiture is a critical tool for recovering assets arising from corruption when a criminal conviction is not possible. Examples are when the wrongdoer has died or fled the jurisdiction, or is immune from prosecution.\n\nThe UN Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) and the Financial Action Task Force both support its use, and Peru has already managed to achieve landmark recoveries under its recently introduced NCB legislation, Extinción de Dominio, which is being implemented with ICAR support and training.\n\nBut in practice there are many hurdles to the full use of NCB forfeiture. A particularly frustrating hurdle is that some requested States refuse to provide mutual legal assistance in cases of NCB forfeiture because a similar mechanism doesn’t exist in their domestic legal framework.\n\nThe debate is a complicated one but crucial when a victim State is trying to recover the proceeds of corruption located in an international financial centre. The response to its request for assistance will depend on the nature and scope of the law that allows for foreign investigation.\n\nSome of these issues are summarised in these [notes from the ICAR-organised side event of the Conference of the States Parties](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.baselgovernance.org\u002Fblog\u002Fenforcing-non-conviction-based-confiscation-assets-europe-introducing-cosp-panel-discussion) to the UNCAC in Abu Dhabi last year, as well as in [Oscar Solorzano’s speech at that event](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.baselgovernance.org\u002Fblog\u002Ffavourability-principle-uncacs-plug-adapter-enforcement-non-conviction-based-confiscation).\n\nTo understand the practical implications, see also this interview with Specialised Prosecutor Hamilton Castro: [Landmark asset recovery case puts Peruvian non-conviction-based confiscation legislation to the test](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.baselgovernance.org\u002Fblog\u002Flandmark-asset-recovery-case-puts-peruvian-non-conviction-based-confiscation-legislation-test) (also in [Spanish](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.baselgovernance.org\u002Fblog\u002Fun-caso-historico-de-recuperacion-de-activos-pone-prueba-la-legislacion-peruana-de-extincion)).\n\n### No impediments please\n\nIn the online conference, after covering the main topics of debate Oscar Solorzano argued that legislators should strike a balance between the adoption of stronger confiscation laws and the legal rights of individuals.\n\nOn the one hand, he said, States wish to fight rampant financial criminality through increasingly incisive legal tools. On the other hand, several centuries of legal developments focused on the protection of individual rights creates a distortion that limits the possibilities for a victim State to investigate and execute seizures in the requested state without a criminal conviction.\n\nFrom our perspective, he concluded:\n\n*   When \"atypical\" confiscation laws pursue the proceeds of terrible crimes such as corruption…\n*   …when their nature does not constitute a penalty in the strict sense..\n*   …and when the procedural guarantees of individuals are respected in a fair trial…\n\nWe consider that there should be no impediment to providing international assistance – either during the investigation phase or during the execution of final judgments of foreign non-criminal confiscations.\n\n### See more\n\n*   [View recorded presentation by Oscar Solorzano](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002F1782369252011516\u002Fvideos\u002F274459576988248\u002F?__so__=channel_tab&__rv__=latest_videos_card)\n*   [Training for specialised Peruvian prosecutors in new non-conviction-based confiscation legislation](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.baselgovernance.org\u002Fnode\u002F947)\n*   [New specialised courts to apply novel Extinción de Dominio legislation in Peru](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.baselgovernance.org\u002Fnode\u002F913\u002F)\n*   Stefan Mbiyavanga, Legal Specialist for Latin America, also spoke about challenges and best practices for recovering assets hiding in international financial centres. See his key points and recording [here](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.baselgovernance.org\u002Fnews\u002Frecovering-assets-hidden-international-financial-centres-stefan-mbiyavanga-presents-latin).","2020-07-15","oscar-solorzano-sets-out-the-arguments-for-non-conviction-based-forfeiture-in-online-conference-1814","Oscar Solorzano sets out the arguments for non-conviction-based forfeiture in online conference","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002F3494fdde-fdb8-4b59-a54f-87a9c97341f8?width=1000&height=650&format=webp&quality=80",[143],7408,[92],[146,95],"Insights",[],1814,[101],[146,95],[152],1220,[],[22],[],"2022-05-26T22:54:36.000Z","2026-05-29T22:21:51.000Z",[],"\u002Fresources\u002Fnews\u002Foscar-solorzano-sets-out-the-arguments-for-non-conviction-based-forfeiture-in-online-conference-1814",{"id":161,"body":162,"status":6,"type":84,"date":163,"slug":164,"title":165,"image":166,"countries":167,"topic":169,"activity":170,"tags":171,"nid":176,"topics":177,"activities":178,"authors":179,"images":180,"websites":181,"area":20,"programme":20,"language":20,"translations":182,"translation_of":20,"user_created":38,"date_created":183,"user_updated":108,"date_updated":184,"content":185,"link":186},9687,"Oscar Solórzano participated in a virtual discussion with Ecuadorian legislators and other leading asset recovery experts from across Latin America on 2 September. The topic: Non-conviction-based confiscation legislation as a tool to recover assets arising from corruption.\n\nThe high-level panel revolved around the importance of a draft asset recovery law in Ecuador (_Ley Orgánica de Recuperación de Activos y Bienes de Origen y Destino Ilícito e Injustificado_) in the context of the fight against organised crime, corruption and other financial crimes. There is a need to incorporate provisions for non-conviction-based confiscation (NCBC, or _decomiso sin condena_ in Spanish) in Ecuadorian law as part of the asset recovery toolkit available to prosecutors.\n\nThe event was organised by the [Unidad de Análisis Financiero y Económico](http:\u002F\u002Fwww.uafe.gob.ec\u002F) (Financial and Economic Analysis Unit, or UAFE) with the support of the Basel Institute on Governance and [Stolen Asset Recovery Initiative](https:\u002F\u002Fstar.worldbank.org\u002F) (StAR) of the World Bank and UNODC. Technical inputs to the debate came from different perspectives, including the Ecuadorian [Office of the Public Prosecutor](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.fiscalia.gob.ec\u002F), the [Financial Action Task Force](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.fatf-gafi.org\u002F) (FATF), and international experiences from Colombia and Peru.\n\n### NCBC laws are both powerful and constitutional\n\nOscar Solórzano opened his presentation by pointing to the fact that most money stolen through corruption is never recovered by the victim states. This, he said, is partly because the confiscation of assets is often linked in national laws to a criminal conviction. No conviction means no confiscation and therefore no chance to recover the stolen assets.\n\nThe result: in too many cases, crime _does_ pay.\n\nThe rise in the adoption of NCBC mechanisms in Latin America in particular is based on the premise that those who break the law should not benefit financially from their crimes.\n\nNCBC laws are aimed at proving that the assets were illegally obtained and not at proving the guilt of an individual. This is necessary because in many cases of corruption where NCBC is applicable, the individual is dead or has absconded and cannot therefore be prosecuted for a criminal offence.\n\nSolórzano went on to explore the intersection between NCBC legislation and fundamental human rights, such as the right to property, the presumption of innocence and the right to a fair trial. He provided both legal\u002Ftechnical arguments and experiences from Peru and Colombia, where NCBC legislation known as _extinción de dominio_ has achieved a balance between criminal policy imperatives and the protection of fundamental rights.\n\n### Promoting NCBC legislation in Latin America\n\nLed by Solórzano, the [International Centre for Asset Recovery](\u002Fnode\u002F25) (ICAR) team in Peru has been at the forefront of innovation in international asset recovery efforts.\n\nPeru's recently enacted non-conviction-based confiscation legislation, known as _extinción de domino_, is currently being rolled out across a system of specialised courts and chambers. It is already being tested in a landmark case led by Specialised Prosecutor Hamilton Castro, who also spoke at the virtual conversation.\n\nIn July 2020, the Basel Institute on Governance signed a [framework agreement with Peru’s Special Public Prosecutor’s Office](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.baselgovernance.org\u002Fnews\u002Fnew-agreement-perus-special-public-prosecutors-office-brings-fresh-firepower-efforts-recover) to provide technical assistance and training in support of asset recovery, with a focus on supporting use of the country’s _extinción de dominio_ legislation. This builds on our existing long-standing engagement with the country’s Attorney General's Office and Financial Intelligence Unit.\n\nICAR has been providing technical assistance and training to Ecuador’s Attorney General’s Office and UAFE on high-level cases of corruption and money laundering since 2018.\n\n### More information and participants\n\nThe high-level panel was opened by UAFE Director General Leopoldo Quirós and moderated by Andrea Agudelo, Coordinator for Economic Crimes and Illicit Drugs at UNODC Colombia. Juan Cruz Ponce, Adjunct Executive Secretary at GAFILAT (the FATF's regional branch) and Beatriz Rodríguez, Director of Criminal Studies at the Ecuadorian Attorney General's Office, gave presentations. Jairo Acosta, Procurador Delegado of the Colombian Special Public Prosecutor’s Office, joined Oscar Solórzano and Hamilton Castro on the panel.\n\nFor more information on NCBC confiscation, see these [notes from the ICAR-organised side event of the Conference of the States Parties](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.baselgovernance.org\u002Fblog\u002Fenforcing-non-conviction-based-confiscation-assets-europe-introducing-cosp-panel-discussion) to the UNCAC in Abu Dhabi last year, as well as in [Oscar Solórzano’s speech at that event](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.baselgovernance.org\u002Fblog\u002Ffavourability-principle-uncacs-plug-adapter-enforcement-non-conviction-based-confiscation).\n\n­To understand the practical implications, read this interview with Peruvian Specialised Prosecutor Hamilton Castro: [Landmark asset recovery case puts Peruvian non-conviction-based confiscation legislation to the test](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.baselgovernance.org\u002Fblog\u002Flandmark-asset-recovery-case-puts-peruvian-non-conviction-based-confiscation-legislation-test) (also in [Spanish](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.baselgovernance.org\u002Fblog\u002Fun-caso-historico-de-recuperacion-de-activos-pone-prueba-la-legislacion-peruana-de-extincion)).","2020-09-03","debating-non-conviction-based-confiscation-legislation-for-asset-recovery-in-ecuador-1842","Debating non-conviction-based confiscation legislation for asset recovery in Ecuador","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002F576459a1-b628-403b-b604-106bb011aa42?width=1000&height=650&format=webp&quality=80",[168],7392,[92],[94,95],[172],{"tags_id":173},{"id":174,"name":175},1379,"Non-conviction based forfeiture",1842,[101],[94,95],[],[],[22],[],"2022-05-26T22:54:18.000Z","2026-05-29T22:21:49.000Z",[],"\u002Fresources\u002Fnews\u002Fdebating-non-conviction-based-confiscation-legislation-for-asset-recovery-in-ecuador-1842",{"id":188,"body":189,"status":6,"type":84,"date":190,"slug":191,"title":192,"image":193,"countries":194,"topic":195,"activity":196,"tags":197,"nid":198,"topics":199,"activities":200,"authors":201,"images":202,"websites":203,"area":20,"programme":20,"language":20,"translations":204,"translation_of":20,"user_created":38,"date_created":205,"user_updated":108,"date_updated":206,"content":207,"link":208},9781,"The Basel Institute's International Centre for Asset Recovery ([ICAR](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.baselgovernance.org\u002Fasset-recovery)) is hosting a side event on \"Living up to the spirit of articles 43 and 46 UNCAC\" at the Conference of the States Parties to the UN Convention Against Corruption ([COSP8](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.unodc.org\u002Funodc\u002Fen\u002Fcorruption\u002FCOSP\u002Fsession8.html)). \n\nUNCAC Articles 43 and 46 deal with international cooperation and mutual legal assistance. \n\nHow can their principles provide answers to countries that are victims of corruption and seeking to recover assets through non-conviction-based confiscation?\n\nJoin the panel of expert practitioners from Peru, Switzerland, Germany and Kenya on Friday 20 December, 9am–10am, in conference room CR1 of COSP. \n\n### Questions\n\n*   Why is it so difficult for countries that have been victims of large-scale corruption to get international asset confiscation orders enforced?\n*   How can we make it easier for states to afford one another, as Article 46 requires, \"the widest measure of mutual legal assistance\" in asset recovery cases?\n*   What can we learn from successful cases of international cooperation in asset recovery?\n\n### Panellists\n\n*   [Oscar Solórzano](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.baselgovernance.org\u002Fabout\u002Fpeople\u002Foscar-solorzano), Senior Asset Recovery Specialist and Country Manager Peru, Basel Institute on Governance\n*   Hamilton Castro, Specialised Prosecutor, Office of the Attorney General, Peru\n*   Barbara Kammermann, Swiss Federal Office of Justice, Switzerland\n*   Markus Busch, Head of Division, Federal Ministry of Justice and Consumer Protection, Germany\n*   Muthoni Kimani, Director, Asset Recovery Office, Kenya\n\n### Information\n\n*   View [briefing notes by Oscar Solórzano](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.baselgovernance.org\u002Fblog\u002Finternational-cooperation-asset-recovery-and-non-conviction-based-confiscation-briefing) on international cooperation in asset recovery and non-conviction based confiscation.\n*   Download the concept note: _Living up to the spirit of articles 43 and 46 UNCAC_ [in English](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.baselgovernance.org\u002Fsites\u002Fdefault\u002Ffiles\u002F2019-12\u002FCOSP%20concept%20note%20EN_15.12.19.pdf) or [Spanish](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.baselgovernance.org\u002Fsites\u002Fdefault\u002Ffiles\u002F2019-12\u002FCOSP%20concept%20note%20ES%209%20Dec%202019.pdf).\n*   Download a flyer with the key details in [English](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.baselgovernance.org\u002Fsites\u002Fdefault\u002Ffiles\u002F2019-12\u002FCOSP%20side%20event%20one-pager.pdf) or [Spanish](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.baselgovernance.org\u002Fsites\u002Fdefault\u002Ffiles\u002F2019-12\u002FFlyer-AbuDabi_3.pdf).\n*   [UNCAC Convention Against Corruption](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.unodc.org\u002Fdocuments\u002Fbrussels\u002FUN_Convention_Against_Corruption.pdf)\n*   [COSP conference programme](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.unodc.org\u002Fdocuments\u002Ftreaties\u002FUNCAC\u002FCOSP\u002Fsession8\u002FCOSP_Conference_Programme.pdf)\n*   Read an interview on non-conviction based confiscation with one of the panellists, Dr. Hamilton Castro, in [English](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.baselgovernance.org\u002Fblog\u002Flandmark-asset-recovery-case-puts-peruvian-non-conviction-based-confiscation-legislation-test) and [Spanish](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.baselgovernance.org\u002Fblog\u002Fun-caso-historico-de-recuperacion-de-activos-pone-prueba-la-legislacion-peruana-de-extincion)\n*   The Basel Institute will have a [booth at COSP8](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.baselgovernance.org\u002Fnews\u002Fvisit-us-cosp-or-download-publications-our-virtual-booth) in conference hall 2 – do visit us for more information on this and our other work.","2019-12-15","cosp-side-event-living-up-to-the-spirit-of-articles-43-and-46-uncac-1031","COSP side event: Living up to the spirit of articles 43 and 46 UNCAC ","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002F4a5ded55-ec0a-4a73-a7d0-3873e2c54ee2?width=1000&height=650&format=webp&quality=80",[],[92],[146,94,95,97],[],1031,[101],[146,94,95,97],[],[],[22],[],"2022-05-26T22:55:35.000Z","2026-05-29T22:21:55.000Z",[],"\u002Fresources\u002Fnews\u002Fcosp-side-event-living-up-to-the-spirit-of-articles-43-and-46-uncac-1031",{"id":210,"body":211,"status":6,"type":10,"date":212,"slug":213,"title":214,"image":215,"countries":216,"topic":218,"activity":220,"tags":221,"nid":224,"topics":225,"activities":226,"authors":227,"images":229,"websites":230,"area":20,"programme":20,"language":20,"translations":231,"translation_of":20,"user_created":38,"date_created":232,"user_updated":108,"date_updated":233,"content":234,"link":235},9820,"A high-profile asset recovery case in Peru is putting the country’s new legislation on non-conviction-based confiscation (_Extinción de Dominio_) to the test.\n\nThe new _Extinción de Dominio_ legislation, which roughly translates as \"extinction of possession\", allows stolen assets to be recovered even if the asset holder cannot formally be convicted of a crime. Introduced in August 2018, it enables the recovery of assets from foreign bank accounts whose owners, for example, are now dead or have absconded.\n\nThe first ever case to make use of this legislation relates to a bank account in Luxembourg containing laundered money that a deceased General of the Peruvian Navy, Américo Ibárcena, acquired corruptly from the Peruvian state. The crimes took place under the notoriously corrupt rule of former President Alberto Fujimori and his intelligence chief Vladimiro Montesinos.\n\nThe Peruvian courts have declared that the money belongs to Peru and should be returned by Luxembourg in line with precedents from cases involving the UK and Switzerland and with commitments under international treaties on asset recovery.\n\n### Insights from the prosecutor\n\nDr. Hamilton Castro, Provincial Prosecutor in the Attorney General’s Office of Peru, has been investigating this case – along with related cases in Switzerland and Luxembourg – and understands deeply both the significance of this judgement and the challenges of now executing it in Luxembourg.\n\nIn this interview with Oscar Solórzano, Manager of the Basel Institute’s regional office in Peru, Dr. Castro reflects on this important milestone for Peruvian justice and on the support provided by the Basel Institute through its International Centre for Asset Recovery (ICAR).  \n\n### Dr. Hamilton, tell us why the decision in the Ibárcena case is important for Peru\n\nI believe for two reasons. First, because recovering these assets is a matter of justice for the people of Peru – and one that is long overdue. The account belongs to a set of bank accounts that served to conceal the illicit profits of secret contracts that defrauded the Peruvian public treasury during the administration of former President Fujimori. This asset recovery case, along with others in recent years, contains an implicit message to criminals: justice may take time, but it does not forget.\n\nSecondly, this decision is important because it is the first judgement resulting from the new legislation that came into force in February of this year. _Extinción de Dominio_ is an effective tool to recover assets in situations such as this case, where the owners and beneficiaries of the accounts are fugitives from justice in Peru or have died.\n\nHaving said this, we are aware that we still have a way to go to obtain the execution of the decision in Luxembourg. We are prepared to support our request with legal arguments demonstrating that the process has been carried out in line with the highest legal standards and procedural guarantees.\n\n### What is innovative about the _Extinción de Dominio_ legislation and how did this help in the investigation?\n\nIn my opinion, the main innovation of the _Extinción de Dominio_ in Peru, compared to the previous _Perdida de Dominio_ (loss of possession), is that an asset recovery investigation can now be opened independently and without the need for a criminal conviction. In some cases, stolen assets can be recovered without a criminal investigation being opened at all. Its independent character allows a legal action to be launched against the assets themselves while at the same time fully respecting fundamental rights and due process.\n\nIn this specific case, the _Extinción de Dominio_ legislation allowed the asset recovery process to begin even though the account holder was outside the country. The case was duly notified and, in view of the account holder’s refusal to participate in the process, a defence lawyer was appointed to protect his rights.\n\nAs this is an action directed against the asset, however, civil law concepts are largely applied to facilitate the collection of evidence and speed up the process.\n\n### What are the challenges of applying the _Extinción de Dominio_ legislation in Peru?\n\nIn my opinion, an important question relates to the competences of the criminal justice apparatus to apply legislation that – although it has been applied for decades in certain other countries in our region – is new to Peru.\n\nIt is crucial for our specialised judges and prosecutors to fully understand how to apply the novel features of this legislation in order to obtain positive results. Training is therefore essential to enable Peruvian prosecutors to conduct proper and efficient asset recovery cases using this legislation, both at the investigation stage and during the subsequent judicial phase.\n\nSo, capacity building is one major challenge. We hope that the Basel Institute will continue to support the work of the Attorney General's Office and the Judiciary in this vital aspect of our asset recovery efforts.\n\n### On your last point, how would you describe your office's relationship with the Basel Institute?\n\nThe relationship between my office and the Basel Institute is superlative and has been so for quite a long time.\n\nFirst, in the recovery of assets from bank accounts in Switzerland linked to this same complex of cases, and subsequently when I was the head of the “special team” tasked with investigating the Odebrecht case (also known as Operation Car Wash or Lava Jato) in its initial phase in Peru. We established a fruitful relationship that revolved from the very beginning around advice, help and assistance in international judicial cooperation.\n\nThis relationship grew to include a crucial focus on the recovery of assets related to acts of corruption in the Peruvian government. This has allowed my office to recover approximately USD 35 million – so far – in funds that were stashed in foreign accounts and linked to serious acts of state corruption in Peru.\n\nWe think that this recent judgement related to the account in Luxembourg is a clear example of the excellent relationship between the Prosecutor's Office for _Extinción de Dominio_ and the Basel Institute. Why? Because this application of the _Extinción de Dominio_ benefited greatly from advice and assistance provided by the Basel Institute.\n\n### What are your expectations for your future partnership with the Basel Institute?\n\nOur expectations are intimately linked to our need for this close and valuable cooperation between the Peruvian Attorney General’s Office and the Basel Institute to continue developing.\n\nThis will allow us to continue recovering illegally obtained assets in the many cases that are currently pending and still to come.\n\n### About the case\n\n_In June 2019, Peruvian courts declared the_ _confiscation_ _of an offshore account of a legal arrangement known as Southland Securities Inc., which has been frozen in Luxembourg since 2002._\n\n_The judicial decision establishes that the account belongs to Américo Ibárcena, former General Commander of the Peruvian Navy between 1996 and 2000, and that it was used to disguise illicit commissions from foreign arms deals. The decision has not been challenged by the current beneficial owner and son of the deceased General, Marco Antonio Ibárcena Dworzak._\n\n_The General has passed away, making a formal conviction impossible. Therefore, the Extinción de Dominio represents the only option for Peru to recover illicit assets that have been proven, in a court of law, to arise from corruption and money laundering offences._\n\n_This case represents an important crossroads in Peru's effort to overcome deep-rooted corruption. It will also set the course for further cooperation between Peru and Luxembourg, as well as other financial centres._\n\n_The Basel Institute congratulates Dr. Castro and his colleagues in the Peruvian judicial system for their progress and persistence and is proud to have supported this case, and others, through its International Centre for Asset Recovery (ICAR). It will continue to support the Peruvian prosecuting team in obtaining enforcement of the decision by the Luxembourg authorities._\n\n### More information\n\n*   [Training for specialised Peruvian prosecutors in new non-conviction-based confiscation legislation](\u002Fnode\u002F947)\n*   [New specialised courts to apply novel Extinción de Dominio legislation in Peru](\u002Fnode\u002F913\u002F)\n*   About the [International Centre for Asset Recovery](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.baselgovernance.org\u002Fasset-recovery)\n*   Reflections on 2018 by the [Basel Institute’s Peru team](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.baselgovernance.org\u002Fblog\u002Freflections-2018-peru-office-and-public-finance-management)\n*   [Leer esta entrevista en español](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.baselgovernance.org\u002Fblog\u002Fun-caso-historico-de-recuperacion-de-activos-pone-prueba-la-legislacion-peruana-de-extincion)","2019-08-06","landmark-asset-recovery-case-puts-peruvian-non-conviction-based-confiscation-legislation-to-the-test-978","Landmark asset recovery case puts Peruvian non-conviction-based confiscation legislation to the test","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002F464e809c-2a5c-4d40-9bcd-7b7f3d1830ba?width=1000&height=650&format=webp&quality=80",[217],7453,[219,92],"Anti-Money Laundering",[146],[222],{"tags_id":223},{"id":174,"name":175},978,[219,101],[146],[228],1263,[],[22],[],"2022-05-26T22:56:09.000Z","2026-05-29T22:21:57.000Z",[],"\u002Fresources\u002Fnews\u002Flandmark-asset-recovery-case-puts-peruvian-non-conviction-based-confiscation-legislation-to-the-test-978",{"id":237,"body":238,"status":6,"type":84,"date":239,"slug":240,"title":241,"image":242,"countries":243,"topic":244,"activity":245,"tags":246,"nid":247,"topics":248,"activities":249,"authors":250,"images":251,"websites":252,"area":20,"programme":20,"language":20,"translations":253,"translation_of":20,"user_created":38,"date_created":254,"user_updated":108,"date_updated":255,"content":256,"link":257},9745,"One of our two submissions to the UN General Assembly Special Session against Corruption 2021 concerns adapting domestic legislation and practice to enable states to fully cooperate in asset recovery matters.\n\n### Our recommendation\n\n> We urge member states to consider for inclusion in the UNGASS political statement a reference to the obligations of UNCAC State Parties to make more efforts to be fully compliant, in letter and in spirit, with UNCAC provisions on international cooperation to recover stolen assets. In particular, member states should through the political statement be urged to implement the following measures:\n> \n> *   Member States shall introduce Non-Conviction Based Confiscation (NCBC) measures in order to provide for judicial proceedings for the confiscation of property that has been acquired through, or that is related to, the commission of an offence established in the Convention.\n> *   Member States shall adopt such measures as may be necessary to permit its competent authorities to provide assistance in obtaining evidence and to provide assistance in freezing or seizing assets in relation to NCBC investigations and proceedings in another State Party, and to give effect to an order of NCBC issued by a court or other competent authority of another State Party.\n> *   Member States shall adopt such measures as may be necessary to allow confiscation of assets subject to the power of disposal of a public official if the wealth of the person has increased disproportionately during her\u002Fhis public function and it has not been demonstrated that the asset in question was acquired legitimately.\n> *   Member States shall interpret the principle of dual criminality in line with Article 43(2) of the Convention.\n> *   Member States shall take such measures as may be necessary to permit its competent authorities to provide information and evidence to another State Party without prior notification to the affected person (if the requesting country demonstrates that such is necessary in light of the nature of the conduct under investigation).\n> *   Member States shall take such measures as may be necessary to recognize damage to another State Party as a basis for returning confiscated assets or monies refunded as the disgorgement of profits.\n\n### Our reasons\n\nCases in which victim countries of large-scale corruption have recovered stolen assets through the mechanisms of Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters (MLA) are still rare. International cooperation in financial investigations, the securing of assets and the enforcement of confiscation orders can founder when faced with a range of legal, political and practical obstacles. These include:\n\n*   Countries are increasingly adopting NCBC procedures to recover assets which are the proceeds of corrupt activities. Although recognised by international treaties and legislation, acknowledged best practice and affirmed by international courts, there remain barriers in international cooperation with certain countries refusing MLA requests in investigations and for the enforcement of final NCBC orders. This failure to provide a wider measure of assistance in cases which arise from corrupt activities undermines the ability of victim countries to recover stolen assets.\n*   The competent authorities of certain State Parties misinterpret the principle of dual criminality to the disadvantage of the requesting state. Instead of looking at the substance of the criminal conduct under investigation, MLA requests are often refused solely based on the legal terminology applied by the requesting State. The latter does not live up to Art. 43(2) UNCAC on the dual criminality principle. \n*   Despite the advances in international cooperation and the developments in legislation in both criminal and civil forms of confiscation of assets, the recovery of assets remains challenging given the increasing levels of sophistication by which assets are concealed. Increasingly countries are adopting investigative tools or criminal, civil or administrative measures to address unexplained wealth accumulated by public officials or those associated with them. These procedures are to be encouraged where fundamental rights are respected and judicial oversight is integral.\n*   While in many jurisdictions investigative measures aimed at obtaining evidence can be carried out secretly, where the nature of the criminal conduct under investigation justifies it, the MLA legislation of certain countries makes it obligatory to notify the affected person prior to transmitting information and evidence to another country. A prime example is the notification of bank account holders where access to information on their bank account is requested by a foreign authority. This notification to the affected person may compromise the effective investigation and prosecution of corruption offences, may alert criminals of the need to dissipate assets so that they cannot be recovered in the event of a conviction and may endanger the personal safety of law enforcement professional investigating the offending.\n*   There has been a welcome increase in the number of cases where the corrupt activities of private sector entities and corporate executives have been prosecuted or where prosecution has been deferred through a negotiated settlement leading to the payment of financial penalties and conditions agreed as to future conduct. The financial penalties, in part, seek to disgorge the profits gained by corporations and individuals as a result of their corrupt activities. The proceeds of these often multimillion dollar fines are usually retained by the investigating \u002F prosecuting jurisdiction with insufficient regard to the harm caused in the jurisdiction where the corrupt activities took place.\n\n### More information\n\n*   View our [contribution on asset recovery to the Consultation Process](https:\u002F\u002Fungass2021.unodc.org\u002Fuploads\u002Fungass2021\u002Fdocuments\u002Fsession1\u002Fcontributions\u002FUNGASS_submission_Basel_Institute_-_Submission_2_Asset_recovery.pdf) in Preparation of the UN General Assembly Special Session against Corruption 2021 (submission 2 in the document). The text contains extra references to support our points.\n*   See [opening remarks and a presentation of key concepts of NCBC procedures and the UNCAC's \"favourability\" principle](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.baselgovernance.org\u002Fblog\u002Ffavourability-principle-uncacs-plug-adapter-enforcement-non-conviction-based-confiscation) at our side event at the Conference of the States Parties to the UNCAC in December 2019.\n*   View background [briefing notes on international cooperation in asset recovery and NCBC procedures](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.baselgovernance.org\u002Fblog\u002Finternational-cooperation-asset-recovery-and-non-conviction-based-confiscation-briefing), prepared for the above side event.\n*   Read an [interview with Peruvian prosecutor Dr Hamilton Castro](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.baselgovernance.org\u002Fblog\u002Flandmark-asset-recovery-case-puts-peruvian-non-conviction-based-confiscation-legislation-test), describing a high-profile asset recovery case that is putting the country's recent NCBC legislation to the test (also in [Spanish](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.baselgovernance.org\u002Fblog\u002Fun-caso-historico-de-recuperacion-de-activos-pone-prueba-la-legislacion-peruana-de-extincion)).\n*   Visit the official website of the [UNGASS against Corruption 2021](https:\u002F\u002Fungass2021.unodc.org\u002Fungass2021\u002Findex.html).","2020-04-24","recommendations-to-the-ungass-on-enabling-full-cooperation-in-asset-recovery-matters-1707","Recommendations to the UNGASS on enabling full cooperation in asset recovery matters","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002F0013b3c9-b56f-4feb-9723-884c8cd659bf?width=1000&height=650&format=webp&quality=80",[],[92],[97],[],1707,[101],[97],[],[],[22],[],"2022-05-26T22:55:05.000Z","2026-05-29T22:21:53.000Z",[],"\u002Fresources\u002Fnews\u002Frecommendations-to-the-ungass-on-enabling-full-cooperation-in-asset-recovery-matters-1707",{"id":259,"body":260,"status":6,"type":10,"date":261,"slug":262,"title":263,"image":264,"countries":265,"topic":267,"activity":268,"tags":269,"nid":270,"topics":271,"activities":272,"authors":273,"images":275,"websites":276,"area":20,"programme":20,"language":277,"translations":278,"translation_of":279,"user_created":38,"date_created":280,"user_updated":108,"date_updated":281,"content":282,"link":283},10547,"[_See English version_](https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fblog\u002Fdismantling-perus-most-successful-asset-recovery-law-step-backwards-country-and-justice)\n\nA veces parece que el apoyo de alto nivel a la lucha contra la corrupción y la delincuencia se da la vuelta. Es el caso de Perú, país estrechamente asociado al Instituto de Basilea sobre la Gobernanza desde hace más de una década\n\nUn logro emblemático en este tiempo ha sido la aprobación en 2018 de una nueva ley de decomiso sin condena, la Extinción de dominio, y su despliegue en todo el país a través de un subsistema judicial que incluye fiscalías, tribunales y cortes de apelación descentralizadas y especializadas.\n\nLa Ley de Extinción de Dominio de Perú se considera un elemento innovador en la lucha contra la corrupción y la delincuencia organizada grave. El año pasado, la Fiscalía de la Nación aplaudió el uso de la ley para [recuperar 94 millones de dólares](https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fnews\u002Fperu-celebrates-five-years-its-non-conviction-based-forfeiture-law-usd-94-million-so-far) en activos ilícitos hasta la fecha. Se ha aplicado en casos [nacionales](https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fnews\u002Fquispe-callo-case-perus-provincial-prosecutors-recover-corrupt-assets-through-non-conviction) e [internacionales](https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fnews\u002Fswitzerland-return-usd-85-million-peru-precedent-setting-case-non-conviction-based-forfeiture) que han sentado precedentes importantes y han reforzado el mensaje de que el delito no es rentable\n\nDesde la adopción de la Convención de las Naciones Unidas contra la Corrupción (CNUCC) en 2003, el decomiso sin condena se ha convertido en una norma internacional. La ley de Extinción de dominio se basa en un [modelo](https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fnews\u002Flatin-americas-model-law-non-conviction-based-forfeiture-illicit-assets-turns-10-what-now) común en América Latina que fue introducido por primera vez por la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas contra la Droga y el Delito (UNODC). La Extinción de dominio se ajusta a los estándares establecidos por Grupo de Acción Financiera Internacional (GAFI), cuyas Recomendaciones 4 y 38 actualizadas hacen ahora [obligatoria legislación de decomiso sin condena](https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fblog\u002Ffatf-seeks-change-landscape-international-asset-recovery-what-means-latin-america). GAFILAT, el capítulo latinoamericano del GAFI, también ha [reconocido la utilidad](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FCorteSuprema\u002Fposts\u002Fimportante-el-secretario-ejecutivo-de-gafilat-advirtió-que-la-𝗮𝗽𝗿𝗼𝗯𝗮𝗰𝗶𝗼́𝗻-𝗱𝗲-𝗹𝗮-\u002F995126142647976\u002F) de esta herramienta en el contexto latinoamericano.\n\nSin embargo, ahora se encuentra al borde del precipicio, a punto de ser desmantelada o debilitada hasta el punto de resultar (casi) inútil.\n\n### Lucha _contra_ el Estado de Derecho\n\nA finales de 2024, [advertimos](https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fblog\u002Fel-desmantelamiento-de-la-recuperacion-de-activos-en-el-peru-un-llamado-la-cautela-y-la)  que el Proyecto de Ley 3577-2022 representaba un ataque a la Extinción de dominio. Este Proyecto, pretende modificar la legislación peruana de Extinción de dominio, entre otras cosas, condicionando su aplicación a una condena penal.\n\nAl hacerlo, el Proyecto de ley distorsiona el concepto jurídico _de_ decomiso _sin condena_. Al introducir una condena penal como condición básica para su aplicación, el Proyecto de ley hace (casi) inútil la ley actual. Introduce una contradicción fundamental que carece de lógica o de justificación legal. En [Ecuador se](https:\u002F\u002Fecuadorchequea.com\u002Fextincion-de-dominio-sin-necesidad-de-sentencia-plantea-el-ejecutivo\u002F) han introducido recientemente restricciones similares, que han reducido drásticamente el ámbito de aplicación de la ley.\n\nLamentablemente, el proyecto de ley [fue aprobado por el Congreso](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.infobae.com\u002Fperu\u002F2025\u002F04\u002F11\u002Fcongreso-aprueba-debilitar-el-proceso-de-extincion-de-dominio-modificaciones-beneficiarian-a-implicados-en-casos-de-corrupcion\u002F) en segunda lectura el 10 de abril, a pesar de las preocupaciones planteadas por la Fiscalía de la Nación, el Poder Judicial e incluso el Presidente.\n\nEn este momento, no está claro si el proyecto de ley afectará sólo a los casos futuros o si repercutirá en los miles de casos en curso a nivel nacional e internacional. Los principios jurídicos y el sentido común sugerirían lo primero, pero todo el proceso de modificación de la ley ha obedecido más a consideraciones políticas que jurídicas.\n\n### Posibles consecuencias\n\nLo que parece obvio es que los abogados defensores de los concernidos por el nuevo Proyecto de ley emprenderán pronto acciones para liberar los bienes actualmente asegurados por medidas preventivas. Esto incluye a figuras políticas de alto perfil, como ex presidentes condenados por corrupción en el escándalo de corrupción Lava Jato (Odebrecht). Por ejemplo, los bienes incautados por los fiscales especializados de Extinción de dominio en relación con la reciente condena del [ex presidente Alejandro Toledo](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.pbs.org\u002Fnewshour\u002Fworld\u002Fperus-former-president-alejandro-toledo-sentenced-to-20-years-in-corruption-case) corren el riesgo de ser liberados.\n\nNo se trata sólo de corrupción. Los procedimientos de Extinción de dominio en curso también se centran en activos ilícitos vinculados a otras formas de delincuencia grave y organizada, como el narcotráfico y delitos medioambientales como la pesca ilegal, la minería y la deforestación. Estos casos también se quedarían en el camino.\n\n### ¿Cuál es la razón?\n\nComo cualquier ley nueva, ha habido algunas incoherencias y preocupaciones en torno a su aplicación. En un reciente [documento de trabajo](https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fpublications\u002Fwp-54) analicé estas preocupaciones y abogué por una mayor armonización con las normas internacionales de derechos humanos para garantizar la confianza y la legitimidad, así como la cooperación internacional\n\nSin embargo, estas preocupaciones se debieron a _la aplicación de la ley_, no a su concepto o legitimidad jurídica\u002Fsocial. En resumen, las preocupaciones se dividen en dos grupos:\n\n*   Técnicas: Fiscales y jueces han aplicado en algunos casos criterios que no se ajustan a las doctrinas de derechos humanos. El análisis de los casos problemáticos muestra en efecto que la ley ha sido utilizada controversialmente en contados casos para decomisar bienes de terceros inocentes o de empresas por culpa o negligencia de sus empleados. El fortalecimiento de las capacidades de los fiscales y jueces competentes en cuestiones delicadas y técnicas como la vulneración de los derechos fundamentales contribuiría en gran medida a eliminar este riesgo.\n*   Políticas: Una de las razones de esta cuestión es la aparición de un discurso de \"mano dura\" contra la delincuencia organizada. Esto atrae usualmente a muchos partidarios y da lugar a una retórica populista de aplicación eficaz de la ley contra los \"malos\". Esta situación ha dado lugar a la errónea percepción de que la ley de Extinción de dominio es un garrote que blandir contra el crimen organizado. Las consecuencias de esta forma de ver han generado un pequeño número de violaciones de los estándares internacionales aplicables que han servido para dar a los opositores un argumento válido para atacar la esencia de la ley, aunque los errores provengan de su aplicación.\n\nLa crítica es la base de la mejora continua, por lo que acogemos con satisfacción que se planteen estas preocupaciones a través de un debate abierto. Creemos que abordarlas debe ser una prioridad y, en última instancia, hará que la ley sea más eficiente.\n\nEl Basel Institute ha apoyado activamente iniciativas en este sentido, por ejemplo a través de convenciones de [jueces](https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fnews\u002Fjudges-convention-shows-why-peru-leader-recovering-proceeds-corruption-through-non-conviction) y [fiscales](https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fnews\u002Fperu-celebrates-five-years-its-non-conviction-based-forfeiture-law-usd-94-million-so-far) y de [diálogos](https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fnews\u002Fdebating-perus-non-conviction-forfeiture-law-episode-1) abiertos con expertos, así como mediante nuestra participación en GAFILAT y en otros foros pertinentes sobre recuperación de activos.\n\n### Implicaciones más amplias\n\nEn mi opinión, y la opinión de muchos de mis colegas de Perú y la región, este ataque a la Extinción de dominio tendrá un impacto desastroso en la lucha contra la corrupción y otros delitos graves en el Perú. Además de potencialmente afectar los casos en curso, los cambios en la ley eliminan el efecto disuasorio de las leyes de recuperación de activos y generan un terreno fértil para la impunidad. \n\nTambién es probable que perjudique la posición internacional de Perú. Las Recomendaciones 4 y 38 actualizadas del GAFI no sólo hacen obligatoria la adopción de leyes de decomiso sin condena; el GAFI ha dejado claro que dicha ley también debe ser operativa y eficaz, y debe respetar los derechos humanos. El proyecto de ley es contrario a la letra y al espíritu de estas Recomendaciones y las contradice profundamente.\n\nSe espera que este revés legislativo afecte a los resultados de Perú en su próxima quinta ronda de evaluación mutua por el GAFI. Las consecuencias de esto podrían tener consecuencias significativas para la reputación y la economía de Perú, [particularmente si es incluido en la lista gris](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.u4.no\u002Fpublications\u002Fthe-impact-of-grey-listing-by-the-financial-action-task-force-fatf).\n\nMi primera esperanza es que las enmiendas no sean ratificadas por la Presidente de la República, que tiene el poder constitucional de vetarlas.\n\nUna segunda fuente de esperanza es el poder judicial. Cabe esperar resistencia por parte de los jueces de primera línea de los juzgados especializados en Extinción de dominio, dado que lo más probable es que las acciones legales para descongelar activos mencionadas anteriormente se decidan en estos tribunales.\n\nEn última instancia, probablemente serán la Corte Suprema o el Tribunal Constitucional los que determinen si el nuevo proyecto de ley se aplicará y cuándo, y se pronuncien sobre su compatibilidad con la Constitución y el Derecho internacional. \n\nPor último, existe la esperanza de contar con el apoyo de la comunidad internacional, ya que este asunto no sólo es relevante para Perú. También es un tema crítico para otros países que ven ataques similares contra leyes que han demostrado ser eficaces contra la corrupción de alto nivel y el crimen organizado.\n\n### Más información\n\n*   [Working Paper 54: Targeting illicit wealth through non-conviction based forfeiture](\u002F\u002F\u002FUsers\u002Foscarsolorzano\u002FDownloads\u002F•%09https:\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fpublications\u002Fwp-54), de Oscar Solórzano, explora las leyes de Extinción de dominio en América Latina y aboga por su mayor armonización con las normas internacionales de derechos humanos para fomentar la confianza y la legitimidad.\n*   Vea una serie de [conversaciones en YouTube](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fwatch?v=mIV_R8FOYNw&list=PLYRnhpCcnLP9s4bZW_W390N64JDFJXJnw&index=2) de expertos del International Centre for Asset Recovery (ICAR) del Basel Institute on Governance debatiendo el tema.\n*   Véase la [declaración 2024](https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fblog\u002Fel-desmantelamiento-de-la-recuperacion-de-activos-en-el-peru-un-llamado-la-cautela-y-la) de Oscar Solórzano sobre esta cuestión.","2025-05-05","el-desmantelamiento-de-la-ley-de-recuperacion-de-activos-mas-exitosa-de-peru-es-un-paso-atras-para-el-pais-y-la-justicia-2803","El desmantelamiento de la ley de recuperación de activos más exitosa de Perú es un paso atrás para el país - y la justicia","https:\u002F\u002Fjam.baselgovernance.org\u002Fapi\u002Fassets\u002F88e69df4-b858-4e14-8bf4-bf7fa2580684?width=1000&height=650&format=webp&quality=80",[266],7068,[92],[146],[],2803,[101],[146],[274],1081,[],[22],"Espanol",[],10548,"2025-05-06T10:01:35.000Z","2026-05-29T22:22:36.000Z",[],"\u002Fresources\u002Fnews\u002Fel-desmantelamiento-de-la-ley-de-recuperacion-de-activos-mas-exitosa-de-peru-es-un-paso-atras-para-el-pais-y-la-justicia-2803",{"id":285,"body":286,"status":6,"type":10,"date":287,"slug":288,"title":289,"image":290,"countries":291,"topic":296,"activity":299,"tags":300,"nid":301,"topics":302,"activities":303,"authors":304,"images":306,"websites":307,"area":20,"programme":20,"language":277,"translations":308,"translation_of":20,"user_created":38,"date_created":309,"user_updated":39,"date_updated":310,"content":311,"link":312},10410,"_A medida que ampliamos nuestros esfuerzos para apoyar la Acción Colectiva contra la corrupción en América Latina, Andrea Prieto, especialista en el sector privado, hace un balance de las iniciativas existentes en la región. Ella y representantes de algunas de las iniciativas discutieron el enfoque de Acción Colectiva para combatir la corrupción en Lima, Perú, en la_ [Octava Semana de la Integridad](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.allianceforintegrity.org\u002Fes\u002Feventos-y-capacitaciones\u002Feventos\u002Fdetails.php?id=220.) _organizada por Alliance for Integrity._\n\n[View English version.](https:\u002F\u002Fbaselgovernance.org\u002Fblog\u002Ffighting-corruption-latin-america-can-collective-action-help-close-gaps)\n\n### Cambiar el statu quo\n\nLa pandemia de Covid-19, la inflación y el malestar social han sumido a América Latina en un estancamiento económico. Al mismo tiempo la corrupción sigue agravando los problemas económicos de la región. Se calcula que le cuesta a las economías de la región la asombrosa cifra de [220.000 millones de dólares anuales](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.caf.com\u002Fes\u002Factualidad\u002Fnoticias\u002F2021\u002F06\u002Flo-riesgos-de-corrupcion-en-pandemia\u002F) y se le atribuye alrededor del [50% del efecto total](http:\u002F\u002Fwww.scielo.org.co\u002Fscielo.php?pid=S201121062022000100032&script=sci_arttext&tlng=es) de la desaceleración económica.\n\nSólo los corruptos se benefician de la corrupción. [Inhibe](http:\u002F\u002Fwww.oecd-ilibrary.org\u002Fdocserver\u002Fd1e523ef-en.pdf?expires=1696506017&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=6633E69A7C9D9A68778F28795260077B) el desarrollo económico, desalienta la inversión, obstaculiza la innovación, distorsiona los mercados y aumenta el coste de los negocios.\n\nPero hay buenas noticias. Cada vez se comprende mejor que la lucha contra la corrupción es una responsabilidad colectiva que requiere la cooperación de los sectores público, privado y también de la sociedad civil. Este cambio ha dado lugar a:\n\n*   Nueva normativa para el sector privado;\n*   un mayor énfasis en la responsabilidad de las empresas y;\n*   la demanda de programas y estrategias de prevención de la corrupción a nivel empresarial.\n\nParalelamente, las empresas de América Latina desarrollan cada vez más estrategias empresariales de carácter sostenible. Éstas miran más allá de los beneficios a corto plazo, hacia un crecimiento sostenible a largo plazo que no sólo beneficia a la empresa, sino que [refuerza la estabilidad económica y la competitividad de los mercados.](https:\u002F\u002Fanticorrupcion.nexos.com.mx\u002Fprevenir-la-corrupcion-es-negocio\u002F)\n\nEn consecuencia, el sector privado de América Latina se ha comprometido más en la lucha contra la corrupción.\n\n### Generar confianza mediante la acción colectiva\n\nLa falta de confianza entre los actores del sector privado y otras partes interesadas es un obstáculo crítico para avanzar en la agenda anticorrupción. La [Acción Colectiva](https:\u002F\u002Fcollective-action.com\u002Fabout) ofrece una metodología de probada eficacia para generar confianza y desarrollar enfoques de colaboración entre las partes. Estos enfoques colaborativos apoyan el diseño y la implementación de medidas e iniciativas de prevención de la corrupción que son eficaces incluso en contextos difíciles.\n\nEl [B20 Collective Action Hub](https:\u002F\u002Fcollective-action.com\u002F) del Basel Institute on Governance ha identificado más de 60 iniciativas de Acción Colectiva que operan en diversos sectores en 12 países de América Central y del Sur. Estas iniciativas van desde declaraciones conjuntas hasta sistemas de certificación anticorrupción. También vemos herramientas para salvaguardar la contratación pública, como los [Pactos de Integridad](https:\u002F\u002Fcollective-action.com\u002Fexplore\u002Fintegrity-pacts) y los [Mecanismos de Denuncia de Alto](https:\u002F\u002Fcollective-action.com\u002Fexplore\u002Fhlrm) [Nivel](https:\u002F\u002Fcollective-action.com\u002Fexplore\u002Fhlrm).\n\nLas siguientes iniciativas ofrecen una muestra de los distintos tipos de iniciativas y su impacto:\n\n### Acción colectiva para reformar la normatividad\n\nUn ejemplo de éxito de cómo la Acción Colectiva puede conducir a una reforma legal o normativa es la [Red Marítima Anticorrupción (MACN)](https:\u002F\u002Fcollective-action.com\u002Fexplore\u002Finitiatives\u002F1413). La MACN es una red mundial dirigida por empresas que aspira a una industria marítima libre de corrupción.\n\nEn Argentina, en 2014, la MACN detectó, a través de su [sistema](https:\u002F\u002Fcollective-action.com\u002Fnews\u002Fa-data-driven-strategy-for-anti-corruption-collective-action-lessons-from-nigeria-2402) anónimo [de notificación de incidentes](https:\u002F\u002Fcollective-action.com\u002Fnews\u002Fa-data-driven-strategy-for-anti-corruption-collective-action-lessons-from-nigeria-2402), denuncias de exigencias irregulares de dinero por inspecciones rutinarias en buques graneleros en Argentina. El soborno se estimó en aproximadamente 30 millones de USD al año. Afectaba no sólo a quienes se veían obligados a pagar sobornos para obtener la documentación que necesitaban, sino también al comercio internacional global de productos agrícolas argentinos. Los costes más elevados y el mayor riesgo legal habían empezado a disuadir a las empresas extranjeras de seguir comerciando en el país. \n\nLa MACN trabajó con gremios y cámaras de comercio para identificar los riesgos de corrupción, reunir a los actores relevantes, generar confianza y encontrar formas de resolver el problema.\n\nGracias a esta acción y por convenio colectivo, el Servicio Nacional de Sanidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria [reformó](https:\u002F\u002Fcollective-action.com\u002Fnews\u002Fmaritime-anti-corruption-network-in-argentina-achieves-milestone-in-corruption-prevention-for-ship-clearance-106) el marco normativo en noviembre de 2017. El resultado fue la adopción de un moderno sistema de control que digitaliza la gestión de las inspecciones y establece un sistema de controles cruzados.\n\nEl proceso de Acción Colectiva se amplió para incluir la formación y el seguimiento de todos los agentes públicos y privados del nuevo sistema. Se calcula que los sobornos [disminuyeron en más de un 90%](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.clarin.com\u002Frural\u002Freconocen-senasa-reducir-90-casos-corrupcion-puertos_0_YJwCNaisM.html), lo que redujo significativamente el coste por barco de entrar en los puertos argentinos.\n\n### La integridad como aspiración: Acción colectiva para reconocer a las empresas\n\nLas empresas ven cada vez más el valor de demostrar públicamente sus credenciales de integridad. En 2010, el Instituto Ethos de Brasil (una organización de la sociedad civil) colaboró con la Contraloría General del país para desarrollar [el sello Pro-Ética](https:\u002F\u002Fcollective-action.com\u002Fexplore\u002Finitiatives\u002F2195). Se trata de un sistema para reconocer públicamente a las empresas que implementan programas eficaces de integridad y cumplimiento y que están comprometidas con la agenda de la integridad.\n\nEl concepto fue adoptado posteriormente por el Ministerio de Infraestructuras brasileño. Ganó aún más importancia a raíz del escándalo _Lava Jato_, que obligó tanto al gobierno como a las empresas a reconocer la importancia de las medidas de prevención de la corrupción.\n\n[El mecanismo sigue teniendo impacto.](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gov.br\u002Fcgu\u002Fpt-br\u002Fassuntos\u002Fintegridade-privada\u002Favaliacao-e-promocao-da-integridade-privada\u002Fempresa-pro-etica) En 2020-21, más de 327 empresas solicitaron el reconocimiento. De ellas, 195 cumplían los requisitos de elegibilidad y fueron evaluadas, y 67 fueron aprobadas. En 2022-23, 84 empresas obtuvieron la aprobación. \n\nLa herramienta ha sido reconocida como una buena experiencia de Acción Colectiva, ya que las deliberaciones sobre la aprobación de las empresas son llevadas a cabo por el Comité Pro Ética, conformado por instituciones de los sectores público y privado, con representación nacional y comprometidas con la promoción de la integridad corporativa.\n\nEl éxito llevó a Paraguay a implantar un programa similar de \"Sello de Integridad\" [Integrity Seal](https:\u002F\u002Fcollective-action.com\u002Fexplore\u002Finitiatives\u002F2196), lo que demuestra el potencial de reproducción de este tipo de iniciativas. En 2023, el gobierno de Paraguay reconoció públicamente a 30 empresas, de las cuales 17 eran grandes empresas y 13 pequeñas y medianas empresas (PYME).\n\n### Acción colectiva para el aprendizaje intersectorial\n\nLa Acción Colectiva puede reunir a las personas para que aprendan a mejorar la integridad empresarial. Un ejemplo es la [Red para la Formación Ética y Ciudadana](https:\u002F\u002Fredetica.org\u002F) de Colombia, que ofrece espacios de reflexión y formación sobre la ética en los entornos empresariales.\n\nA través de su programa insignia \"La Cátedra de Integridad\" [Cátedra Colombiana de Ciudadanía, Integridad y Anticorrupción](https:\u002F\u002Fcollective-action.com\u002Fexplore\u002Finitiatives\u002F2194), ejecutado por la Universidad Nacional de Colombia, la red ha reunido a más de 15 organizaciones asociadas del sector público, la sociedad civil, el mundo académico, las empresas y sectores profesionales en formaciones sobre ética. Desde su creación, la Cátedra ha formado a más de 5.500 estudiantes y a más de 1.600 ciudadanos. La red también dirige programas de tutoría para el diseño y la aplicación de iniciativas de Acción Colectiva contra la corrupción.\n\n### Acción colectiva para igualar las condiciones\n\nLas iniciativas de Acción Colectiva también pueden contribuir a nivelar el terreno de juego para las empresas, incluidas las PYME. Un ejemplo es la iniciativa [Empresarios por la Integridad](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.empresariosporlaintegridad.pe\u002F) en Perú.\n\nEsta red dirigida por empresas ofrece certificación contra el soborno, así como formación en integridad para PYME. En el momento de redactar este informe, 49 empresas habían obtenido la certificación y en varias regiones de país está en marcha un proyecto para promover la integridad entre las PYME del sector de la construcción.\n\n### Terreno fértil para nuevas iniciativas: estamos aquí para ayudar\n\nEl crecimiento y el impacto de las iniciativas de Acción Colectiva en América Latina demuestran que la región es un terreno fértil para la colaboración de múltiples partes interesadas contra la corrupción.\n\nEn un contexto de creciente concienciación sobre la corrupción, y en el que los escándalos de corrupción son frecuentes, la Acción Colectiva tiene la oportunidad de ganar mayor legitimidad como forma eficaz de promover la integridad. Y, lo que es más importante para la situación económica actual de América Latina, de crear unas condiciones más competitivas y transparentes para hacer negocios.\n\nComo se muestra en los ejemplos anteriores, las iniciativas de Acción Colectiva pueden influir en la forma de hacer negocios, ya sea a nivel sectorial, ampliando su impacto a nuevos actores como las PYME en el caso peruano, o ampliando las iniciativas para expandirse a nivel regional como en el caso del \"Sello de Integridad\".\n\nEn el Instituto de Basilea apoyamos activamente este enfoque y la próxima generación de iniciativas de Acción Colectiva. Nuestro [programa de tutoría](https:\u002F\u002Fcollective-action.com\u002Fget-involved\u002Fmentoring-programme) de Acción Colectiva ofrece apoyo adaptado y específico al contexto a organizaciones que promueven iniciativas de lucha contra la corrupción lideradas por empresas y múltiples partes interesadas.\n\nTambién contribuimos a los esfuerzos en curso para construir una comunidad regional de prácticas que permita el intercambio de buenas prácticas y el potencial de colaboración interregional.","2023-12-17","la-lucha-contra-la-corrupcion-en-america-latina-puede-la-accion-colectiva-ayudar-a-cerrar-las-brechas-2558","La lucha contra la corrupción en América Latina: ¿Puede la Acción Colectiva ayudar a cerrar las brechas? 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